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Articles 391 - 420 of 445
Full-Text Articles in Courts
Second Circuit: Study Of Gender, Race, And Ethnicity, George Lange Iii
Second Circuit: Study Of Gender, Race, And Ethnicity, George Lange Iii
University of Richmond Law Review
In 1993, at the request of then Chief Judge Jon O. Newman, the Judicial Council of the Second Circuit created a Task Force on Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts. The Task Force, which was comprised of six judicial officers and a citizen participant from each of the Circuit's three states, was asked to study issues of gender, race, and ethnicity in the courts of the Second Circuit, and to report back to the Judicial Council on its findings and recommendations.
Tenth Circuit: Gender Bias Study- Continuing Education And Training, David M. Ebel
Tenth Circuit: Gender Bias Study- Continuing Education And Training, David M. Ebel
University of Richmond Law Review
The Tenth Circuit Study of Gender Bias and Sexual Harassment was initiated in September 1995 with a study of the District of Wyoming. Prior to that time a number of federal courts and individual states had undertaken comprehensive studies of gender bias. Most of the existing literature was based upon quantitative data using survey research methodology calculated to obtain a number of confidential responses, which produced substantial valuable information.
Eleventh Circuit: "Executive Summary" - Report Of The Eleventh Circuit Task Force On Gender Bias, Joseph W. Hatchett
Eleventh Circuit: "Executive Summary" - Report Of The Eleventh Circuit Task Force On Gender Bias, Joseph W. Hatchett
University of Richmond Law Review
In 1993 the Eleventh Circuit Judicial Council's Task Force on Gender Bias was established. It was the Mandate of this Task Force to study the effects of gender in the Eleventh Circuit and the courts that comprise the Eleventh Circuit. The Task Force elected to employ survey methods to discover whether or not various members of the court family believed that gender bias existed, if so in what form, and whether or not such bias affects the judicial process.
Austin Owen Lecture: Difficulties, Dangers & Challenges Facing The Judiciary Today, Robert E. Payne
Austin Owen Lecture: Difficulties, Dangers & Challenges Facing The Judiciary Today, Robert E. Payne
University of Richmond Law Review
Judge Payne presented this address at The Sixth Annual Austin Owen Lecture on November 18, 1997. The Honorable Austin E. Owen attended Richmond College from 1946-47 and received his law degree from The T.C. Williams School of Law in 1950. During his distinguished career, Judge Owen served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia; a partner in Owen, Gray, Rhodes, Betz, Smith and Dickerson; and was appointed Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit of Virginia where he served until his retirement in 1990. The Law School community grieved the loss of this distinguished alumnus upon his …
Third Circuit: Gender, Race, And Ethnicity- Task Force On Equal Treatment In The Courts, Dolores K. Sloviter
Third Circuit: Gender, Race, And Ethnicity- Task Force On Equal Treatment In The Courts, Dolores K. Sloviter
University of Richmond Law Review
The March 1993 vote of the Judicial Conference of the United States endorsing the provision of the proposed Violence Against Women Act that encouraged circuit judicial councils to conduct studies with respect to gender bias in their respective circuits provided an official imprimatur of approval to such inquiries by the policy making body of the federal courts. Thereafter, the extent to which each federal circuit undertook to accept the invitation to proceed may have depended in large part on the zeal for the inquiry by the chief judge of the circuit or his or her delegated committee.
Death In The Federal Courts: Expectations And Realities Of The Federal Death Penalty Act Of 1994, John P. Cunningham
Death In The Federal Courts: Expectations And Realities Of The Federal Death Penalty Act Of 1994, John P. Cunningham
University of Richmond Law Review
"Thou shalt not kill." These four words have echoed throughout the churches, judicial courts, and political meeting places of men and women for time immemorial. Along with their deep religious and political significance, they carry with them a haunting contrast to the current state of mankind: men and women can kill other men and women-legally. In the United States, this "legal" killing, commonly referred to as the "death penalty," traditionally takes place within the confines of the individual state judicial systems, and generally involves the execution of felons tried and convicted of some form of intentional murder.
The Eastern District Of Virginia: A Working Solution For Civil Justice Reform, Heather Russell Koenig
The Eastern District Of Virginia: A Working Solution For Civil Justice Reform, Heather Russell Koenig
University of Richmond Law Review
It has been referred to as "the fastest, fairest, federal court in the country," "the most efficient, professional federal court in the nation," the court "known for moving things along quickly" and where "cases zoom through the system faster than at any other federal court in the nation." Where is this court that is "so efficient that it could be used as a model for the rest of the country?" It is the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
Ninth Circuit: The Gender Bias Task Force, Procter Hug Jr., Marilyn L. Huff, John C. Coughenour
Ninth Circuit: The Gender Bias Task Force, Procter Hug Jr., Marilyn L. Huff, John C. Coughenour
University of Richmond Law Review
In 1990, the federal courts of the Ninth Circuit began to examine the effects of gender on the business of the courts. The pioneering FinalReport of the Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force1 was issued in July 1993 and the Ninth Circuit has worked to implement the task force's recommendations for several years. To assist others setting forth on a similar journey, this article summarizes the circuit's experience in undertaking a study of this magnitude and duration.
Advisory Opinions By Federal Courts, Phillip M. Kannan
Advisory Opinions By Federal Courts, Phillip M. Kannan
University of Richmond Law Review
Since 1793, the affirmative grant of authority to federal courts in Article III of the Constitution to hear and decide cases or controversies has been interpreted to prohibit these courts from giving advisory opinions. In that year, United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Jay, Justice Cushing, and District Judge Duane rejected a provision in a 1792 act of Congress that would have required the Supreme Court to settle federal pension claims of widows and orphans subject to the approval of the Secretary of War. The basis for the position taken by the Chief Justice was "that neither the legislative nor …
Novak V. Commonwealth: Are Virginia Courts Providing Special Protection To Virginia's Juvenile Defendants?, Ellen R. Fulmer
Novak V. Commonwealth: Are Virginia Courts Providing Special Protection To Virginia's Juvenile Defendants?, Ellen R. Fulmer
University of Richmond Law Review
On March 9, 1991, Shawn Paul Novak was charged with the murder of two young boys, Daniel Grier, age nine, and Christopher Weaver, age seven. The boys had disappeared on March 4 and their bodies were found the next day after an extensive search. The police inquiry into the murders led to the questioning of a number of people, including Shawn, then age sixteen. Shawn was questioned on four separate occasions. At no time prior to, during, or after any of these questioning sessions was Shawn read his Mirandawarnings which specify the rights to which he was entitled under the …
Enterprise Zones In The Courts: Legal Challenges To State Economic Redevelopment Legislation, Patrick J. Skelley Ii
Enterprise Zones In The Courts: Legal Challenges To State Economic Redevelopment Legislation, Patrick J. Skelley Ii
University of Richmond Law Review
The declining state of our nation's cities has been, and continues to be, a frequent source of news and fodder for political debate. Unemployment, urban blight, crime, and economic dislocation are just a few of the inner-city's afflictions which occupy the American mind. A multitude of theories have been advanced in order to explain the persistence of urban deterioration, accompanied by an array of governmental attempts to reverse, or at least stem, the trend of inner-city decay.
The Inconsistency Of Virginia's Execution Of The Npdes Permit Program: The Foreclosure Of Citizen Attorneys General From State And Federal Courts, D. Brennen Keene
The Inconsistency Of Virginia's Execution Of The Npdes Permit Program: The Foreclosure Of Citizen Attorneys General From State And Federal Courts, D. Brennen Keene
University of Richmond Law Review
The above mentioned goals and policies of the Clean Water Act suggest that Congress intended to create a partnership between the federal government, state governments, and the public to help abate pollution of the nation's waters. This intent is illustrated by the fact that permits issued to dischargers of pollutants into navigable waters can be issued by either the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or a state agency. Unfortunately, the goal of public involvement is lost in "the confusion caused by this poorly drafted and astonishingly imprecise statute." The resulting inconsistent system forecloses some members of the public from participating in …
Lesnick V. Hollingsworth & Vose Co. - The Pure Stream Of Commerce No Longer Flows Through The Fourth Circuit, Lori Elizabeth Jones
Lesnick V. Hollingsworth & Vose Co. - The Pure Stream Of Commerce No Longer Flows Through The Fourth Circuit, Lori Elizabeth Jones
University of Richmond Law Review
Personal jurisdiction over nonresidents in a forum state has been problematic in our federal system for quite some time. Today, in order to establish personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, the nonresident must have minimum contacts with the forum state. While the test may be stated succinctly, determining whether a person or corporation has minimum contacts with the forum state is an extremely complex process, as seen in the line of personal jurisdiction cases following International Shoe Co. v. Washington.
A Typology Of Transjudicial Communication, Anne-Marie Slaughter
A Typology Of Transjudicial Communication, Anne-Marie Slaughter
University of Richmond Law Review
Courts are talking to one another all over the world. Mary Ann Glendon describes a "brisk international traffic in ideas about rights," conducted by judges. "In Europe generally," she adds, "and in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, national law is increasingly caught up in a process of cross-fertilization among legal systems."
Agency Action, Finality And Geographical Nexus: Judicial Review Of Agency Compliance With Nepa's Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Requirement After Lujan V. National Wildlife Federation, Matthew C. Porterfield
Agency Action, Finality And Geographical Nexus: Judicial Review Of Agency Compliance With Nepa's Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement Requirement After Lujan V. National Wildlife Federation, Matthew C. Porterfield
University of Richmond Law Review
In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the need to address the complex and interrelated impacts that result from human interaction with the environment. One of the most effective tools for evaluating these impacts has been the preparation of programmatic environmental impact statements (EISs) pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). The status of programmatic EISs, however, has been called into question by the Supreme Court's decision in Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, which has been interpreted by numerous commentators as heralding the end of "programmatic" environmental lawsuits. Even more significantly, Lujan has been …
Advice And Consent: Ensuring Judicial Freedom, Patrick J. Leahy
Advice And Consent: Ensuring Judicial Freedom, Patrick J. Leahy
University of Richmond Law Review
Throughout this nation's history, Americans have turned to the Supreme Court to protect their rights against excesses of the legislative and executive branches. To protect this crucial role of the Court, the Framers realized that neither the executive nor the legislature should have the power to cast the Court in its own image. To prevent this usurpation of one branch by another, the Framers wisely required the President to obtain the advice and consent of the Senate in making appointments to the Supreme Court.
Judiciary: Know Thy Place, Thomas L. Jipping
Judiciary: Know Thy Place, Thomas L. Jipping
University of Richmond Law Review
Alexander Hamilton wrote in The Federalist No.78 that the judiciary "has no influence over ... the purse."' Yet in Missouri v. Jenkins, the Supreme Court approved indirect judicial taxation. Hamilton wrote that the judiciary "will always be the least dangerous" and "beyond comparison the weakest" branch of government. Yet in Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court created out of nothing a right to choose abortion, invalidated the abortion laws of all fifty states developed over more than a century, and shut millions of Americans out of the process of developing public policy on this important political issue. Hamilton wrote that …
Cameras In Virginia Courtroom, Teresa D. Keller
Cameras In Virginia Courtroom, Teresa D. Keller
University of Richmond Law Review
On July 1, 1992, Virginia joined forty other states by allowing cameras into state courtrooms on a permanent basis. A pilot program had been underway since 1987, allowing news coverage by television cameras, audio recorders, and still cameras in a handful of state courtrooms. Lawmakers had extended the experiment twice, delaying a permanent decision in the face of varying opinions about the success of the program. The Supreme Court of Virginia issued two reports over the five year span indicating the pilot program had produced a negative effect on the judicial process. Broadcasters, on the other hand, consistently claimed the …
Conservative Supreme Court: Its Impact On Traditional Values, Donald E. Wildman, Benjamin W. Bull
Conservative Supreme Court: Its Impact On Traditional Values, Donald E. Wildman, Benjamin W. Bull
University of Richmond Law Review
Most court watchers agree that the changing composition of the Supreme Court will ineluctably favor the interests of traditional values organizations like the American Family Association. The next decade will surely see the Court return to a more balanced approach in line with the preservation of family values. Certainly some will characterize the new Court as more conservative. To the extent that it will emphasize core principles in the Constitution as the bedrock from which it must proceed, it will be conservative. Yet this is simply a return of the Court to its intended function: interpretation and application of law …
The Supreme Court: New Hope For The Restoration Of Federalism, Beverly Lahaye, Ellen O. Smith
The Supreme Court: New Hope For The Restoration Of Federalism, Beverly Lahaye, Ellen O. Smith
University of Richmond Law Review
The recent philosdphical shift of the Supreme Court toward a more restrained or "conservative" approach to constitutional adjudication brings with it hope for the revitalization of federalism as a constitutional and political principle.
Balancing The Federal Judiciary, Anne Bryant
Balancing The Federal Judiciary, Anne Bryant
University of Richmond Law Review
Since the American Association of University Women first published the associational brief "Balancing the Federal Judiciary" in 1988, two new Associate Justices (David Souter and Clarence Thomas) have joined the Supreme Court. The Court has continued to chip away at the rights of women and minorities, with damaging decisions in areas such as reproductive rights (e.g., Webster v. Reproductive Health Services) and employment discrimination(e.g., Wards Cove Packing Company v. Atonio). With a conservative majority in place on the Supreme Court until well into the next century and Reagan and Bush appointees comprising more than half of the nation's federal judges, …
Reagan, Bush And The Supreme Court, Arthur J. Kropp
Reagan, Bush And The Supreme Court, Arthur J. Kropp
University of Richmond Law Review
What may be the most significant achievement of the Reagan-Bush years is one we have only begun to appreciate: the radical revolution in the federal courts. After nearly three terms of conservative presidents bent on remaking the federal judiciary, the courts have been transformed. They are far more conservative, and, despite Administration rhetoric to the contrary, decidedly more activist.
A Social-Conservative Comment On The New Supreme Court, Gary L. Bauer
A Social-Conservative Comment On The New Supreme Court, Gary L. Bauer
University of Richmond Law Review
I recall seeing a column, not long ago, which referred to the Supreme Court as increasingly "a right-wing playground." Liberal groups may be able to raise funds off this impression, but if conservatives rely on it, they are in for a rude awakening when the gavel falls.
Saving The Honorable Court: Assessing The Proper Role Of The Modern Supreme Court, Michael Allan Wolf
Saving The Honorable Court: Assessing The Proper Role Of The Modern Supreme Court, Michael Allan Wolf
University of Richmond Law Review
There are few greater delights in legal scholarship than the opportunity to have the last word in a symposium featuring distinguished - and dramatically differing - viewpoints. The thirteen contributions that precede this afterword offer a provocative and representative set of reactions to the ongoing debate over the role of the Supreme Court in the American polity. This debate is by no means new, or even middle-aged. The struggle over the confirmation of Associate Justice Clarence Thomas is but the latest in a long line of pressure points in American constitutional history - events such as controversial Supreme Court decisions, …
Comparative American Judicial Systems, Jeffrey A. Parness
Comparative American Judicial Systems, Jeffrey A. Parness
University of Richmond Law Review
Far too often when we discuss American courts and their judicial systems, we take little note of the significant differences in the ways in which cases are handled and law is practiced. We probably contemplate the dichotomy between trial and appellate courts; between rural and urban courts; between general and special jurisdiction courts; between state and federal courts; between courts with elected and selected judges; and between civil and criminal courts. We also surely contemplate the differences in attitudes, work habits, ideology, staff and the like which separate individual judges, and we inevitably contemplate the divergent judicial approaches to the …
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: The Rules Of Court For The General District Courts Of Virginia, J. R. Zepkin
Annual Survey Of Virginia Law: The Rules Of Court For The General District Courts Of Virginia, J. R. Zepkin
University of Richmond Law Review
In the spring of 1986, a proposal was made to the Advisory Committee on the Rules of Court to the Judicial Council of Virginia (the "Advisory Committee") for a reorganization and review of the Rules of Court for the general district courts. The Advisory Committee authorized the creation of a subcommittee.
Grand Jury Reform: A Proposal For Change In Virginia, Charles E. Wall
Grand Jury Reform: A Proposal For Change In Virginia, Charles E. Wall
University of Richmond Law Review
Once a cornerstone of American jurisprudence, the requirement of prosecution based upon grand jury indictment no longer stands unchallenged. Instead, alternate means of commencing prosecution, most notably by information and the preliminary hearing, have prompted lawmakers to look at the grand jury with a heightened scrutiny. Subsequently, such alternatives have become the primary prosecutorial tools in many states. Virginia, however, retains the grand jury system which was implemented in colonial times.
Appellate Delay As A Catalyst For Change In Virginia, Julie M. Carpenter
Appellate Delay As A Catalyst For Change In Virginia, Julie M. Carpenter
University of Richmond Law Review
A Virginia citizen injured in an automobile accident in 1988 who is denied compensation through trial court error will wait an average of 1,165 days (3.2 years) after trial for the Supreme Court of Virginia to rectify the matter. Of course, that wait is only for the seventeen percent of cases that the supreme court elects to review, since Virginia is one of the only states that grants no right of appeal in most civil and criminal cases. By way of limited contrast, a civil appeal in the North Carolina Supreme Court averages be- tween 241 days and 257 days. …
Bounds And Beyond: A Need To Reevaluate The Right Of Prisoner Access To The Courts, Steven D. Hinckley
Bounds And Beyond: A Need To Reevaluate The Right Of Prisoner Access To The Courts, Steven D. Hinckley
University of Richmond Law Review
There is little doubt that a prisoner's most important right is access to the courts. Without access, prisoners have neither a forum in which to question the conditions and constitutionality of their confinement, nor an arena in which to seek vindication of other alleged rights violations. Therefore, the right of access is the foundation upon which other prisoners' rights are built.
Virginia Should Open Its Courthouse Doors To Review Administrative Decisions Involving Public Assistance, Christopher Allen Stump, Jill A. Hanken
Virginia Should Open Its Courthouse Doors To Review Administrative Decisions Involving Public Assistance, Christopher Allen Stump, Jill A. Hanken
University of Richmond Law Review
Virginia's courts interpret the Virginia Administrative Process Act (VAPA) to prohibit judicial review of administrative decisions that grant or deny public assistance funds. Virginia is therefore one of only three states which fail to provide judicial review of such decisions. This article advocates judicial review of public assistance hearing decisions on the basis of principles of statutory construction and constitutional law. The article concludes that Virginia's minority status indicates a failure to meet traditional notions of fairness.