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Articles 151 - 180 of 266
Full-Text Articles in Constitutional Law
University Of Richmond Law Review
University Of Richmond Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
No abstract provided.
What Have You Done For Me Lately? Constitutional Limitations On State Taxation Of Trusts, Bradley E.S. Fogel
What Have You Done For Me Lately? Constitutional Limitations On State Taxation Of Trusts, Bradley E.S. Fogel
University of Richmond Law Review
Suppose a resident of New Jersey creates an irrevocable inter vivos trust. The settlor subsequently dies while a resident of New Jersey. Pursuant to the terms of her will, which is probated in New Jersey, her entire estate is paid to the trust. After a few years, one of the two trustees is a New York resident, the other is a resident of Connecticut. The trust's assets, intangibles such as stock in Delaware corporations, are held by the New York trustee in New York. All of the income beneficiaries of the trust reside in New York or Connecticut.
Takings In The Court Of Federal Claims: Does The Court Make Takings Policy In Hage?, Danielle M. Stager
Takings In The Court Of Federal Claims: Does The Court Make Takings Policy In Hage?, Danielle M. Stager
University of Richmond Law Review
In the eleven western states, almost half of the land is federally owned and a large percentage of that federal land is used for grazing privately-owned domestic livestock. The Department of the Interior estimates that permitted grazing occurs on thirty-six percent of federal land, but this percentage is much higher in the areas containing more federal rangeland. In 1990, the eleven western states had approximately seventeen million beef cattle and 102,800 beef producers. Roughly eighteen percent of those beef producers had federal grazing permits, but in some states that percentage was much higher. For example, eighty-eight percent of the cattle …
United States V. National Treasury Employees Union And The Constitutionality Of The Honoraria Ban: Protecting The First Amendment Rights Of Public Employees, Judy M. Lin
University of Richmond Law Review
During the 1980s, government ethics were brought into the spotlight as the public's confidence in the integrity of government officials eroded. In an attempt to curb actual and perceived improprieties by government employees, and to reinforce the standards of integrity within the federal government, President Bush signed into law the Ethics Reform Act of 1989.
Due Process In Death Penalty Commutations: Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Clemency, Daniel T. Kobil
Due Process In Death Penalty Commutations: Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Clemency, Daniel T. Kobil
University of Richmond Law Review
The idea of the last-minute reprieve granted by a distant, unknowable dispenser of mercy to a man condemned to death has a powerful hold on our imaginations. Fyodor Dostoevsky's eleventh hour pardon by the czar in many ways shaped his literary career. The scene of the haunted Death Row prisoner who awaits word from the governor as a ticking clock punctuates his final hours is a stock vignette of Hollywood crime films. Anyone who has ever seized on the slimmest hope, whose fate has been committed to the hands of another - virtually all of us - can identify with …
The Role Of State Constitutions In An Era Of Big Government, Stanley Mosk
The Role Of State Constitutions In An Era Of Big Government, Stanley Mosk
University of Richmond Law Review
This is a speech delivered by The Honorable Stanley Mosk, Justice of the Supreme Court of California,at the T.C. Williams School of Law's eighth annual Emroch Lecture. Among his many achievements, Justice Mosk has authored some of California's most constructive legislative proposals in the crime and law enforcement fields, including the measure creating the Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training.
Understanding "Rights" And Bills Of Rights, Albert P. Blaustein, Carol Tenney
Understanding "Rights" And Bills Of Rights, Albert P. Blaustein, Carol Tenney
University of Richmond Law Review
Scholars hold that there are forty to fifty distinct human rights. History teaches that they should be constitutionally enshrined. In this modern era when constitution-making is multiplying, drafters of bills of rights must now determine questions of formulation and location. How should these forty to fifty distinct human rights be classified; where in these constitutions should these rights be recited?
The Threat Of A Second Constitutional Convention: Patrick Henry's Lasting Legacy, Jeffery K. Mitchell
The Threat Of A Second Constitutional Convention: Patrick Henry's Lasting Legacy, Jeffery K. Mitchell
University of Richmond Law Review
The Bill of Rights secured the individual freedoms that constitute the mainstay of American liberty. The Framers of the Constitution did not include these vital rights in the original version of the document. In fact, the first ten amendments were proposed by Congress to secure ratification of the Constitution and, more importantly, to prevent a second constitutional convention.
Virginia And The Ratification Of The Bill Of Rights, 1789-1791, J. Gordon Hylton
Virginia And The Ratification Of The Bill Of Rights, 1789-1791, J. Gordon Hylton
University of Richmond Law Review
Historians and constitutional scholars have paid scant attention to the process by which the states ratified the Bill of Rights. The states' ratifying conventions of 1787 and 1788 have been examined in great detail, as have the debates of the first Congress which led to the presentation of the Bill of Rights to the states. Scholars, however, have treated the ratification of the first ten amendments as little more than an historical formality. Why more than two full years passed between the Congressional adoption of the proposed amendments and the approval by the requisite number of states has never been …
Reasonable Articulable Suspicion - The Demise Of Terry V. Ohio And Individualized Suspicion, Esther Jeanette Windmueller
Reasonable Articulable Suspicion - The Demise Of Terry V. Ohio And Individualized Suspicion, Esther Jeanette Windmueller
University of Richmond Law Review
The plethora of law review articles and cases on search and seizure demonstrates the confusion and frustration in fourth amendment stop-and-frisk jurisprudence. The fourth amendment to the Constitution guarantees that persons will be free of "unreasonable searches and seizures . . . and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause." A "stop-and-frisk" is a warrantless detention and search of a person by a police officer to investigate for unlawfulness. Although the United States Supreme Court has issued many investigative stop decisions, the Court has failed to promulgate a coherent and practical stop-and-frisk procedure for law enforcement personnel to follow. …
Feres To Chappell To Stanley: Three Strikes And Servicemembers Are Out, Jonathan P. Tomes
Feres To Chappell To Stanley: Three Strikes And Servicemembers Are Out, Jonathan P. Tomes
University of Richmond Law Review
With its decision in United States v. Stanley, the United States Supreme Court completed the virtual evisceration of servicemembers' constitutional rights begun thirty-seven years before in Feres v. United States. Although the courts have never expressly held that servicemembers do not enjoy the same constitutional rights that other citizens enjoys the Supreme Court's decision in Stanley has left servicemembers without an effective remedy to vindicate their constitutional rights. Rights without means of enforcing them are meaningless.
Unborn Child: Can You Be Protected?, Heather M. White
Unborn Child: Can You Be Protected?, Heather M. White
University of Richmond Law Review
Continuing medical advancement in the area of prenatal care' raises the question of when, if ever, the state may intervene in the life of a pregnant woman to protect her unborn child from abuse and neglect. This issue, though troublesome, can no longer be ignored. Since the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, giving the pregnant woman the constitutional right to decide whether or not to terminate her pregnancy, there has been abundant controversy over the allowance of state intervention to protect the human fetus. This controversy necessarily entails a discussion as to when and in what manner the …
Response To Monkeying Around With The Establishment Clause, Lucien J. Dhooge
Response To Monkeying Around With The Establishment Clause, Lucien J. Dhooge
University of Richmond Law Review
In the limited space available for response to Professor Leedes article, there is much which merits further attention but which cannot escape the bonds of paginal constraint. With regard to these unaddressed disputes, the reader is directed to the discussions of the relative merits of the controversy contained within the articles. Given the broad differences in viewpoint between Professor Leedes and myself, it would be practically impossible to address all of our differences in this response for fear of the response devouring its parent article-in-chief. Bearing these limitations in mind, I tender my response to Professor Leedes' article.
Monkeying Around With The Establishment Clause And Bashing Creation-Science, Gary C. Leedes
Monkeying Around With The Establishment Clause And Bashing Creation-Science, Gary C. Leedes
University of Richmond Law Review
This article examines the nature of scientific creationism and its educational value. Creation scientists and evolutionists study the origins of life, but their disagreements produce controversies that radiate far beyond the scientific community. Controversies about the content of science courses in public schools are widely reported in the press and have become political footballs. The debates between Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, and their contemporary counterparts, are the themes of motion pictures and plays. There is enormous public interest in the battle that is portrayed by combatants on both sides as a fight involving not only academic freedom but …
Virginia's Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Act: Constitutional And Policy Challenges, Jane R. Ward
Virginia's Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Act: Constitutional And Policy Challenges, Jane R. Ward
University of Richmond Law Review
In 1987, Virginia's General Assembly enacted the Virginia Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Act (the Act). Although there is a dearth of official legislative history for the Act, newspaper reports provide some insight as to the intended purpose and scope. Reportedly, the Act was a response to medical malpractice insurers' refusal to provide coverage for obstetricians. Proponents of the Act feared critical shortages of obstetrical services if action was not taken to ensure the availability of liability insurance.
Does Garcia Preclude An Eleventh Amendment Affirmative Limitation On The Congress's Commerce Clause Power?, Joseph John Jablonski Jr.
Does Garcia Preclude An Eleventh Amendment Affirmative Limitation On The Congress's Commerce Clause Power?, Joseph John Jablonski Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
The recent eleventh amendment decisions of Welch v. Texas Department of Highways & Public Transportation and Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon suggest that the eleventh amendment can affirmatively limit Congress's commerce clause power. However, Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority broadly overrules the tenth amendment case of National League of Cities v. Usery, and appears to remove any theoretical foundation for such a limit. Professor Brown, a recent convert to the "congressional supremacist" view, established by Professors Nowak and Tribe, argues that in the aftermath of Garcia all the states have left is "process with a bite, despite any …
The Constitutional Attack On Virginia's Medical Malpractice Cap: Equal Protection And The Right To Jury Trial, M. Margaret Branham Kimmel
The Constitutional Attack On Virginia's Medical Malpractice Cap: Equal Protection And The Right To Jury Trial, M. Margaret Branham Kimmel
University of Richmond Law Review
Since its enactment, Virginia's statute limiting medical malpractice awards has spawned questions concerning its constitutionality. In response to the alleged insurance crisis of the 1970's, many state legislatures passed statutes designed to slow the rising costs of liability insurance. With such statutes already enacted in many jurisdictions, the insurance and health care industries claim that another malpractice insurance crisis exists today. While that may be true in some parts of the country and within some medical specialties, the problem originally was not as severe in the state of Virginia. Today, it is still not as severe in Virginia as it …
Lowe V. Sec: Investment Advisors Act Of 1940 Clashes With First Amendment Guarantees Of Free Speech And Press, Stacy P. Thompson
Lowe V. Sec: Investment Advisors Act Of 1940 Clashes With First Amendment Guarantees Of Free Speech And Press, Stacy P. Thompson
University of Richmond Law Review
In the wake of mounting controversy over whether federal securities laws can withstand first amendment scrutiny, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari in Lowe v. SEC to consider whether the first amendment prohibits an injunction against publication and distribution of an investment advisory newsletter by an unregistered investment advisor. However, the Court bypassed this constitutional question, and instead adopted a statutory construction of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the "Act") that excluded Lowe's newsletters as "bonafide financial publications" of general circulation under section 80(b)- 2(a)(11)(D). The majority ruled that the petitioners were not investment advisers, and therefore did …
To Bare Or Not To Bare: The Constitutionality Of Local Ordinances Banning Nude Sunbathing, Richard B. Kellam, Teri Scott Lovelace
To Bare Or Not To Bare: The Constitutionality Of Local Ordinances Banning Nude Sunbathing, Richard B. Kellam, Teri Scott Lovelace
University of Richmond Law Review
One of America's favorite and most popular summertime activities is sunbathing. Millions of Americans enjoy this recreational pastime each year. Sunbathing is a form of relaxation shared by all people, regardless of economic or social status in society. In recent years, the social nudism movement has grown and gained considerable support. One statistic boasts that approximately thirty-three million people have, at some time in their lives, engaged in social nudism in one form or another. As a result of this growth, nudist groups have become highly organized national associations with local chapters throughout the country. It is through these national …
Double Jeopardy And The Commonwealth's Right To Writs Of Error In Criminal Cases, Roger D. Scott
Double Jeopardy And The Commonwealth's Right To Writs Of Error In Criminal Cases, Roger D. Scott
University of Richmond Law Review
In the 1986 legislative session, the Virginia General Assembly attempted to produce a constitutional amendment designed to expand the right of Commonwealth's Attorneys to appeal criminal cases. The Virginia Constitution prohibits appeals by the commonwealth in criminal cases in which the accused might be sentenced to death or imprisonment, unless the case involves state revenue. Advocates of an amendment to expand prosecutorial appeals have never fully explained the historical context of the prohibition against such appeals and their complex relationship to other constitutional, statutory, and common law provisions. The subject of prosecutorial appeals involves such fundamental legal issues as former …
The Validity Of Court-Ordered Employment Quotas: A Statutory And Constitutional Analysis, Paul E. Mirengoff
The Validity Of Court-Ordered Employment Quotas: A Statutory And Constitutional Analysis, Paul E. Mirengoff
University of Richmond Law Review
Although Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has produced more than its share of difficult legal and moral issues, none has sparked more controversy than the question of the validity of hiring and promotion quotas. This issue has fueled continuous debate in the popular press and in scholarly journals. It has long divided former allies in the fight for civil rights legislation, and has even divided the two government agencies charged with primary responsibility for enforcing anti-discrimination laws, the Department of Justice and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
The Federal Court Across The Street: Constitutional Limits On Federal Court Assertions Of Personal Jurisdiction, Pamela J. Stephens
The Federal Court Across The Street: Constitutional Limits On Federal Court Assertions Of Personal Jurisdiction, Pamela J. Stephens
University of Richmond Law Review
Twenty years ago, in a clear break with accepted theory, it was suggested that there were certain constitutional limitations on a federal court's authority to exercise personal jurisdiction. Such a departure from the traditional view might be expected to prompt an extensive examination of that issue by commentators. However, while assertions of personal jurisdiction by state courts have been the subject of intense scrutiny and ongoing constitutional refinements, this has not been the case regarding assertions of personal jurisdiction by federal courts. Generally, federal district courts sitting in diversity cases must look to personal jurisdiction limitations inherent in the state …
The Constitutionality Of The Feme Sole Estate And The Virginia Supreme Court's Creation Of An 'Homme Sole' Estate In Jacobs V. Meade, Maria Dill
University of Richmond Law Review
On April 27, 1984, the Virginia Supreme Court, in Jacobs v. Meade, was confronted with a constitutional challenge in the sensitive area of gender-based classifications. The object of the assault was the separate equitable estate, or feme sole estate. Historically, the feme sole estate was a method of holding property available exclusively to women. In Jacobs v. Meade, it was contended that since a man possessed no corresponding right to create a separate equitable estate, the feme sole estate was constitutionally defective on equal protection grounds.
Questions Surrounding Virginia's Death Penalty, James T. Lloyd Jr.
Questions Surrounding Virginia's Death Penalty, James T. Lloyd Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
On August 10, 1982, Frank J. Coppola died in Virginia's electric chair. His was the fifth execution since the 1976 Supreme Court decision holding that a punishment of death was not unconstitutional per se. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, Coppola's was the first execution in over a decade.
The Impact Of Allstate Insurance Co. V. Hague On Constitutional Limitations On Choice Of Law, W. Clark Williams Jr.
The Impact Of Allstate Insurance Co. V. Hague On Constitutional Limitations On Choice Of Law, W. Clark Williams Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
The development of constitutional limitations on choice of law by the United States Supreme Court has turned primarily on the due process clause and the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution. In theory at least, each constitutional provision rests upon separate grounds. The full faith and credit clause, as it applies to public acts, would compel a forum state under appropriate circumstances to honor the sovereignty of a foreign state in the federal system and to apply the law of the foreign state whose interests are sufficiently compelling. The due process clause limits the power of …
Academic Discretion And The Constitution: The Fundamentals For Public Higher Education, Paul J. Forch
Academic Discretion And The Constitution: The Fundamentals For Public Higher Education, Paul J. Forch
University of Richmond Law Review
Public institutions of higher education, their faculty, administra- tors, and board members have proven to be a fertile source for the civil rights litigator in the development of constitutional rights. Not surprisingly, education law reporters and journals are reporting increasing numbers of case decisions in the context of higher education. Yet, many educators suffer the mistaken notion that academic judgment is outside the scope of judicial review. While some judicial deference is given to academic discretion, it is by no means conclusive in the face of a constitutional challenge.
The Virginia Natural Death Act - A Critical Analysis, Janice G. Murphy
The Virginia Natural Death Act - A Critical Analysis, Janice G. Murphy
University of Richmond Law Review
The right to die with dignity is a controversial issue. In the absence of legislative guidance, court intervention is often necessary to protect a patient's right to the privacy of his own body. At the same time, courts must protect the state's interests in the preservation of life, the protection of innocent third parties, the prevention of suicide, and the ethical integrity of the medical profession.
The 1983 Abortion Decisions: Clarification Of The Permissible Limits Of Abortion Regulation, Laura Fox
The 1983 Abortion Decisions: Clarification Of The Permissible Limits Of Abortion Regulation, Laura Fox
University of Richmond Law Review
On June 15, 1983, the United States Supreme Court once again addressed the abortion issue, handing down its decisions in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., Planned Parenthood Ass'n v. Ashcroft, and Simopoulos v. Virginia. The 1983 Abortion Decisions were an unequivocal reaffirmation of Roe v. Wade and the principle that a woman has a fundamental right to an abortion. On a higher level of analysis, these decisions are significant because they clarify how the Roe doctrine applies to procedural restrictions on abortion.
"Arbeit Macht Frei:" Vocational Rehabilitation And The Release Of Virginia's Criminally Insane, Daryl B. Matthews, Patrick J. Coyne
"Arbeit Macht Frei:" Vocational Rehabilitation And The Release Of Virginia's Criminally Insane, Daryl B. Matthews, Patrick J. Coyne
University of Richmond Law Review
The release from confinement of persons acquitted by reason of insanity is one of the most perplexing problems of the criminal law. The insanity acquittee's release confronts our deepest fears, and the procedures which society employes in this process force us to face the difficult and often intractable issue of the responsibility of the criminally insane.
H. L. V. Matheson: Can Parental Notification Be Required For Minors Seeking Abortions?, Gail Harrington Miller
H. L. V. Matheson: Can Parental Notification Be Required For Minors Seeking Abortions?, Gail Harrington Miller
University of Richmond Law Review
The extent to which a state can constitutionally legislate concerning abortion has been debated and litigated since the Supreme Court rendered its controversial Roe v. Wade decision which recognized that a woman's fundamental right to privacy under the Constitution encompasses the decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. The constitutional questions become more complicated when the state regulates a minors access to abortion due to the unique status of female minors. Although such minor's are biologically capable of conception and childbirth, they are also potentially vulnerable and lack maturity in making informed choices regarding critical matters, such as whether …