Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Supreme Court of the United States (403)
- State and Local Government Law (257)
- Fourteenth Amendment (231)
- Courts (168)
- Legal History (161)
-
- Criminal Procedure (154)
- Civil Rights and Discrimination (144)
- Legislation (141)
- Evidence (133)
- Criminal Law (131)
- First Amendment (123)
- Jurisdiction (108)
- Contracts (107)
- Property Law and Real Estate (107)
- Commercial Law (91)
- Labor and Employment Law (90)
- Torts (89)
- Estates and Trusts (86)
- Bankruptcy Law (80)
- Tax Law (75)
- Law Enforcement and Corrections (73)
- Law and Race (73)
- Election Law (71)
- Banking and Finance Law (67)
- Insurance Law (67)
- Jurisprudence (64)
- Transportation Law (59)
- Family Law (58)
- Keyword
-
- Constitution (145)
- United States Supreme Court (138)
- Fifth Amendment (113)
- Due process (109)
- Judicial review (65)
-
- Constitutional interpretation (61)
- Equal Protection Clause (53)
- Federalism (53)
- History (52)
- Interstate commerce (49)
- Sixth Amendment (48)
- Congress (42)
- Due Process Clause (42)
- Self-incrimination (34)
- Equal protection (31)
- Constitutional history (30)
- Commerce Clause (28)
- Michigan (28)
- Authority (27)
- Habeas corpus (27)
- Separation of powers (26)
- Miranda v. Arizona (25)
- Book reviews (22)
- Bill of Rights (21)
- Originalism (21)
- Brown v. Board of Education (20)
- California (20)
- Communism (20)
- Equality (20)
- New York (20)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 1141 - 1170 of 1622
Full-Text Articles in Constitutional Law
Constitutional Law - Interstate Compacts -- Validity - Review By United States Supreme Court, Gerald M. Stevens
Constitutional Law - Interstate Compacts -- Validity - Review By United States Supreme Court, Gerald M. Stevens
Michigan Law Review
The states of Colorado and New Mexico agreed by compact on a division of the water of the La Plata river, which rises in the first state and flows into the second. The interstate compact, as administered, required that during periods of low water the whole flow of the river was to be used alternately by the states. For ten days Colorado users were to have all the water, then for a like time to allow the water to flow undiminished to New Mexico. In Colorado a ditch company engaged in distributing water for irrigation had acquired by appropriation a …
Death Taxes On Completed Transfers Inter Vivos, Lorentz B. Knouff
Death Taxes On Completed Transfers Inter Vivos, Lorentz B. Knouff
Michigan Law Review
The subjection of transfers inter vivas to the death tax under each of the above categories has been based upon the proposition that, for a transfer inter vivas properly to be subject to the death tax, it must bear some reasonable relationship to transfers at death either by will or under the law relating to intestacy. This rule has been applied both in problems of statutory construction and in problems of constitutionality. The recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Helvering v. Bullard seems to have abandoned this test for the inclusion of transfers inter vivas within the …
Constitutional Law - Federal Courts - Law To Be Applied In Cases Of Diversity Of Citizenship - Swift V. Tyson Overrule, Frank B. Stone
Constitutional Law - Federal Courts - Law To Be Applied In Cases Of Diversity Of Citizenship - Swift V. Tyson Overrule, Frank B. Stone
Michigan Law Review
A recent personal injury case, Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, arose in the federal district court, based upon diversity of citizenship, in which the defendant urged that state judicial decisions of Pennsylvania, the locus delicti, imposed no liability on it for negligence to trespassers. The plaintiff denied that such was the Pennsylvania law and alternatively replied that the issue of law was one to be determined by the federal court without regard to the law of Pennsylvania. On April 25, 1938, a verdict for the plaintiff was unanimously set aside by the Supreme Court. Two members, Justices Butler and McReynolds, …
Constitutional Law - Validity Of Mortgage Moratorium Act - Effect Of Lapse Of Time On "Emergency'' Legislation, Ralph Winkler
Constitutional Law - Validity Of Mortgage Moratorium Act - Effect Of Lapse Of Time On "Emergency'' Legislation, Ralph Winkler
Michigan Law Review
A mortgage moratorium law was enacted in Nebraska in 1933. It was re-enacted in 1935 and again in 1937. The act recited that an emergency existed and that the law was adopted to provide for this condition. The instant case involved the constitutionality of this law. A majority of the court held that the law violated the due process clause and the contracts clause of the state constitution. While the court admitted that "land values have not been restored to the prices they had attained prior to March 1, 1934," nevertheless, "It appears that there is no crisis now prevailing …
Constitutional Law - Impairment Of Obligation Of Contracts -Tax On Income Of Bonds Granted Statutory Tax Exemption, Amos J. Coffman
Constitutional Law - Impairment Of Obligation Of Contracts -Tax On Income Of Bonds Granted Statutory Tax Exemption, Amos J. Coffman
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiffs were holders of certain tax exempt bonds issued under authority of the state of Iowa. After the issue of the bonds a statute was passed imposing a "personal net income tax" upon persons resident within the state. The state board of assessment and review assessed this tax against $36,892.75 interest on the tax exempt bonds. The appellants, alleging that such an application of the law impaired the obligations of contracts of exemption, brought suit. Upon a ruling in favor of the assessment by the Iowa Supreme Court, appellants appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Held, the contract …
Constitutional Law - Act Changing Pensions - Impairing Obligation Of Contracts - Due Process, Bertram H. Lebeis
Constitutional Law - Act Changing Pensions - Impairing Obligation Of Contracts - Due Process, Bertram H. Lebeis
Michigan Law Review
An Illinois statute provided for the compulsory retirement of teachers at the age of seventy with an annuity of $1500 a year for life, and an amendment thereto granted annuities on a sliding scale from $1000 to $1500 a year to teachers voluntarily retiring between the ages of sixty-five and seventy. These provisions were changed by an act of 1935 which abolished the provisions for voluntary retirement and .fixed compulsory retirement at the age of sixty-five, with annuities reduced to a flat rate of $500 annually. Plaintiffs, who either had retired or were eligible for retirement at the time the …
Constitutional Law - Elections - Proportional Representation, Gerald M. Stevens
Constitutional Law - Elections - Proportional Representation, Gerald M. Stevens
Michigan Law Review
In November, 1936, the people of the city of New York voted to adopt a system of proportional representation for the election of members of the city council. Each borough was to elect its representatives at large rather than from single-member districts. Each voter was restricted to voting for one councilman; but he might indicate the order of his preference for as many candidates as he desired. Thus he should have marked his first choice by the numeral "1," his second "2," and similarly as many choices as he wished to express. By a system of vote-transferring his vote would …
Governmental Powers, State And National, Under Our Constitutional System, Orie Leon Phillips
Governmental Powers, State And National, Under Our Constitutional System, Orie Leon Phillips
Michigan Law Review
We are living in a day when democracy is receding and the totalitarian state is advancing on many fronts. Three great nations have accepted as their governmental system authoritarian collectivism. Under the totalitarian systems, the right of the individual to think freely, to engage in free enterprise, to enjoy personal liberty, and to work out his own destiny is taken away. Instead, there is a regimentation of human beings, where everyone's thought, everyone's time, everyone's labor, and at last everyone's life, are at the disposal of a supreme authority. Of course, such a system means the vesting of tremendous powers …
Judges -Appointment Of Substitute For Recused Judges - Disqualification Of Judges, Julian Caplan
Judges -Appointment Of Substitute For Recused Judges - Disqualification Of Judges, Julian Caplan
Michigan Law Review
The problems of the disqualification of judges because of prejudice and of the appointment of substitutes for judges so disqualified were considered in the recent case of State ex rel. Thompson v. Day. One of the defendants in a labor injunction suit had filed with the governor an affidavit setting forth facts showing that the sole judge of the district in which the dispute had arisen had anti-labor tendencies to such extent that the petitioner could not obtain a fair trial and requested that the regular judge be disqualified from hearing the injunction proceedings and a substitute appointed. The …
Constitutional Law - Separation Of Powers - Validity Of Statute Requiring Reference Of Disputes To Commissioner Of Labor, Edward D. Ranson
Constitutional Law - Separation Of Powers - Validity Of Statute Requiring Reference Of Disputes To Commissioner Of Labor, Edward D. Ranson
Michigan Law Review
The plaintiff was conducting a private employment agency under a license issued by the commissioner of labor. The defendant, a movie actress, secured an engagement through the plaintiff's influence, pursuant to a contract. A dispute arose as to the amount of compensation due the plaintiff under the terms of the contract. A statute required reference of such disputes to the commissioner of labor, who was to hear and determine the same. Within ten days a dissatisfied party could appeal to the superior court and have a hearing de novo. The plaintiff, failing to comply with the statute, commenced the action …
Federal And State Cooperation Under The Constitution, Louis W. Koenig
Federal And State Cooperation Under The Constitution, Louis W. Koenig
Michigan Law Review
Federalism, as a system of government, is peculiar in that it involves a union of several autonomous political entities for · common purposes which may be achieved through apportioning the sum total of legislative power between a "national" or "central" government, on the one hand, and constituent "states" on the other. In our own federation, a written Constitution has sought to define the functions of both these centers of government, assigning to each certain spheres of influence upon all persons and property within a given territory. At the Constitutional Convention, the committee of detail carefully listed the powers of the …
Freedom Of The Press And Of The Mails, Eberhard P. Deutsch
Freedom Of The Press And Of The Mails, Eberhard P. Deutsch
Michigan Law Review
It should be unnecessary to amend the Federal Constitution to accommodate the facilities of government to the needs of society, as those needs develop with the social and scientific advance of civilization. But the trend of legislative effort to reach beyond constitutional limits to satisfy fleeting economic or political expediencies, without regard for the vital distinction between sound and substance, and of courts to seek justification for such excursions, under the benefit of constitutional doubt due "solemn expressions of legislative will," may lead to highly dangerous situations. As this trend is permitted to reach extremes, the erasure of the well-defined …
Constitutional Law - Public Works Administration - Validity - Requisite Interest To Challenge Constitutionality, Gerald L. Stoetzer
Constitutional Law - Public Works Administration - Validity - Requisite Interest To Challenge Constitutionality, Gerald L. Stoetzer
Michigan Law Review
After three years of prolonged litigation which has deprived the nation of many intended immediate benefits, another New Deal measure commonly known as the Public Works Administration has withstood the legal attacks persistently made upon it. One of the earliest enactments of the Seventy-third Congress during the present administration, Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act, passed with the view of directing the country from an economic abyss, recently received judicial sanction in the United States Supreme Court, although Title I of the same act was early attacked and decreed unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. Title …
Taxation - Income Taxation Of Stock Dividends, Wallace Mendelson
Taxation - Income Taxation Of Stock Dividends, Wallace Mendelson
Michigan Law Review
In 1929 a stock dividend was paid to the holders of common stock in preferred stock of the dividend paying corporation, which had both common and preferred stock outstanding at the time the stock dividend was declared and paid. The taxpayer, as a holder of common stock, received his pro rata share of the dividend and subsequently within the same taxable year sold the preferred stock which he had so received as a dividend. Held, that under the Revenue Act of 1928, (1) the receipt of the stock dividend was not a taxable occasion, and ( 2) the basis …
Constitutional Law - Religious Freedom - Compulsory Salute And Pledge Of Allegiance To Flag By School Children -Validity, Dan K. Cook
Michigan Law Review
A Massachusetts statute imposed a duty upon each public school teacher to lead his pupils, at least once each week, in a salute and pledge of allegiance to the flag. Petitioner was in his third year as a pupil in the public schools, and, in obedience to his father's commands, refused to participate in the salute and pledge. For such refusal, the school committee expelled the petitioner from the school, and he thereupon submitted a petition for a writ of mandamus, to compel his readmission to the school. Held, that the writ be denied, inasmuch as the statute did …
Constitutional Law - Zoning - Amendment Of Zoning Ordinance As Impairing Vested Rights, Ralph Winkler
Constitutional Law - Zoning - Amendment Of Zoning Ordinance As Impairing Vested Rights, Ralph Winkler
Michigan Law Review
The town plan commission amended the municipal zoning ordinance to permit the erection of an incinerator in a class C residence district. The particular tract upon which the incinerator was to be located had been a municipal garbage dump, and as such, a non-conforming use under the zoning ordinance. The board of health by ordinance declared the garbage dump to be a nuisance. The facts revealed there was an immediate need to dispose of the garbage, etc.; that the erection of an incinerator was the best means of so doing; that the proposed site was a suitable location; that the …
Municipal Corporations - Constitutional Limitations On Amount Of Debts - Obligations Of Other Public Corporations As Debts Of City, Michigan Law Review
Municipal Corporations - Constitutional Limitations On Amount Of Debts - Obligations Of Other Public Corporations As Debts Of City, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The city of Troy, New York, had obtained federal aid for a Public Works Administration project involving the erection of a new high school building, conditioned upon the city's supplying $786,000 as its share of the cost. The constitutional debt limitation did not permit the city to borrow this amount. The legislature came to the aid of the city and enacted a law providing that the bonds should be issued as "general obligations" of the city school district by the district's board of education. The act expressly stated that the bonds should not be considered as part of the debt …
Eminent Domain - Public Housing And Slum Clearance As A "Public Use", Wayne E. Babler
Eminent Domain - Public Housing And Slum Clearance As A "Public Use", Wayne E. Babler
Michigan Law Review
The recent legislation providing for housing and slum clearance raises the interesting and practical problem of whether a taking of land for such housing and slum clearance purposes by means of an eminent domain proceeding is condemnation for a "public use," within the meaning of that term in eminent domain proceedings. Such a taking was held to be for a public use in the recent case of Spahn v. Stewart.
Constitutional Law - Separation Of Powers - Power Of The Courts And Legislature To Regulate The Practice Of Law And Procedure, Peter S. Boter
Constitutional Law - Separation Of Powers - Power Of The Courts And Legislature To Regulate The Practice Of Law And Procedure, Peter S. Boter
Michigan Law Review
In theory, the doctrine of separation of powers presents a governmental system with spheres of power for each department, separated by clear lines of demarcation. Yet in practice it does not follow that a complete separation of powers could be effected or would be desirable. The concurrent exercise of a power by two coordinate branches of a government may result in conflicting regulations and also in charges that the exercise of the power by one department is an unconstitutional encroachment on the powers to be exercised by another and coordinate department. This situation is present in the concurrent exercise of …
Public Utilities - Constitutionality Of Statute Imposing Regulatory Costs Upon Utilities, Charles W. Allen
Public Utilities - Constitutionality Of Statute Imposing Regulatory Costs Upon Utilities, Charles W. Allen
Michigan Law Review
A state statute imposed an annual fee of one-tenth of one per cent of gross operating revenues upon public utilities. The fees were placed in a state revolving fund used to defray the expenses of administration of the public service law. Plaintiff railroad paid the fees under protest and brought an action to recover that amount, claiming that the act was unconstitutional. The trial court held that the act was unconstitutional on its face. The state supreme court revised this decision, holding that act valid and placing the burden of proof on the plaintiff to show that it had become …
Labor Law - Constitutionality Of State Anti-Injunction Acts - Existence Of A "Labor Dispute", Theodore R. Vogt
Labor Law - Constitutionality Of State Anti-Injunction Acts - Existence Of A "Labor Dispute", Theodore R. Vogt
Michigan Law Review
Organized labor has long contested the use of the injunction in labor disputes and since the turn of the century has been active in legislative circles to secure statutory relief from the paralyzing effect of the too-freely granted temporary injunction and restraining order. A substantial step forward was the enactment of the Clayton Act by Congress. Similar legislation was adopted by several states, some before and some after the congressional action. However, the expected benefits to labor did not accrue, for the Supreme Court in Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering so narrowly construed the statute as to rob it …
Constitutional Law - Protection Of Freedom Of Speech Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Jack L. White
Constitutional Law - Protection Of Freedom Of Speech Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Jack L. White
Michigan Law Review
The appellant, a negro member of the Communist Party, was engaged in work as a paid party organizer in Atlanta in 1932. Shortly after leading a hunger march of unemployed he was arrested, and was tried and convicted under a state statute, enacted in the Reconstruction Period, which made criminal "any attempt, by persuasion or otherwise, to induce others to join in any combined resistance to the lawful' authority of the State." At the time of his arrest the appellant had in his possession evidence of his organization activities and also a quantity of party literature, but there was no …
Constitutional Law - Retroactivity - Federal Stamp Tax On Profits Accruing From The Sale Of Silver Bullion, William J. Isaacson
Constitutional Law - Retroactivity - Federal Stamp Tax On Profits Accruing From The Sale Of Silver Bullion, William J. Isaacson
Michigan Law Review
Respondent purchased silver bullion on May 3, 1934, subsequently selling it on May 23 and 24. On the profits of this transaction he was required to pay a tax which he unsuccessfully attempted to have refunded. The Silver Purchase Act of June 19, 1934, imposed a fifty per cent tax consisting of stamps attached to the memorandum of sale on all profits arising from such transfers. The act further provided that the tax was to be applicable on all sales made on or after May 15, 1934. The court of claims upheld the respondent's contention that the act was unconstitutional …
Constitutional Law- Right To Jury Trial - Petty Statutory Offenses, James H. Roberton
Constitutional Law- Right To Jury Trial - Petty Statutory Offenses, James H. Roberton
Michigan Law Review
The defendant was tried before the police court of the District of Columbia for selling, as a second-hand dealer, unused return-trip railroad tickets without a license, contrary to an Act of Congress. The act provides for a maximum penalty of $300 fine or ninety days in jail. The defendant was denied a jury trial. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found the defendant entitled to a jury trial. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, it was held by a majority of the Court, that the Federal Constitution does not guarantee the defendant a jury trial …
Constitutional Law - Unreasonable Search And Seizure - Unauthorized Examination Of Telegrams, Peter S. Boter
Constitutional Law - Unreasonable Search And Seizure - Unauthorized Examination Of Telegrams, Peter S. Boter
Michigan Law Review
A special committee of the United States Senate, appointed to investigate lobbying activities in connection with the so-called "holding company bill" sought to obtain from telegraph companies, under blanket subpoena duces tecum, all telegrams passing through their offices in Washington from February 1, 1935 to September 1, 1935. When the telegraph companies expressed reluctance to comply with the subpoenas, the Senate Committee sought aid from the Federal Communications Commission. The commission by formal resolution detailed a member of its staff to work with an examiner of the Senate Committee in the examination and copying of the telegrams. Among the messages …
Municipal Corporations - Regulation Of Weights And Measures - Due Process Of Law, Milton Rabinowitz
Municipal Corporations - Regulation Of Weights And Measures - Due Process Of Law, Milton Rabinowitz
Michigan Law Review
An ordinance of the city of Chicago required the net weight of all commodities sold in load lots in the city to be determined by a municipal weighmaster prior to delivery of the load to the purchaser. This necessitated weighing the vehicle of transportation first empty, and then again when loaded. On indictment for violation of the ordinance defendant, a coal dealer, whose place of business was located 63 miles outside the municipal limits, asserted that compliance with the ordinance would involve extremely expensive rehandling of the load unless the trucks were first sent into the city unloaded, a financially …
Constitutional Law - The Federal-State System Of Unemployment Compensation Under The Social Security Act, Elbert R. Gilliom
Constitutional Law - The Federal-State System Of Unemployment Compensation Under The Social Security Act, Elbert R. Gilliom
Michigan Law Review
One of the last pieces of New Deal social legislation to receive the judicial sanction of the United States Supreme Court before the end of its epoch-making October 1936 term is the tax imposed on employers of eight or more by Title IX of the Social Security Act of 1935. Through the operation of eleven expressly separable "titles," the comprehensive act (1) authorizes future appropriations to the states for old-age assistance, unemployment compensation administration, aid to dependent children, maternal and child welfare, services for crippled children, public health work, and aid to the blind; (2) establishes a system of federal …
Constitutional Law-Due Process -Fair Trade Acts, Milton Rabinowitz
Constitutional Law-Due Process -Fair Trade Acts, Milton Rabinowitz
Michigan Law Review
The New York "Fair Trade Act" proclaims price maintenance agreements subservient to the public policy of the state, and renders price cutting by any merchant with knowledge of such an agreement, even though not a party thereto, actionable as unfair competition at the suit of anyone injured thereby. In Doubleday, Doran & Co. v. Macy & Co., the New York court had condemned the enactment as violating the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Subsequently, the United States Supreme Court, in Old Dearborn Distributing Co. v. Seagram-Distiller Corp., decided the contrary as to the validity of a …
Constitutional Law - Validity Of A Compensating Use Tax - Commerce Clause, William J. Isaacson
Constitutional Law - Validity Of A Compensating Use Tax - Commerce Clause, William J. Isaacson
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiffs, appellees in this court, while engaged in the construction of a federal dam, brought into the state machinery purchased at retail in other states. The Washington Tax Commission demanded payment of a use tax on the machinery so purchased as required by the 1935 tax statutes. The plaintiffs refused to comply with the commission's order and received an in junction in the federal district court. The Washington legislature, under the heading "Compensating Tax," levied a two per cent excise on the use of all personal property purchased at retail after the effective date, the tax to be measured by …
Constitutional Law - Validity Of Minimum Wage Legislation Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Jack L. White
Constitutional Law - Validity Of Minimum Wage Legislation Under The Fourteenth Amendment, Jack L. White
Michigan Law Review
A state statute provided that it should be unlawful to employ women at wages not adequate for their maintenance, and established a commission to fix wages according to such a standard after a public hearing and a conference of representatives of employees and employers, and disinterested persons representing the public. The appellee was employed as a chambermaid in the hotel of appellant at less than the minimum wage prescribed, and brought suit to recover the difference between these amounts. The state court gave judgment for the appellee, and on certiorari the Supreme Court held that the statute was valid and …