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Articles 361 - 390 of 439
Full-Text Articles in Constitutional Law
Public Figures And Malice: Recent Supreme Court Decisions Restricting The Constitutional Privilege, Ann M. Annase, Scott A. Milburn
Public Figures And Malice: Recent Supreme Court Decisions Restricting The Constitutional Privilege, Ann M. Annase, Scott A. Milburn
University of Richmond Law Review
Historically, Americans have placed great importance on both their good name and their right to free speech. "As ingrained as both of these ideals are in the very fabric of our society, they sometimes run counter to each other." The Supreme Court has tried to balance these conflicting ideals in libel cases involving the first amendment's protection of freedom of the press. In the 1964 case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the Court held that the first amendment's constitutional privilege extends to those publishing defamatory statements concerning official conduct, and that a plaintiff in such a case could …
Constitutional Torts And The Federal Torts Claims Act, Michael W. Dolan
Constitutional Torts And The Federal Torts Claims Act, Michael W. Dolan
University of Richmond Law Review
The relatively recent expansion of the liability of federal employees for so-called constitutional torts and the accompanying contraction of the immunity of those employees against suits for such torts have resulted in significant problems for the federal government, its employees, and even for victims of official misconduct. After briefly describing the law of constitutional torts and official immunity, this article will examine a proposal to amend the Federal Tort Claims Act to make the Government the exclusive defendant in constitutional tort suits.
Limiting Congressional Denationalization After Afroyim, John Paul Jones
Limiting Congressional Denationalization After Afroyim, John Paul Jones
Law Faculty Publications
This Comment discusses the constitutional aspects of loss of United States citizenship. It contrasts expatriation with procedures developed by the state in treaty and statute for involuntary deprivation of citizenship. It distinguishes early judicial and legislative debate over the existence of a citizen's constitutionally guaranteed right to forfeit his citizenship with the twentieth-century controversy surrounding unilateral government action to denationalize. Examining existing statutes in light of recent Supreme Court decisions limiting congressional authority in this area, it suggests an analysis of contemporary statutory presumptions based upon the relationship of proscribed activity and allegiance.
Professional Ethics And Trial Publicity: Another Constitutional Attack On Dr7-107- Hirschkop V. Snead, Stephen E. Baril
Professional Ethics And Trial Publicity: Another Constitutional Attack On Dr7-107- Hirschkop V. Snead, Stephen E. Baril
University of Richmond Law Review
Philip J. Hirschkop brought an action seeking a declaratory judgment that Disciplinary Rule 7-107 of the Virginia Code of Professional Responsibility, was unconstitutionally vague and over broad. DR 7-107, generally referred to as the "no-comment" rule, prohibits extrajudicial statements by attorneys regarding pending litigation in which they are involved, "if there is a reasonable likelihood that such dissemination will interfere with a fair trial or otherwise prejudice the due administration of justice."
"Indecent" Language: A New Class Of Prohibitable Speech? F.C.C. V. Pacifica Foundation, Robert T. Billingsley
"Indecent" Language: A New Class Of Prohibitable Speech? F.C.C. V. Pacifica Foundation, Robert T. Billingsley
University of Richmond Law Review
Courts in this country have long recognized that the first amendment guarantee of freedom of speech, while written in absolute terms, is not an unyielding bar to all government regulation. The basic question left unresolved, however, is under what circumstances the government may intervene on behalf of itself or its citizens to place restrictions upon the great protected right of communication. Mr. Justice Holmes, speaking for the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, indicated that the question was whether the words used would create a "clear and present danger" of bringing about "substantive evils that Congress has a right …
State Environmental Protection Versus The Commerce Power, K. Dennis Sisk
State Environmental Protection Versus The Commerce Power, K. Dennis Sisk
University of Richmond Law Review
As commerce and industry have invaded once virgin lands and waters in an era of heightened environmental consciousness, increasing numbers of state legislatures have responded with strict environmental protection measures. Environmental protection is unquestionably a legitimate state interest, but such measures often impede the flow of interstate commerce. This article addresses the tension between state environmental protection statutes and the federal constitution's commerce clause. The essential thesis is that traditional commerce clause analysis has not been applied with sufficient sensitivity to adequately reconcile state environmental interests with federal commercial interests.
Constitutional Implications Of Parental Support Laws, Martin R. Levy, Sara W. Gross
Constitutional Implications Of Parental Support Laws, Martin R. Levy, Sara W. Gross
University of Richmond Law Review
This article addresses the constitutionality of those statutes known as "parental support laws" or "relative support statutes" in light of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. These statutes impose upon a person the duty to support an indigent parent or other impoverished relatives. This article focuses only on the statutory duty of children-under threat of punishment-to support indigent parents. In order to pass Constitutional muster under the requirements of the equal protection clause, there must be established at least a rational relationship between the class designated by the statute and the objective of …
Privacy Revisited: The Downfall Of Griswald, Martin R. Levy, C. Thomas Hectus
Privacy Revisited: The Downfall Of Griswald, Martin R. Levy, C. Thomas Hectus
University of Richmond Law Review
This article presents a review of the Supreme Court's privacy decisions since Griswold v. Connecticut, and concentrates on Doe v. Commonwealth's Attorney for City of Richmond as a vehicle to review the Burger Court's trends in the privacy area. Doe is a good vehicle because, though decided without opinion, the summary affirmance of a lower court decision denying homosexuals constitutional protection resolved the tension developing between Douglas' penumbra theory of privacy, which was the opinion of the Court in Griswold, and the more modern substantive due process analysis. The authors conclude that the opinions in Griswold are dead as far …
Federal Habeas Corpus After Stone V. Powell: A Remedy Only For The Arguably Innocent?, Sam Boyte
Federal Habeas Corpus After Stone V. Powell: A Remedy Only For The Arguably Innocent?, Sam Boyte
University of Richmond Law Review
State prisoners lost several grounds for seeking federal habeas corpus relief during the Supreme Court's 1975 term. In each case, the Court was prepared to admit, at least for the purposes of argument, that there were constitutional infirmities in the state criminal process which resulted in the confinement of the prisoner; nonetheless, the Court held that the prisoner would not be permitted to attack his conviction collaterally in federal court. Because the prisoner in Francis v. Henderson had not complied with a state procedural rule requiring such challenges to be brought before trial, the Supreme Court held that he could …
Constitutional Law-Due Process-Prosecution's Use Of Accused's Silence For Impeachment Purposes Violates Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Claus, Calvin W. Colyer
Constitutional Law-Due Process-Prosecution's Use Of Accused's Silence For Impeachment Purposes Violates Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Claus, Calvin W. Colyer
University of Richmond Law Review
Fundamental to our adversary system ofjustice is the right to impeach the testimony of an opposition witness. This right extends to a criminal defendant who chooses to take the stand, for his veracity and credibility are in issue. Admission of prior silence as a means of impeaching the testimony of a witness was favored by a broad rule of evidence at common law. However, the existence of an inconsistency between the silence and later testimony was a necessary condition for the admission of the defendant's prior silence. While the courts have not defined the degree of inconsistency required to allow …
Balanced Justice: Mr. Justice Powell And The Constitution, Randolph C. Duvall, John E. Ely, Mark S. Gardner, William C. Goodwin, H. P. Williams
Balanced Justice: Mr. Justice Powell And The Constitution, Randolph C. Duvall, John E. Ely, Mark S. Gardner, William C. Goodwin, H. P. Williams
University of Richmond Law Review
In his first five years on the United States Supreme Court, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. has become and will most likely continue to be a leading force in shaping the direction of the Court. In many areas, Justice Powell's desire for judicial flexibility as well as judicial restraint has made him a leader in turning the Burger Court away from the bright-line tests enunciated by the Warren Court. However, where the Warren Court had been flexible, Justice Powell has usually preserved this flexibility and expanded it if possible. The tool consistently utilized to achieve this flexibility has been a …
The Fifth Amendment And The Production Of Documents: A New Rationale, Lucretia C. Irby
The Fifth Amendment And The Production Of Documents: A New Rationale, Lucretia C. Irby
University of Richmond Law Review
During its last term, the Supreme Court decided two cases involving the production of documents and papers; one involved the use of a search warrant, the other a subpoena duces tecum. Both cases raised the fifth amendment issues. In both instances, the Supreme Court found no violation of the privilege against self-incrimination.
Commentaries On The Constitution Of Virginia- By A.E. Dick Howard, William B. Spong Jr.
Commentaries On The Constitution Of Virginia- By A.E. Dick Howard, William B. Spong Jr.
University of Richmond Law Review
Virginians are aware of the significant contributions made by their forebears to the drafting of the Federal Constitution. They are less mindful of the early history and development of the Virginia constitution. Yet, more than a decade prior to final adoption of our federal charter, a Virginia convention, meeting in Williamsburg in May of 1776, authorized preparation of a Declaration of Rights for Virginia concurrently with enactment of a resolution of independence from Great Britain. This document of self- government, drafted primarily by George Mason and rooted in Magna Carta and the Virginia Charter of 1606, was Virginia's constitution for …
The Suspect And The Grand Jury: A Need For Constitutional Protection, Marshall F. Newman
The Suspect And The Grand Jury: A Need For Constitutional Protection, Marshall F. Newman
University of Richmond Law Review
In United States v. Mandujano,I the Supreme Court, while ostensibly reaffirming the proposition that the fifth amendment does not insulate a person charged with perjury from the prosecution's introduction of his false statements, has sanctioned the use of the grand jury as a subterfuge for circumventing the constitutional proscription against compulsory self-incrimination.
Capital Punishment: Constitutional Parameters For The Ultimate Penalty, James F. Stutts
Capital Punishment: Constitutional Parameters For The Ultimate Penalty, James F. Stutts
University of Richmond Law Review
Four years after Furmanv. Georgia, the Supreme Court has resolved the major question left unanswered by that decision - does capital punishment per se constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighth amendment? The Court also announced the statutory standards which satisfy Furman's requirement that the death penalty not be imposed arbitrarily or capriciously. By a 7-2 vote, the Court held that the imposition of the death penalty for murder did not per se constitute cruel and unusual punishment. By the same vote, the Court upheld the capital sentencing statutes of Georgia, Florida and Texas, noting that arbitrary …
Constitutional Law- Confinement Of Nondangerous Mentally Ill Capable Of Surviving Safely In Freedom Held To Violate Patient's Right To "Liberty"
University of Richmond Law Review
The states have traditionally exercised broad power to commit the mentally ill. Civil commitment of such persons has generally been justified under two premises. First is the concept of parenspatriaewhich justifies the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill for their care and treatment or protection from harm. Second is the state's police power under which it may safeguard the public health, safety, welfare and morals. The substantive and procedural limitations upon this power may vary drastically from state to state. Despite the activity of the states in this area, no constitutional mandate exists requiring a state to provide for the …
Constitutional Law-Criminal Defendant Guaranteed Right To Self-Representation In State Or Federal Courts
University of Richmond Law Review
Sixteenth and early seventeenth century England did not recognize the right to counsel in criminal cases. In fact, ultimate recognition of this right in 1695 was considered a special privilege bestowed at the discretion of the Crown, rather than a logical development of the common law. Under modern English law, the defendant has an absolute right to counsel, but he must also be allowed to conduct his own case as to matters of fact, leaving issues of law to counsel. It remains unclear, however, whether this concept of self-representation was a right at common law or a corollary of the …
Subdivision Exactions: Virginia Constitutional Restrictions, Benjamin J. Trichelo
Subdivision Exactions: Virginia Constitutional Restrictions, Benjamin J. Trichelo
University of Richmond Law Review
New directions in zoning law have recently been established by the Supreme Court of Virginia. The court has declared unconstitutional an ordinance imposing a temporary building moratorium, another establishing minimum building lot sizes, and one compelling individual developers to first dedicate property in fee to the local government, and to then construct and maintain designated public facilities upon the dedicated land.
Problems In Defining The Institutional Status Of The Press, Andrew A. Jaxa-Debicki
Problems In Defining The Institutional Status Of The Press, Andrew A. Jaxa-Debicki
University of Richmond Law Review
This comment will deal with the concept of freedom of the press within the context of recent Supreme Court rulings which have directly or indirectly involved definitions of the role of the organized press in the governmental framework established by the Constitution. Specifically, the focus will be in the areas of the law dealing with defamation, testimonial privilege and the fair trial-free press controversy. The purpose will be to discern whether the Supreme Court is developing a concept of freedom of the press which is distinguishable from the general guarantee of freedom of speech and which derives its rationale from …
Constitutional Law- Civil Rights- Representative Party Need Only Show Sufficient Nexus With Class For Title Vii Class Action To Continue
University of Richmond Law Review
For many years the brunt of racial discrimination was sorely felt in the area of employment. Today, however, an employee or job applicant who desires to redress an alleged racially discriminatory employment practice has two statutory remedies: 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Under section 1981, all citizens "have the same right .. . to make and enforce contracts," which necessarily includes the right to contract for employment. It has been established that an action under this section may be brought alleging racial discrimination in employment without demonstrating state action. Title VII …
Constitutional Law-First Amendment-Newspaper Advertisement Of Abortion Referral Service Entitled To First Amendment Protection
University of Richmond Law Review
Controversies involving the first amendment rights of freedom of press and speech are not confined to reporters vowing to protect the identities of their sources against government prosecutors or committees attempting to identify them. An area of conflict of equal import is the degree of protection, if any, afforded commercial speech by the Constitution. In 1942, the Supreme Court in Valentine v. Chrestensen enunciated the commercial speech doctrine which has been used, despite subsequent criticism and attempts to limit the holding, to remove commercial adver- tisement from the ambit of constitutional protection.
Constitutional Law-Durational Residency Requirement For Divorce Held Not To Violate Fourteenth Amendment
University of Richmond Law Review
One of the legacies of the Warren era was the development of a strict standard of judicial review in certain cases brought under the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. Once the Court determined that a fundamental interest had been infringed or denied, the new equal protection analysis required that the challenged statute pass a "compelling interest" test, or be found in violation of the fourteenth amendment. Various interests have been recognized as fundamental and afforded special protection by the Court.
Constitutional Law-Civil Rights-Standard For Relief In Racial Discrimination Cases Requires A Showing Of Discriminatory Intent, T. Keith Fogg
Constitutional Law-Civil Rights-Standard For Relief In Racial Discrimination Cases Requires A Showing Of Discriminatory Intent, T. Keith Fogg
University of Richmond Law Review
When Congress passed Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it did not extend the coverage of the Act to public employers. Consequently, the Griggs v. Duke Power Co. decision in 1971 created the anomalous situation that private employers were held to a tougher standard of scrutiny with respect to racial considerations in their hiring procedures under Title VII than were public employers under the Constitution. This curious development in the relationship between public employment and Title VII caused many courts to alter their standards for equal protection violations in the early 1970's. In the realm of public …
Constitutional Law- Civil Rights- Private Schools Prohibited From Excluding Qualified Children Solely Because They Are Black, Craig S. Cooley
Constitutional Law- Civil Rights- Private Schools Prohibited From Excluding Qualified Children Solely Because They Are Black, Craig S. Cooley
University of Richmond Law Review
All major school desegregation decisions through 1975 involved "public" schools, and were based on provisions of the fourteenth amendment. This constitutional remedy, however, requires the presence of "state action" before being triggered. Commencing with the Supreme Court's earliest public school desegregation decisions, and accelerating with the finding of affirmative duties of southern school districts to desegregate, private educational institutions following racially exclusionary admittance policies were founded. Such private discrimination generally has been considered to be beyond the scope of the fourteenth amendment. Moreover, parents that patronize such institutions have sought support in Supreme Court cases which confer constitutional protection upon …
Constitutional Law-Double Jeopardy-Misdemeanor Conviction At Preliminary Hearing Held A Bar Ta Subsequent Felony Prosecution Upon Double Jeopardy Principlus
University of Richmond Law Review
The Virginia Constitution provides: "That in criminal prosecutions a man . . . shall not . . . be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense." This prohibition against double jeopardy is also embodied in the United States Constitution, as well as having been established at common law. However, what constitutes the same offense has proven to be a source of difficulty when applied to a particular case.
Constitutional Law-Due Process-Ex Parte Seizure Of Secured Property Under Judicial Supervision Held Not To Violate Due Process
University of Richmond Law Review
Summary creditor remedies have come under increasing attack in recent years. The major question has been whether prejudgment seizures of secured property comport with procedural due process. The United States Supreme Court, in Fuentes v. Shevin, had apparently settled the question by holding that procedural due process requires notice to the debtor and an opportunity to be heard before a state authorizes its agents to seize property from him on the application of another.
Constitutional Law- Due Process- All But Minimal Procedural Due Process Safeguards Held Inapplicable At In-Prison Disciplinary Proceedings
University of Richmond Law Review
Inmates in penal institutions have historically been afforded less than the full panoply of procedural rights which the federal courts have guaranteed in criminal proceedings. The traditional attitude that constitutional rights were left outside the prison gate eventually gave way to a recognition that some fundamental substantivedue process rights are retained by prisoners. Because of an unwillingness to risk possible impairment of security and order by overburdening officials with procedural matters, the judiciary fashioned a "hands-off" doctrine as to proceduraldue process rights. This doctrine precluded judicial review of prison disciplinary action absent a showing that the action violated the eighth …
Constitutional Law-Equal Protection-Reimbursement Of Appointed Counsel Fees As A Condition Of Probation Held Not Violative Of The Equal Protection Clause
University of Richmond Law Review
Every defendant facing criminal prosecution that may result in imprisonment is guaranteed the right to counsel. The Supreme Court has required appointed counsel for indigents in widening classes of cases and at different stages of prosecution. This trend has increased the burden on public revenues, and many states, in an effort to recover some of the costs, have enacted recoupment statutes. Several state courts have expressed unfavorable opinions as to the constitutionality of these statutes. The first Supreme Court decision to focus on a state recoupment statute struck it down as violative of the equal protection clause.
Constitutional Law-Equal Protection-Federal Court Cannot Order Multi-School District Remedy For Single District De Jure Segregation Absent An Interdistrict Violation
University of Richmond Law Review
The landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education held that the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment prohibited a state from maintaining racially segregated public schools. After years of attempted but ineffective implementation of the mandate of Brown I, the Supreme Court attacked the issue with vigor in the late 1960's. State and local authorities-were placed under an affirmative duty to convert to a unitary school system which promised to work immediately towards the elimination of the discrimination inherent in state compelled dual school systems.
Constitutional Law-Civil Rights-Absent State Involvement, Right Of Association Not Protected By 42 Usc § 1985(3)
University of Richmond Law Review
42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) was enacted' to curtail the Ku Klux Klan's terrorist activities in the South by prohibiting conspiracies to deprive any person "of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws. . . ." From its inception, the major controversy has concerned whether the statute requires an element of state action. The first judicial statement construed the statute as reaching only conspiracies carried out under color of state law. Twenty years later, a unanimous Supreme Court found the statute to "fully encompass the conduct of private persons" attempting to deprive an …