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Articles 481 - 510 of 568
Full-Text Articles in Comparative and Foreign Law
Environmental Regulation Of Russia's Offshsore Oil & Gas Industry And Its Implications For The International Petroleum Market, Deborah K. Espinosa
Environmental Regulation Of Russia's Offshsore Oil & Gas Industry And Its Implications For The International Petroleum Market, Deborah K. Espinosa
Washington International Law Journal
Due to Northeast Asia's increasing energy demand, the Russian Far East's immense oil and gas reserves, and the close physical proximity between the two regions, international petroleum companies are exploring Russia's offshore petroleum reserves in the Far East. The Russian offshore industry, however, presents foreign investors with many legal uncertainties including exposure to environmental liabilities. This Comment suggests that Russia's environmental regulatory system, which includes a constitutional right to a healthy environment, presents international petroleum companies with a new set of circumstances to which they must adapt if Russian reserves are to satisfy Northeast Asia's rising energy needs. To do …
Cultural Differences In The Crusade Against International Bribery: Rice-Cake Expenses In Korea And The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Joongi Kim, Jong Bum Kim
Cultural Differences In The Crusade Against International Bribery: Rice-Cake Expenses In Korea And The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Joongi Kim, Jong Bum Kim
Washington International Law Journal
The expanding global movement against overseas bribery has emerged as one of the foremost issues in international trade. This paper explores the complex issues surrounding this multilateral anti-bribery movement, particularly focusing on one of the central concerns at the heart of this debate: what type of different cultural perspectives and legal traditions exists regarding questionable payments and whether they need to be respected. This study approaches this subject by discussing how the Korean legal system distinguishes between permissible gifts such as "rice-cake expenses" and illicit payments. In the process, the new legal interpretations that were developed by the Korean judiciary …
Patent Term Extension Of Pharmaceuticals In Japan: So You Say You Want To Rush That Generic Drug To Market In Japan . . . Good Luck!, William T. Christiansen Ii
Patent Term Extension Of Pharmaceuticals In Japan: So You Say You Want To Rush That Generic Drug To Market In Japan . . . Good Luck!, William T. Christiansen Ii
Washington International Law Journal
With the passage of the Drug Price Competition Act of 1984 in the United States, the recent German Supreme Court decision allowing for experimental use of patented pharmaceuticals, and indirectly through the adoption of the Supplemental Protection Certificate in Europe, Japan seems to be the lone large pharmaceutical market which does not allow in some way for the experimental use of patented drugs to gain regulatory approval for a generic equivalent. Japanese generic pharmaceutical manufacturers had, until recently, operated under the assumption that the testing of a generic equivalent to a patented drug to gain regulatory approval was allowable as …
The Hiv Litigation And Its Settlement [In Japan], Awaji Takehisa, Keisuke Mark Abe
The Hiv Litigation And Its Settlement [In Japan], Awaji Takehisa, Keisuke Mark Abe
Washington International Law Journal
As early as 1983, Japan's Health and Welfare Ministry had reason to know that the use of unheated blood products by hemophiliacs was infecting them with HIV, the AIDS virus. Although heated-and safe-blood products were already available from the United States, government approval in Japan was deliberately delayed for almost three years while local pharmaceutical companies developed the products. By the time the unheated blood products were all withdrawn from the market, many of Japan's hemophiliacs had contracted HIV. A number of them, or their survivors, sued the government and the pharmaceutical companies. At the end of the consolidated trials, …
China Must Not "Wait Until The Evening": Resisting Mass Motorization's Assault On Bicycles And Mass Transit, Adam Karp
Washington International Law Journal
China, and other developing nations, stand at a transportation planning crossroads—whether to follow the American highway/privatized motorization model or to optimize their existing mass transit/nonmotorized transportation model. This Comment charts the history of transportation development in China and indicates its destination in light of China's recent embrace of the car industry as a "pillar" of the nation's economy. It then considers motor vehicles' adverse effects, and assesses the value of mass and nonmotorized transportation as viable alternatives. In order to stall or reverse a process not supported wholeheartedly by the Chinese citizenry, this Comment determines whether China's internal city planning …
Why Taiwan Is Not Hong Kong: A Review Of The Prc's "One Country Two Systems" Model For Reunification With Taiwan, Sean Cooney
Why Taiwan Is Not Hong Kong: A Review Of The Prc's "One Country Two Systems" Model For Reunification With Taiwan, Sean Cooney
Washington International Law Journal
This article critically examines the "One Country Two Systems" model (OCTS) developed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) for achieving the reunification of Taiwan. The model is in many respects the same as that already applied in Hong Kong. The PRC promises that under OCTS, the Taiwanese will enjoy a "high degree of autonomy", be "masters in their own house" and maintain their way of life. However, in contrast to the people of Hong Kong, who have never enjoyed full democracy, the Taiwanese have achieved a much greater degree of autonomy and accountability than is possible under OCTS. The …
New Developments In Environmental Law And Policy In Taiwan, Dennis Te-Chung Tang
New Developments In Environmental Law And Policy In Taiwan, Dennis Te-Chung Tang
Washington International Law Journal
This article provides a critical review of the important developments of the environmental laws and policies of the Republic of China on Taiwan since 1993. The article also supplements the author's 1990 and 1993 publications. Section II briefs the reader on background political and economic changes. Section III analyzes three new environmental statutes, including the Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1994. Section IV investigates the problems encountered in some environmental initiatives, including the collection of air pollution control fees and the newly launched "four-in-one" recycling program. Section V summarizes important environmental decisions by the Administrative Court. Section VI suggests strategies …
The Dissolution Of Aum Shinri Kyô As A Religious Corporation, Thomas Leo Madden
The Dissolution Of Aum Shinri Kyô As A Religious Corporation, Thomas Leo Madden
Washington International Law Journal
Because of Aum Shinri Kyô's terrorist attacks using sarin nerve gas, the Japanese government sought to revoke the religious cult's status as a religious corporation under the Religious Corporation Law. The Tokyo District Court found that, in setting up a sarin production facility, Aum had deviated from its purpose as a religious organization and had endangered the public welfare, thereby justifying an order of dissolution. The Tokyo High Court affirmed, but did not reach the issue of whether the dissolution order violated Aum's followers' right to freedom of religion as guaranteed by the Japanese Constitution. In affirming the dissolution order, …
A Cultural Exchange: Singapore And The United States Can Learn From Each Other In Restructuring Social Security Plans, Ken J. Moyle
A Cultural Exchange: Singapore And The United States Can Learn From Each Other In Restructuring Social Security Plans, Ken J. Moyle
Washington International Law Journal
Singapore and the United States approach the concept of retirement income replacement from different directions. The United States relies on the OASDI component of the Social Security Act, a tax-based intergenerational transfer program, while Singapore operates under the Central Provident Fund Act, which requires workers and their employers to contribute to a compulsory savings scheme. Elements of each program conflict with the cultural values of the society it serves, and each society could benefit from adopting certain components and underlying concepts of the other's national retirement plan.
The Taxation Of Gifts And Bequests In Australia: A Prototype For Transfer Tax Reform In The United States?, Jeffrey S. Kinsler
The Taxation Of Gifts And Bequests In Australia: A Prototype For Transfer Tax Reform In The United States?, Jeffrey S. Kinsler
Washington International Law Journal
Australian tax law presents a possible prototype for the reform of gift taxation in the United States. Unlike the United States, Australia does not impose a separate transfer tax on gifts and bequests. Rather, gratuitous transfers of appreciated property are treated as capital gains under Australian tax law, exposing donors to income taxation. In an effort to interject the Australian model of taxation into the already robust debate over how best to reform the U.S. transfer tax system, this article examines the advantages and disadvantages of the Australian system and the Australian Income Tax Assessment Act ("ITAA").
Regulations Restricting Internet Access: Attempted Repair Of Rupture In China's Great Wall Restraining The Free Exercise Of Ideas, Scott E. Feir
Regulations Restricting Internet Access: Attempted Repair Of Rupture In China's Great Wall Restraining The Free Exercise Of Ideas, Scott E. Feir
Washington International Law Journal
The People's Republic of China is in a paradox: While China needs computer networks to assist its plans for modernization, the government fears the uncontrolled exchange of information between China and the rest of the world. Therefore, the People's Republic of China enacted restrictive regulations controlling Internet usage. This comment examines China's attempt to control Internet use in light of these regulations and current censoring technology viewing China as a test case for other countries. Ifa combination of an authoritarian government, restrictive regulations, and physical network controls cannot prevent users in China from accessing and supplying prohibited information, then similar …
Domestic Child Abuse Under The U.N. Convention On The Rights Of The Child: Implications For Children's Rights In Four Asian Countries, Paula C. Littlewood
Domestic Child Abuse Under The U.N. Convention On The Rights Of The Child: Implications For Children's Rights In Four Asian Countries, Paula C. Littlewood
Washington International Law Journal
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first binding treaty to endorse children's rights as separate from both adults and the family, and is thus an important step in international law toward recognition of children as rights bearers. An inquiry into the extent to which children enjoy human rights logically begins with Article 19 of the Convention which guarantees a child's right to freedom from abuse and neglect by any party. While most literature in this area concentrates either on the rights guaranteed by the Convention or issues raised by studying child abuse across cultures, …
The Sanctity Of Life And The Right To Die: Social And Jurisprudential Aspects Of The Euthanasia Debate In Australia And The United States, Roger S. Magnusson
The Sanctity Of Life And The Right To Die: Social And Jurisprudential Aspects Of The Euthanasia Debate In Australia And The United States, Roger S. Magnusson
Washington International Law Journal
This paper reviews social and legal issues in the current euthanasia debate. Focusing on Australia and the United States, the author argues that the legalization of physician-assisted suicide ("PAS") and/or active voluntary euthanasia ("AVE") is inevitable within the short to medium term, given recent developments which have undermined the sanctity of life ethic. Legal factors supporting this assessment include the changing definition of death, the growth of a legallyrecognized right to self-determination extending to the withdrawal of life-support, and the recognition by some courts that life support may be withdrawn without consent because life is considered to be futile. The …
The Taiwan Consumer Protection Law: Attempt To Protect Consumers Proves Ineffective, Carol T. Juang
The Taiwan Consumer Protection Law: Attempt To Protect Consumers Proves Ineffective, Carol T. Juang
Washington International Law Journal
Consumer protection is a relatively new social issue in Taiwan. With the passage of the Taiwan Consumer Protection Law ("CPL"), the government of Taiwan has taken a tremendous step towards the protection of its consumers' rights. However, industry leaders as well as consumers have voiced concerns over many of the provisions and terms in the CPL. Consumers have not taken advantage of the CPL as a means of legal recourse for product-related injuries, and industry groups have asked the government to reexamine particular aspects of the CPL. Such reaction has essentially rendered the CPL an unproductive piece of legislation.
Martial Lawlessness: The Legal Aftermath Of Kwangju, James M. West
Martial Lawlessness: The Legal Aftermath Of Kwangju, James M. West
Washington International Law Journal
On August 26, 1996, two former presidents of the Republic of Korea, Chun Doo-Hwan and Roh Tae-Woo, were convicted of insurrection, treason, and corruption. The charges arose out of their December 1979 coup and the ruthlessly violent suppression of a democratic protest in the city of Kwangju in May 1980. This article recounts the origins and analyzes the progress of this dramatic criminal trial, which has attracted worldwide attention. The current South Korean head of state, President Kim Young-Sam, has depicted the conviction of his predecessors as a historic juncture opening a new era of constitutionalism for Korea. Despite the …
Reducing Malapportionment In Japan's Electoral Districts: The Supreme Court Must Act, William Somers Bailey
Reducing Malapportionment In Japan's Electoral Districts: The Supreme Court Must Act, William Somers Bailey
Washington International Law Journal
Japan's Constitution does not expressly mandate periodic census and reapportionment of electoral districts. The Election Law only suggests reapportionment. Consequently, rapid population shifts in postwar Japan created endemic voter imbalances. The Japanese Supreme Court has made some attempts to prod the national parliament to take ameliorative action, but the result has always been "too little, too late." Nevertheless, the evidence shows that the parliament does heed the Court's decisions. This Comment urges the Court to tighten the three to one ratio it has developed for allowable voter imbalances to two to one or better, and to abandon doctrines like the …
Exclusivity And The Japanese Bar: Ethics Or Self-Interest?, David Hood
Exclusivity And The Japanese Bar: Ethics Or Self-Interest?, David Hood
Washington International Law Journal
The Japanese bar maintains that ethical considerations mandate a low admission rate. However, the bar's limit on the number of lawyers in Japan has socioeconomic effects that extend beyond the legal profession. Also, because there are too few Japanese lawyers, "quasi-lawyer" legal substitutes have emerged to satisfy pent-up demand for legal services. This comment suggests that the Japanese bar should expand its membership in order to address the shortage of legal services in Japan. An expanded bar could also address many of Japan's hidden socioeconomic ills.
Environmental Protection Agreements In Japan And The United States, Susan Ridgley
Environmental Protection Agreements In Japan And The United States, Susan Ridgley
Washington International Law Journal
In an environmental protection agreement, local government regulatory authorities and the regulated industry enter into a binding written agreement that specifies limits on pollution and supplements the applicable regulatory requirements. They have been utilized in Japan for over twenty years. This Comment discusses the content and practical uses of these agreements as they have been used in Japan, and postulates their legal status under three theories: that such agreements are relational social contracts; that they are informal administrative guidance; and that they are civil contracts. The legal character of environmental protection agreements in Japan has never been well-defined, primarily because …
Changing The "Fourth Channels": Taiwan Tunes In To A New Cable Television Law, Sophia R. Byrd
Changing The "Fourth Channels": Taiwan Tunes In To A New Cable Television Law, Sophia R. Byrd
Washington International Law Journal
Threatened with potentially massive trade sanctions by the United States, Taiwan enacted the Cable Television Law in 1993 to regulate the so-called "Fourth Channels," hundreds of private cable operations that transmitted programming pirated from the United States and other sources. This Comment identifies the roots of the Fourth Channels and examines the U.S. and Taiwanese forces that gave rise to the cable law. The Comment analyzes major provisions of the law and explores the law's effects on both U.S. and Taiwanese interests.
China's Company Law: Practicing Capitalism In A Transitional Economy, Anna M. Han
China's Company Law: Practicing Capitalism In A Transitional Economy, Anna M. Han
Washington International Law Journal
As China embarks on the road to transform itself from a planned economy to one in which market forces play an increasingly important part, the corporation will play a critical role in this transformation. By outlining past and existing economic policies, this article explores how these newly sanctioned corporations will operate in China's changing economy and points outs some of the difficulties which the Chinese will encounter. The article also recommends some steps necessary for the Chinese economy to fully enjoy the benefits of efficiently operated corporations.
China's Eugenics Law As Grounds For Granting Asylum, Graciela Gómez
China's Eugenics Law As Grounds For Granting Asylum, Graciela Gómez
Washington International Law Journal
China has instituted two controversial population control programs. First instituted in 1979, the One Child Policy seeks to control population growth by limiting the number of children born to married couples. The Maternal and Infant Health Care Law ("Eugenics Law"), effective June of 1995, has a stated purpose of improving the quality of the population by mandating sterilization for people with serious genetic defects. Implementation of the One Child Policy has led to forced abortion and involuntary sterilization. The Eugenics Law is likely to engender similar types of human rights abuses. Since 1989, the U.S. Board of Immigration Appeals has …
The 1992 Employment Service Act And The Influx Of Foreign Workers In Taiwan And Translation Of The 1994 Implentary Provisions, Dorothy S. Liu, Li Mingde, Judy Demarsh
The 1992 Employment Service Act And The Influx Of Foreign Workers In Taiwan And Translation Of The 1994 Implentary Provisions, Dorothy S. Liu, Li Mingde, Judy Demarsh
Washington International Law Journal
The 1992 Employment Service Act, the first major law in Taiwan to legalize the hiring of blue-collar foreign workers, was adopted to stem the tide of illegal aliens while alleviating Taiwan's labor shortage. The Act and its Implementary Provisions, however, have not resolved the problems caused by the influx of foreign labor. Taiwan's foreign labor policy has not curtailed the influx of illegal aliens, and in an effort to resolve the labor shortage without recognizing the consequences of importing foreign labor, Taiwan has encouraged the continuation of labor-intensive industries and has indirectly perpetuated the continuation of employer abuses against foreign …
Eastern Twists On Western Concepts: Equality Jurisprudence And Sexual Harassment In Japan, Leon Wolff
Eastern Twists On Western Concepts: Equality Jurisprudence And Sexual Harassment In Japan, Leon Wolff
Washington International Law Journal
A rich source of Japanese jurisprudence on sexual equality underlies Japan's emerging law against sexual harassment. With no law specifically outlawing sexual harassment, academics and the courts have invoked the principle of sexual equality to support their conclusion that Japanese law carries an implicit prohibition against acts of sexual harassment. In developing a legal case against sexual harassment, Japanese courts and academic commentators have introduced novel constructions of equality. The key innovations include relational equality, inherent equality and quantifiable equality. In presenting some of these Japanese contributions to equality jurisprudence, the hope is that feminist discourse on equality can take …
Legal Protection Of Trade Secrets In The People's Republic Of China, Yuan Cheng
Legal Protection Of Trade Secrets In The People's Republic Of China, Yuan Cheng
Washington International Law Journal
The increasing need for an adequate legal framework for the protection of trade secrets in the People's Republic of China led to the 1993 promulgation of the Law for Countering Unfair Competition ("LCUC"). The LCUC has removed some of the barriers to obtaining effective remedies. Under the LCUC, the injured party can rely on a legal definition of "trade secrets," sue third parties, and expect that authorities will investigate violations. Nevertheless, barriers to adequate protection for trade secrets remain. In discussing the legal framework for trade secrets protection, this Article illustrates how the ambiguity of the LCUC's relationship with other …
Suburban Sprawl Or Suburban Villages? Defining Planning Principles For New Land Development In Indonesia, Stephen Day
Suburban Sprawl Or Suburban Villages? Defining Planning Principles For New Land Development In Indonesia, Stephen Day
Washington International Law Journal
Indonesian land use regulations are increasingly designating areas where urban growth is either targeted or excluded, echoing a similar trend in other Pacific Rim nations. Yet as with growth planning in the United States, there is a near total lack of regulatory direction guiding the form or pattern of urban development within the target areas. Sprawling suburban development, essentially patterned after midcentury-style American models, is rapidly consuming the most desirable developable land. Although significant policy goals and legislation are emerging that may provide the basis for suburban land planning principles, neither the central nor provincial governments have consistently articulated such …
Why Japan's New Products Liability Law Isn't, Andrew Marcuse
Why Japan's New Products Liability Law Isn't, Andrew Marcuse
Washington International Law Journal
The statutory language of Japan's 1994 Products Liability Act envisions a strict liability regime that would replace the previous negligence-based regime. This Comment reviews the development of the previous products liability regime, then analyzes the 1994 Products Liability Act in relation to Civil Code articles 415, 570, and 709 as well as EC Directive 85/374, and the 1975 Draft Model Law on Products Liability. The Comment concludes that because the 1994 Products Liability Act incorporates the Civil Code articles and their judicial interpretations, without addressing any of several structural and procedural barriers to suit, the 1994 Products Liability Act cannot …
An Explanation Of Japan's Product Liability Law, Thomas Leo Madden
An Explanation Of Japan's Product Liability Law, Thomas Leo Madden
Washington International Law Journal
Japan has been contemplating the implementation of a product liability system since 1972. After much discussion, the Product Liability Law (Law No. 85 (1994)) was finally promulgated on July 1, 1994. It came into force one year later on July 1, 1995. In Japanese the law is called Seizōbutsu Sekinin Hō. The original article explains the law's historical significance and practical impact. It is commentary in style and is meant to serve as a basic guideline to help both consumers and businesses understand their respective rights and obligations under this new law.
Implementation And Enforcement Of Cites: An Assessment Of Tiger And Rhinoceros Conservation Policy In Asia, Julie Cheung
Implementation And Enforcement Of Cites: An Assessment Of Tiger And Rhinoceros Conservation Policy In Asia, Julie Cheung
Washington International Law Journal
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ("CITES") came into force in 1975 as a mechanism for controlling the international trade of threatened and endangered wildlife. In recent years, the international community has become increasingly concerned about the trade of endangered species, particularly tiger and rhinoceros parts, for use in traditional oriental medicines. The market for traditional oriental medicine is growing and has become the main threat to tiger and rhinoceros populations in Asia. This Comment examines the efforts Asian states have undertaken to control the tiger and rhinoceros trade within their borders and …
International Parallel Litigation: Disposition Of Duplicative Civil Proceedings In The United States And Japan, Yoshimasa Furuta
International Parallel Litigation: Disposition Of Duplicative Civil Proceedings In The United States And Japan, Yoshimasa Furuta
Washington International Law Journal
Although duplicative proceedings involve various negative effects, if motivated by legitimate reasons, parallel litigation may be justified. Therefore, regulation of international parallel litigation should be based on a close examination of the legitimacy of the litigants' motives, which should then be balanced against negative effects. In this comparative study of the parallel litigation practice in the United States and Japan, the contrast between the two countries is attributed to the underlying differences in each country's social and legal traditions. Despite the differences in their practice, however, each legal system offers a model that may be successfully adopted by the other …
Drug Price Regulation And Compulsory Licensing For Pharmaceutical Patents: The New Zealand Connection, John M. Wechkin
Drug Price Regulation And Compulsory Licensing For Pharmaceutical Patents: The New Zealand Connection, John M. Wechkin
Washington International Law Journal
This Comment addresses effects of the 1992 rescission of compulsory licensing laws for pharmaceutical patents in New Zealand. The Comment summarizes the history behind the change in law, the effect the change has had, projections for future effects, and the degree to which the change brings New Zealand law into compliance with proposed General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ("GAT") provisions. The effects of the repeal on drug prices appear to be masked by changes in New Zealand's pharmaceutical price support system. Both changes are illustrative of the continuing conflict over technology protection in the marketplace, a conflict which is …