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Articles 211 - 240 of 360
Full-Text Articles in Comparative and Foreign Law
Federalism In Brazil, Keith S. Rosenn
Private International Law-Making For The Financial Markets, Caroline Bradley
Private International Law-Making For The Financial Markets, Caroline Bradley
Articles
No abstract provided.
Of Power And Responsibility: The Political Morality Of Federal Systems, Daniel Halberstam
Of Power And Responsibility: The Political Morality Of Federal Systems, Daniel Halberstam
Articles
In comparative constitutional discourse, Americans are from Mars and Europeans from Venus; we eagerly tell our European counterparts about the U.S. constitutional experience, but rarely do we listen when they talk to us about their own. Whereas Europeans routinely examine U.S. constitutionalism as an illuminating point of comparison or contrast, as Americans, we seem convinced that we have nothing to learn from looking abroad. This Article challenges that assumption. In particular, it argues that American courts and scholars have overlooked an important alternative to the dominant interpretation of the division of powers in the United States by ignoring the theory …
Japanese Justice System Reform In Comparative Perspective, Daniel H. Foote
Japanese Justice System Reform In Comparative Perspective, Daniel H. Foote
Articles
Over the past two years I have become so heavily involved in the justice system reform discussions - in particular the discussions regarding legal training - that it would be nearly impossible for me to address the assigned topic of reform from a detached perspective. Rather than attempt to do so, I will offer certain personal impressions of the reforms, with particular reference to legal education.
The Best Patent Practice Or Mere Compromise? A Review Of The Current Draft Of The Substantive Patent Law Treaty And A Proposal For A "First-To-Invent" Exception For Domestic Applicants, Toshiko Takenaka
Articles
Part I of this paper I review the past efforts of patent harmonization. In Part II, I review the current draft of the Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT) and compare its major articles with Title 35 of the United States Code, the European Patent Convention (EPC), and Japanese Patent Law (JPL). In Part III, I analyze the changes expected by the integration of the SPLT into U.S. patent practice and examine if such changes would result in the best patent practice. I propose that the best practice takes into account underlying patent policies in such instances in which the changes …
Teaching Adr In The Labor Field In China, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Teaching Adr In The Labor Field In China, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Articles
The editors have asked us to be quite personal in our ruminations on the future of comparative labor law and policy. For me, over the past several years, the focus has been on China. My first visit to China in 1994, purely as a tourist, was almost by accident. In late September of that year I attended the XIV World Congress of the International Society for Labor Law and Social Security in Seoul, South Korea. In the second week of October, I was scheduled to begin teaching a oneterm course in American law as a visiting professor at Cambridge University …
Adr Without Borders, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Adr Without Borders, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Articles
My task is to assess the ways in which alternative dispute resolution procedures may be adapted to deal with international labor disputes. ADR refers to various methods by which neutral third parties assist persons engaged in a conflict to settle their differences without involving the decision-making power of the state or other sanction-imposing body. Both mediation and arbitration are included. In mediation the neutral seeks to get the parties to agree on a mutually acceptable solution. In arbitration the neutral imposes a solution after presentations by the contending parties. A third term, conciliation, is sometimes used and generally connotes a …
All My Rights, Carl E. Schneider
All My Rights, Carl E. Schneider
Articles
Diane Pretty was an Englishwoman in her early 40s who had been married nearly a quarter of a century. In November 1999, she learned she had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-in Britain, motor neurone disease. Her condition deteriorated rapidly, and soon she was "essentially paralysed from the neck downwards." She had "virtually no decipherable speech" and was fed by a tube. She was expected to live only a few months or even weeks. AB a court later explained, however, "her intellect and capacity to make decisions are unimpaired. The final stages of the disease are exceedingly distressing and undignified. AB she is …
Corporate Governance And Executive Remuneration: Rediscovering Managerial Positional Conflict, Jennifer Hill, Charles M. Yablon
Corporate Governance And Executive Remuneration: Rediscovering Managerial Positional Conflict, Jennifer Hill, Charles M. Yablon
Articles
The article critiques the assumption that performance-based executive remuneration aligns managerial and shareholder interests, arguing that executives' positional power allows them to exploit such systems, leading to excessive pay and corporate malfeasance. It highlights how this conflict of interest contributed to major corporate collapses like Enron and One.Tel, emphasizing the need for reforms beyond current governance mechanisms.
Rethinking The United States First-To-Invent Principle From A Comparative Law Perspective: A Proposal To Restructure § 102 Novelty And Priority Provisions, Toshiko Takenaka
Rethinking The United States First-To-Invent Principle From A Comparative Law Perspective: A Proposal To Restructure § 102 Novelty And Priority Provisions, Toshiko Takenaka
Articles
This Article first examines the novelty and priority provisions of first-to-file countries, and then compares them with U.S. counterparts to identify major differences and determine why these differences result. The Article discusses the origins of the complex structure adopted by § 102 to define prior art and the difficult interpretation given to terms used in the novelty definition. This Article then reviews the USPTO's practice of the novelty examination and the priority determination in interference proceedings. This review confirms the first-to-file patent professional's perception that the United States, in fact, follows the first-to-file principle, although it also provides an exception …
The Symbiosis Of Constitutionalism And Technology, John O. Mcginnis
The Symbiosis Of Constitutionalism And Technology, John O. Mcginnis
Articles
Technology does not change the essential problems that constitutionalism seeks to address because these problems are rooted in the enduring nature of man. Technological change, however, can transform man's environment. A different environment, in turn, may require substantially modified forms of constitutionalism even if the underlying objectives remain constant. As the great political philosopher Edmund Burke recognized, the key to sound structures of governance in every age and place is to understand the intersection of man's enduring nature with his particular circumstances. Because technology increasingly shapes the circumstances of modem man, technology is becoming progressively more important to constitutionalism.
Citizen Participation In Judicial Decision Making: Juries, Lay Judges And Japan, Richard O. Lempert
Citizen Participation In Judicial Decision Making: Juries, Lay Judges And Japan, Richard O. Lempert
Articles
In the late 1920s and 1930s Japan had a jury system. It was suspended in 1943 as a wartime measure, but it had fallen into desuetude long before that. Arguably it was like the Spanish jury, which has several times risen during periods of relative political liberalism or populism and been suppressed during periods of militarism and autocracy. That is, it may be more than a coincidence that use of the Japanese jury fell precipitously during the 1930s as militarism took hold of the Japanese nation. Now the reinstatement of the Japanese jury is again being seriously considered. Similarly it …
The Rule Of Law And The Legitimacy Of Constitutional Democracy, Michel Rosenfeld
The Rule Of Law And The Legitimacy Of Constitutional Democracy, Michel Rosenfeld
Articles
The rule of law is a foundational principle of constitutional democracy, requiring the state to govern through publicly promulgated laws, separate legislative and adjudicative functions, and ensure accountability for all. While the rule of law is essential for legitimate governance, its meaning and implementation remain contested, varying significantly across legal traditions such as the Anglo-American rule of law, German Rechtsstaat, and French état de droit. The article argues that while the rule of law in its narrow sense—emphasizing legal predictability and procedural fairness—is insufficient for legitimate constitutional democracy, it must also incorporate democratic accountability and substantive rights protection to address …
Commentary: International And Comparative Law Perspectives On Internet Patents, Toshiko Takenaka
Commentary: International And Comparative Law Perspectives On Internet Patents, Toshiko Takenaka
Articles
The Internet and e-commerce have created a borderless market. Goods and services sold on the Internet are subject to the patent statutes and regulations of all countries in which customers have access. Because the presence or absence of patent protection—or variations in that protection—hinders the movement of goods and services throughout the Internet, it is necessary to harmonize the protection afforded by Internet patents in their early stages of development. Among the three papers, however, only Professor Chiappetta touched upon the problem of compliance with the provisions in TRIPS. None of the papers paid attention to the feasibility of harmonizing …
The Foreign Affairs Of Federal Systems: A National Perspective On The Benefits Of State Participation, Daniel Halberstam
The Foreign Affairs Of Federal Systems: A National Perspective On The Benefits Of State Participation, Daniel Halberstam
Articles
In recent years, the constitutional law of foreign relations has come under intense academic scrutiny, and with it the traditionally accepted constitutional balance between the federal government and the States. In the course of this renewed debate, revisionist scholars have challenged the previously dominant view that States have no place in foreign affairs.
Globalization And Tax Competition: Implications For Developing Countries, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Globalization And Tax Competition: Implications For Developing Countries, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
Articles
The current age of globalization can be distinguished from the previous one (from 1870 to 1914) by the much higher mobility of capital than labor (in the previous age, before immigration restrictions, labor was at least as mobile as capital). This increased mobility has been the result of technological changes (the ability to move funds electronically), and the relaxation of exchange controls. The mobility of capital has led to tax competition, in which sovereign countries lower their tax rates on income earned by foreigners within their borders in order to attract both portfolio and direct investment. Tax competition, in turn, …
Constitutional Migration And The Bounds Of Comparative Analysis, Michel Rosenfeld
Constitutional Migration And The Bounds Of Comparative Analysis, Michel Rosenfeld
Articles
The article explores the complexities and challenges of comparative constitutional analysis, highlighting how constitutional ideas and norms migrate across nations. It emphasizes that while such analysis is necessary and can provide valuable insights, it must be approached with caution, considering the unique cultural, historical, and political contexts of each country. The author argues that foreign constitutional materials can influence domestic law both directly and indirectly, but their application must account for contextual differences to avoid misinterpretation or misuse.
The Intervention Of American Law In Jewish Divorce: A Pluralist Analysis, Suzanne Last Stone
The Intervention Of American Law In Jewish Divorce: A Pluralist Analysis, Suzanne Last Stone
Articles
The article examines the tension between gender equality and religious freedom through the lens of the *agunah* problem in Jewish law, where women are unable to remarry due to their husbands' refusal to grant a Jewish divorce (*get*). It critiques civil remedies aimed at addressing this issue, such as the Get Law, and evaluates their constitutional implications under the religion clauses. The analysis uses pluralist theories to assess how the liberal state should respond to conflicts between universal rights and group-specific legal practices, arguing that current approaches often undermine cultural diversity and individual rights within religious groups.
Shihō Ni Nani O Nozomu Ka [What I Desire For The Justice System], Daniel H. Foote
Shihō Ni Nani O Nozomu Ka [What I Desire For The Justice System], Daniel H. Foote
Articles
Explanatory Note: In 1999, the Japanese government established the Justice System Reform Council and charged that Council with “clarifying the role to be played by justice in Japanese society” and examining and deliberating measures necessary to realize an appropriate system. The Council met from 1999 through 2001. In its final report it recommended major reforms to numerous aspects of the justice system, many of which were achieved (including the enactment of over twenty significant pieces of legislation, along with a wide range of reforms that did not require legislative action). In 2000, as the Reform Council was embarking work on …
Patent Infringement Damages In Japan And The United States: Will Increased Patent Infringement Damage Awards Revive The Japanese Economy?, Toshiko Takenaka
Patent Infringement Damages In Japan And The United States: Will Increased Patent Infringement Damage Awards Revive The Japanese Economy?, Toshiko Takenaka
Articles
This Article will look at the impact of the new Japanese legislation on patent infringement damages and will discuss whether the increase in damage awards contributes to the creation of breakthrough technology. To understand this impact, Part I will discuss pre-1998 legislation damages and highlight the difference between damages awarded by United States courts and those awarded by Japanese courts, by comparing United States and Japanese case examples. In examining the general tort and patent law theories, Part I will also try to identify the source of the difference and discuss how this difference is reflected in current United States …
Patent Infringement Damages In Japan And The United States: Will Increased Patent Infringement Damage Awards Revive The Japanese Economy?, Toshiko Takenaka
Patent Infringement Damages In Japan And The United States: Will Increased Patent Infringement Damage Awards Revive The Japanese Economy?, Toshiko Takenaka
Articles
Accordingly, this Article will look at the impact of the new Japanese legislation on patent infringement damages and will discuss whether the increase in damage awards contributes to the creation of breakthrough technology. To understand this impact, Part I will discuss pre-1998 legislation damages and highlight the difference between damages awarded by United States courts and those awarded by Japanese courts, by comparing United States and Japanese case examples. In examining the general tort and patent law theories, Part I will also try to identify the source of the difference and discuss how this difference is reflected in current United …
Civilizing The Natives: Marriage In Post-Apartheid South Africa, David L. Chambers
Civilizing The Natives: Marriage In Post-Apartheid South Africa, David L. Chambers
Articles
South Africa is a land of many cultures. For several hundred years, British and Afrikaaner whites controlled the country, systematically manipulating black people to the whites' advantage. For the most part, however, whites tolerated the continuation within black communities of traditional marriage practices that white Christians considered uncivilized. In 1994, South Africa changed governments. A black majority Parliament came to power, adopting a consitution dedicated to equality and human dignity. Four years later, Parliament adopted a new marriage law that, though permitting some of the external trappings of the traditional marriage system to continue, eliminated by law much of the …
Corporate Governance Lessons From Russian Enterprise Fiascos, Merritt B. Fox, Michael A. Heller
Corporate Governance Lessons From Russian Enterprise Fiascos, Merritt B. Fox, Michael A. Heller
Articles
This Article draws on a rich array of deviant behavior in Russian enterprises to craft lessons for corporate governance theory. First, Professors Fox and Heller define corporate governance by looking to the economic functions of the firm. Based on this definition, they develop a typology that comprehensively shows all the channels through which bad corporate governance can inflict damage on a country's real economy. Second, they explain the causes of Russian enterprise fiascoes by looking to the particular initial conditions prevailing at privatization-untenable firm boundaries and insider allocation of firm shares-and the bargaining dynamics that have followed. This focus offers …
Information Intervention: Bosnia, The Dayton Accords, And The Seizure Of Broadcasting Transmitters, Monroe E. Price
Information Intervention: Bosnia, The Dayton Accords, And The Seizure Of Broadcasting Transmitters, Monroe E. Price
Articles
The article examines the international community's use of media intervention in Bosnia following the Dayton Peace Accords, highlighting the establishment of mechanisms to regulate and influence media to prevent ethnic conflict. It explores the legal justifications and challenges surrounding such interventions, emphasizing the role of the Office of the High Representative (OHR) and the OSCE in promoting a pluralistic media environment. The analysis underscores the tension between international intervention and national sovereignty, raising important questions about the legal framework governing such actions.
Judicial Review In Brazil: Developments Under The 1988 Constitution, Keith S. Rosenn
Judicial Review In Brazil: Developments Under The 1988 Constitution, Keith S. Rosenn
Articles
No abstract provided.
Global Markets, Racial Spaces And The Role Of Critical Race Theory In The Struggle For Community Control Of Investments: An Institutional Class Analysis, Elizabeth M. Iglesias
Global Markets, Racial Spaces And The Role Of Critical Race Theory In The Struggle For Community Control Of Investments: An Institutional Class Analysis, Elizabeth M. Iglesias
Articles
No abstract provided.
The Risks Of Adjudicating Vichy, Richard H. Weisberg
The Risks Of Adjudicating Vichy, Richard H. Weisberg
Articles
The article examines the risks and implications of adjudicating Vichy-era officials, focusing on Maurice Papon's trial for crimes against humanity. It highlights how the trial exposed France's complicity in the Holocaust, the role of its legal system in perpetuating anti-Semitic policies, and the challenges of addressing historical injustices decades later.
Labor-Management Cooperation In The United States: Reflections On Boeing, Daniel H. Foote
Labor-Management Cooperation In The United States: Reflections On Boeing, Daniel H. Foote
Articles
No abstract provided.
Living With The Death Penalty, Samuel R. Gross
Living With The Death Penalty, Samuel R. Gross
Articles
The debate over the death penalty in the United States - such as it is - is framed in terms of criminal justice policy. The issues are the same ones we consider when the question is the length of prison sentence for a drug crime: Does the defendant deserve the penalty? Is it cost effective by comparison to other available sanctions? Will it deter others from committing the crimes for which he was convicted? Can we impose this punishment fairly? Can we make sure that innocent people are not condemned?
Whither Brazil: Mercosul And The Devaluation Crisis, Keith S. Rosenn
Whither Brazil: Mercosul And The Devaluation Crisis, Keith S. Rosenn
Articles
No abstract provided.