Comparative and Foreign Law Commons^™

Using American Antitrust To Interpret Costa Rican Competition Law, Pedro M. Mufoz

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Of course I know, and every other sensible man knows, that the Sherman law is damned nonsense, but if my country wants to go to hell, I am here to help it.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

In the model of perfect competition, the market is so populated by sellers and buyers that no one individual can influence the market price through' the manipulation of input or output. "All relevant prices are known to each producer, who also knows of all input combinations technically capable of producing any specific combination of outputs and who makes input-output decisions solely to maximize …

Contratacion Entre Una Empresa Japones Y Una Empresa Estadounidense: Las Diferencias En La Importancia De Los Documentos Escritos Como El Acuerdo Final En El Japon Y Los Estados Unidos, Kizuki Kuzuhara

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Las Diferencias en el Enfoque para Formar un Contrato

Generalmente, el enfoque japonds a la formaci6n de un contrato difiere significativamente al enfoque estadounidense. Desde luego, sin estas diferencias muchas disputas entre estos pafses no existirian.

Usando Antimonopolio Estadounidense Para Interpretar La Ley De Competencia Costarricense, Pedro M. Mufioz

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

En el modelo de la competencia perfecta el mercado estA tan poblado por vendedores y compradores que ninguno de ellos puede – bien mediante la manipulaci6n de aporte o rendimiento - influenciar el precio del mercado.

La Norma Costarricense Sobre Elarbitraje Comercial Y La Ley Federal Sobre Arbitraje, Jurgen Nanne Koberg

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

El arbitraje comercial es un m6todo de procedimientos para resolver disputas sin litigo alternativo de conflictos (RAC) que ha sido usado mundialmente para evitar los extensos y costosos de procedimientos ante autoridades judiciales.

Proscribiendo El Uso De Refugiados Como Instrumentos De La Politica Extranjera, Geoffrey W. Hymans

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Presuma que usted es el dictador de un pais pequefio adyacente a una naci6n pr6spera e industrializada. Usted tiene poca interacci6n con esta naci6n porque objeta a la manera en que usted mantiene control de los disidentes en su pafs. Pero hay politicas internas de la naci6n pr6spera que, si cambiadas, pueden traer un beneficio econ6mico a su pais.

The North American Free Trade Agreement: Reasons For Passage And Requirements To Be A Foreign Legal Consultant In A Nafta Country, Michael J. Chrusch

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Under a global economy, countries around the world trade with each other. International trade is essential to achieving a global economy. As the world moves toward a global economy, the need for international trade of goods and services is increasing. Numerous agreements between countries have been passed to facilitate international trade

Peruvian International Tax Treaties, Adrian Revilla

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Peru agrees with the idea that double tax treaties are not only useful, but invaluable tools in promoting understanding, stability and confidence among the participants in international commerce. The tangible benefits of the mechanisms provided by double-tax treaties include: the lowering of costs to the investor, the attraction of capital, and a shared understanding on the part of tax administrations of how the limited tax revenues from productive enterprises will be apportioned.

Recent Activity Before The International Court Of Justice: Trend Or Cycle?, Gary L. Scott, Heather Macgregor Bothwell, Jennifer Pennel

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Following the United States refusal to participate in the Nicaragua case,' and its subsequent withdrawal from the so-called "optional clause,", a great deal of pessimism surrounded the future of the International Court of Justice.3 Less than a decade later, and only half way through the decade of international law, it would appear, to paraphrase Mark Twain, that reports of the court's demise were greatly exaggerated.

Seguro De Credito Para Las Exportaciones Y El Acuredo General Sobre Aranceles Y Comercio, Rafael E. Cafas, Eric Scharf

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

A partir de la finalizaci6n de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se han incrementado los esfuerzos para limitar la aplicaci6n de barreras que afectan: el comercio internacional, perjudican la competencia entre paises y impiden la globolizaci6n de un sistema de mercado libre. En virtud de to anterior, se ha procurado que los subsidios de credito a las exportaciones no constituyan un elemento de competencia en las transacciones internacionales

General Principles Of International Environmental Law, Max Valverde Soto

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

This article is a description of the general principles and rules of international environmental law that have emerged from international treaties, agreements, and customs. The significance of the generality of these principles is that they can be applied to the international community for the protection of the environment.

Outlawing The Use Of Refugees As Tools Of Foreign Policy, Geoffrey W. Hymans

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Assume that you are the dictator of a small country adjacent to a prosperous first world nation. You have little interaction with this nation because it objects to the manner in which you maintain control of the dissidents in your country. However, there are internal policies of the prosperous nation that, if changed, could bring an economic windfall to your country.

A Comparative Study Of The Jewish And The United States Constitutional Law Of Capital Punishment, Steven Davidoff

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The Jewish view on the death penalty is that it should exist but it should never be used .... [lI]t is Governor Pataki's job to ensure :order. But he must remember that as a leader he must exhibit attributes of both the father and the mother. Governor Pataki is a nice man. But if he acts on the death penalty, he will be the leader of a bloody government

Contracting Between A Japanese Enterprise And An American Enterprise: The Differences In The Importance Of Written Documents As The Final Agreement In The United States And Japan, Kizuki Kuzuhara

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

"One cause of the failure of mission work is that most of the missionaries are entirely ignorant of our history . . . 'what do we care for heathen records?' . . . and consequently estrange their religion from the habits of thought we and our forefathers have been accustomed to for centuries past."'

A. The Differences in the Approach to Forming a Contract

Generally, the Japanese approach to contract formation differs significantly from the American approach. Indeed, without this difference many disputes between the countries would not exist. Nevertheless, presently, the typical American business person says the Japanese approach …

Credit Insurance For Exports And The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade, Rafael E. Cafias, Eric Scharf

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

By the end of World War II, increased efforts have been made to limit the enforcement of certain trade barriers which affect international trade, hinder the competition between countries, and prevents the globalization of a free-market system. It is in this light, that endeavors have taken place to avoid export credit subsidies from becoming a competitive element in international transactions. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Principios Generales Del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, Max Valverde Soto

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Este articulo pretende describir las normas y principios generals del derecho internacional del medio ambiente surgidos a partir de tratados, convenios y costumbres internacionales. La significancia de la generalidad de estos principios es que se podrian aplicar a la comunidad internacional para la protecci6n del medio ambiente.

International Law And Anti-Personnel Landmines, Ariane Sand-Trigo

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Antipersonnel land mines are among the deadliest and most insidious weapons in the world today: their aim is to maim for life, they cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child and they recognize no cease-fire or end to war. More than 110 million active mines are scattered in sixty-four countries and the problem is growing worse at a dramatic rate.

International Law And Anti-Personnel Land Mines, Stephen Goose

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Human Rights Watch was one of the six non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that initiated the International Campaign to Ban Land Mines in 1992. The Campaign calls for a comprehensive international ban on the production, stockpiling, trade and use of antipersonnel land mines. It also calls for increased international resources for mine clearance and victim assistance programs.

What The Principle Of Self-Determination Means Today, Mitchell A. Hill

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The right of all peoples to self-determination has been one of the most vigorously promoted and widely accepted contemporary norms of international law. There is no clear consensus, however, as to what the meaning and content of that right is, and it has gained the distinction of "being one of the most confused expressions in the lexicon of international relations.

Delimitation, Exploitation, And Allocation Of Transboundary Oil & Gas Deposits Between Nation-States, Thomas A. Reynolds

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Liquid hydrocarbon deposits often extend across national frontiers in such a manner that an entire deposit may be exploited, wholly or in part, from either side of the boundary line. This "characteristic of liquid hydrocarbons has been a fundamental cause of disputes, conflicts, and even wars in many parts of the world.

International Legal Sources And Global Environmental Crises: The Inadequacy Of Principles, Treaties, And Custom, Krista Singleton-Cambage

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The deterioration of the earth's physical environment presently represents a phenomenon which international society has never faced before. The current legal and political approach to global environmental crises appears largely inadequate as an effective response to this deterioration. International law, due to its very foundations, is unable to cope with global environmental degradation as it does not provide a clear and compelling direction for states to work collectively toward a common goal.

Human Rights Provisions Of The U.N. Charter: The History In U.S. Courts, Jo L. Southard

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

American law schools use appellate court decisions to teach the implementation and progression of the law. Typically, the first case in a series will stand for the proposition that a plaintiff is entitled to a certain right. A later case demonstrates that a subsequent plaintiff is also entitled to the right. After a number of cases are presented, the student is expected to understand the law, policy, doctrine or test that applies to situations revolving around the right.

International Environmental Law: The Impact And Implications Of Municipal Environmental Law, Harry H. Almond Jr.

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

States universally claim access to authority and control over events and persons. States exercise power within their territories primarily to maintain and promote public order, protect their assets and wealth, and ensure the public safety. The end result of these actions is law. The operational element of law involves combinations invoking cooperation, reciprocity in treatment and behavior, and dispute management and settlement.

The International Effort To Control The Transboundary Movement Of Hazardous Waste: The Basel And Bamako Conventions, Daniel Jaffe

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

In 1986, a ship named the Khian Sea set sail from Philadelphia carrying nearly 14,000 tons of toxic incinerator ash.' The ship was unable to dispose of the ash at her first destination, the Bahamian port of Ocean Cay. The ship then went to Honduras, Panama, and Guinea-Bisseau, only to be rejected.'

International Transfer Pricing Rules: Unconventional Wisdom, Eugene E. Lester

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

In the sixteenth century, the Spanish Empire was larger and "more powerful than any other European state since the Roman Empire.", A historian of that time period said, "[t]he sun never sets on the dominion of the King of Spain." Tax historian Charles Adams asserted that Imperial Spain's failure to reform its tax system significantly contributed to its demise

The Changing Aid Environment: Perspectives On The Official Development Assistance Debate, Emilio J. Cardenas, Carlos Sersale Di Cerisano, Secretary Oscar Avalle

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Our problem, as you well know and as I outlined, is to find a place for the foreign assistance package in the overall scheme, as we make a sincere effort here in Congress to try to balance the budget by the year 2002.'

Negotiations are currently being held at the United Nations for the formation of an Agenda for Development. In the center of these negotiations lies the role of the international community and, in particular, the role of developed countries in providing adequate Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the economic growth and sustainable development of developing countries.

Ilsa Journal Of International & Comparative Law, Ilsa Journal Of International & Comparative Law

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The taking of a bribe or gratuity, should be punished with as severe penalties as the defrauding of the State.

- William Penn'

If all statesmen shared this ideology, there would be no need for this article. However, a glance at current business journals and news agencies shows the great necessity to address global corrupt practices in today's transnational business environment.

Abuse Of Diplomatic Immunity: Is The Government Doing Enough?, Rina Goldenberg

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

"Diplomatic immunity covers many things, but failing to pay $400,000 rent is not one of them, a federal judge said as he ordered the Zaire mission to the United Nations to be evicted from its offices."' However, only a few months later, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals overruled the judge by holding that diplomatic immunity does extend to this case and that the mission cannot be evicted.

Reshaping Trademark Protection In Today's Global Village: Looking Beyond Gatt's Uruguay Round Toward Global Trademark Harmonization And Centralization, Harriet R. Freeman

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The world has become a "global village" in which the "medium is the message."' A business engaged in international trade uses its trademark' as the medium to convey its message.

Section 301 And The New Two Dispute Settlement Understanding, Susana Hernandez Puente

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (as amended) is the principal United States statute designed to address foreign unfair practices affecting United States exports of goods and services, and to achieve improved intellectual property protection as well as equitable rules for investment abroad

Lender Liability: Civil Liability Regimes For Environmental Harm, John P. Morgan

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Lenders in the 1990s are increasingly being forced to take notice of environmental risks in their lending practices in both the United States and abroad.