Comparative and Foreign Law Commons^™

Taking The Stand: The Lessons Of The Three Men Who Took The Japanese American Internment To Court, Lorraine K. Bannai

Seattle Journal for Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Breaking The Bank: Revisiting Central Bank Of Denver After Enron And Sarbanes-Oxley, Celia Taylor

ExpressO

No abstract provided.

Forsaking The Forests For The Trees: Forestry Law In Papua New Guinea Inhibits Indigenous Customary Ownership, Alyssa A. Vegter

Washington International Law Journal

Illegal logging in the tropical forests of Papua New Guinea is one of the greatest threats to the forests and indigenous people of this island nation. Increasing pressure from the commercial logging industry, legislation that restrains customary ownership, and an unclear legal basis for this ownership subjects the indigenous people of Papua New Guinea to unscrupulous, unsustainable, and illegal logging practices. As a region central to the preservation of global ecological and cultural diversity, the devastating consequences of illegal logging in Papua New Guinea have become nationally and internationally significant. Customary ownership of the forests by the indigenous clans of …

Stepping Onto A Moving Train: The Collision Of Illegal Logging, Forestry Policy, And Emerging Free Trade In The Russian Far East, Robert M. Crowley

Washington International Law Journal

Faced with economic decline following the Soviet Union's collapse, Russia is energetically seeking ways to develop its economy and stimulate trade. In order to accomplish these goals, Russia has taken a number of steps to improve its interactions with its trading partners and reform its internal economic structures. Among the most sweeping areas of change are Russia's steps toward bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements and the proposed changes to its Forest Code. Externally, Russia has signed an agreement with China to stabilize relations, increase trade, and address shared environmental concerns, and has taken steps toward membership in the World …

Up In Smoke: Using Cooperative U.S. Forest Fire Management Policies As A Model For Implementing An Effective Forest Fire Prevention Program In The Russian Far East, Jim Wilkson

Washington International Law Journal

The Russian Far East's ("RFE") most abundant natural resource is its vast, relatively unbroken tracts of boreal forest. Wildfires are the largest cause of deforestation in the RFE. Rampant fires in the RFE threaten biodiversity and wildlife habitat, destroy timber reserves, and create pollution and greenhouse gases. Experts estimate that between eighty to ninety percent of these fires are human-caused. However, Russian forestry laws fail to provide the type of legal framework necessary to adequately address these preventable fires. Forest management legislation mandating more comprehensive and cooperative fire prevention could prevent disastrous forest fires in the RFE. U.S. fire management …

Water Justice In South Africa: Natural Resources Policy At The Intersection Of Human Rights, Economics, & Political Power, Rose Francis

ExpressO

This paper analyzes water as a social justice issue in South Africa, a nation that has undergone tremendous political and legal transformations over the last fifteen years, but whose population nonetheless continues to suffer from severe inequities in access to freshwater resources. In light of growing water scarcity worldwide, this paper highlights that legal treatment of water resources has significant socioeconomic and distributive justice impacts, even in progressive constitutional democracies that have embraced principles of human rights and international legal norms. The paper explores historical changes in South African water law and evaluates the current political and legal status of …

The Australian National Representative System Of Marine Protected Areas And The Marine Zoning System: A Model For The United States?, Jennifer L. Schorr

Washington International Law Journal

Marine Protected Areas ("MPAs") are increasingly recognized as a critical component of marine conservation. MPAs are areas of the marine ecosystem set aside for special protection and management in order to conserve biological or cultural resources. MPAs manage the use of marine resources by limiting or controlling activities within the area. Marine reserves, the most restrictive type of MPA, severely limit or forbid all extractive activities. Scientific research has demonstrated that MPAs, especially marine reserves, can have rapid and long-term benefits for biological diversity, lead to recovery of specific species, and may have a "spill over" effect that benefits adjacent …

Partnerships With Monarchs: Univeiling And Re-Examining The Pattern Of "Third World" Economic Development In The Petroleum And Energy Sector, Diane M. Bales

ExpressO

No abstract provided.

Applying International Trade Remedy Laws In The Caribbean: A Framework For Protection, Vasheist V. Kokaram

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

What happens in the WTO is part of a broader pattern of neocolonialism in the global economy. This has two strands. The first is the self-interest of the major powers; their close ties with multinational companies ... and their willingness to use their political and economic strength to achieve their ends ...

Australian And Canadian Perspectives On Offshore Management, Donald R. Rothwell, David Vanderzwaag

Dalhousie Law Journal

Challenges in ocean and coastal management are facing all coastal states of the world. including Australia and Canada. Overharvesting of fish stocks, increasing pressure from land-based sources of pollution, expanding offshore petroleum developments, and rising risks of ship-sourced pollution in fragile marine ecosystems have caused both countries to begin a process of reassessment and rethinking. In January 1997 Canada adopted a new Oceans Act, which called for the development of a National Oceans Management Strategy based on principles of sustainable development, precaution and integration, and a new national marine protected areas network. In December 1998, Australia released a National Oceans …

Australia And Canada In Regional Fisheries Organizations: Implementing The United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, Rosemary Rayfuse, Marcus Haward, Gregory Rose, Sali Bache

Dalhousie Law Journal

In the late 1980s and early 1990s a number of factors and events coalesced to encourage the international community to re-examine high seas fisheries issues. The need to enhance the effectiveness of regional fisheries organizations led to the development of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, dealing with straddling and highly migratory stocks. Both Canada and Australia played a significant role in the development of this agreement While having much in common, each state had different interests and concerns Canada's attention was focused on the problem of straddling stocks, while Australia 's interests have been primarily, though not exclusively, …

Fisheries And Oceans Governance In Australia And Canada: From Sectoral Management To Integration?, Marcus Haward, Rod Dobell, Anthony Charles, Elizabeth Foster

Dalhousie Law Journal

Australia and Canada have significant oceans domains, and concomitant responsibility for large maritime zones. Fisheries in both countries are important activities with capture fishing, aquaculture and associated processing being vital rural industries Australia and Canada both face major challenges affecting fisheries management. These challenges include managing multiple and at times conflicting uses and claims on ocean and marine resources, while also recognizing the complexity and profound uncertainty associated with those resources. In that context, and having regard to the different histories of Australia and Canada, this paper outlines the different strategies and emphases adopted recently by the two countries. These …

Inordinate Chill: Bits, Non-Nafta Mits, And Host-State Regulatory Freedom- An Indonesian Case Study, Stuart G. Gross

Michigan Journal of International Law

A number of structural factors, which are beyond the immediate scope of this Note, may influence less wealthy countries to cave in to investor threats of arbitration, as Indonesia appears to have done here. However, their hesitancy to fight may also be based, in part, on an inadequate understanding of the applicable law, which allows investors to inordinately influence host-State decisions through threats of arbitration that have little or no chance of success. In regard to the mining companies' threat, this at least appears to be the case. As this Note will demonstrate, the GOI could have likely beaten the …

A Call For Co-Management: Treaty Fishing Allocation In New Zealand And Western Washington, Kristi Stanton

Washington International Law Journal

The Maori tribe of New Zealand and the tribes of western Washington are both subject to quota systems as a result of their treaty rights to fish. While New Zealand's quota system was legislatively imposed, western Washington's was judicially imposed. Nevertheless, the two quota systems are quite similar in that both permit approximately half the allowable catch of fish each year to go to the tribes. However, that amount does not adequately represent what the tribes are entitled to based on their treaty rights. Colonization, over-fishing, and resource deterioration have decreased the amount of fish available to the fishing population …

The Future Of Municipal Fisheries In The Philippines: Does The Philippine Fisheries Code Do Enough?, Devon Shannon

Washington International Law Journal

The allocation of fishery resources is a critical concern for the Philippines municipal fishing sector where the global problem of overfishing has taken its toll on near-shore aquatic life. The dependency of coastal Filipino communities on fishery resources for nutrition and livelihood necessitates an analysis of the 1998 Philippine Fisheries Code's ("PFC's") ability to facilitate effective marine resource allocation at the municipal level. A comparison of international instruments addressing fishery resource management with the PFC reflects a clear intent on the part of the Code's drafters to emulate accepted international standards. In some areas, however, the PFC's ambiguous language hinders …

Land Policy And Adat Law In Indonesia's Forests, Kallie Szczepanski

Washington International Law Journal

The Indonesian government's land laws and policies lead to displacement of and hardship for the indigenous peoples of the archipelago. The Basic Agrarian Law, Basic Forestry Law, and Spatial Planning Law all allow for expropriation of indigenous lands formerly governed under the adat legal system. In addition, the central government's policy of transmigration—the shifting of people from the populous Inner Islands of Java, Bali, and Madura to the Outer Islands—only increases the economic and cultural pressure on indigenous peoples of the Outer Islands. The hopelessness and anger that result from the marginalization of traditional adat societies fuel violent ethnic conflicts, …

Maximizing Plaintiff Protection In The World Of Asset Freezing And Bypassing The Due Process Requirement Of Notice: The Mareva Injunction As An Alternative To The American Legal Remedies, Carlos Fabano

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

The feeling of security is something that everyone covets and pursues, more so, when you are in the position of a plaintiff initiating a lawsuit.

The Wto Panel Decision On Australia's Salmon Import Guidelines: Evidence That The Sps Agreement Can Effectively Protect Human Health Interests, Matthew D. Taylor

Washington International Law Journal

On July 19, 1999, Australia lifted its ban on salmon imports and announced new salmon import guidelines. The new guidelines were promulgated in response to a World Trade Organization ("WTO") Appellate Body determination that the import ban violated the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ("SPS Agreement"). Canada challenged Australia's new import guidelines, alleging that the new guidelines also violate the SPS Agreement. The WTO dispute settlement panel held that, with the exception of only one provision, Australia's new salmon import guidelines are based on appropriate scientific risk analyses and are now in line with comparable import …

Taxation In The Republic Of Armenia: An Overview And Discussion From The Perspectives Of Law, Economics And Ethics, Robert W. Mcgee

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Like many economies in transition, the Republic of Armenia is in the process of adopting market-oriented policies and laws.

International Fisheries Management: A Comparative Analysis Of Legal Approaches To Management In The Context Of Polar Fisheries Regimes, Stuart Bruce Kaye

PhD Dissertations

This thesis examines the management of marine living resources in international law. The thesis considers the development of the two principal approaches to fisheries management. The first approach is based upon maximising the yield of particular stocks, and is reflected in the content of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It has evolved out of fisheries management theory developed since the 1950s, and focuses upon extracting the maximum harvest of a particular stock while still permitting that stock's biological regeneration. The second approach uses the precautionary principle, and may include management directed at the entire …

Law Of The Sea Dispute Settlement: Past, Present, And Future, John E. Noyes

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

For some, the vision of international courts able to issue binding rules of decision and clarify the meaning of rules of international law has had great pull.

The Current Global Environment Outlook: How Is Industry Doing In Meeting The Rio Declaration Goals, 32 J. Marshall L. Rev. 289 (1999), Helene Genot, Dan Tarlock, Dixie Lee Laswell

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Korea's Greenbelts: Impacts And Options For Change, Chang-Hee Christine Bae

Washington International Law Journal

The discussions about urban growth boundaries in the United States have paid little attention to Korea's Greenbelt policy. Established in 1971, Seoul's massive Greenbelt has been rigidly maintained, although there have been some minor exceptions over the years. The liberalization of the Korean economy and the democratization of Korean society have been accompanied by deregulation in many spheres. However, land use planning remains tightly constrained, and there has only been minimal relaxation of the land laws; in fact, on balance they have become tougher. Some scholars have begun to question whether the Greenbelt might have restricted economic growth in Korea …

The Awas Tingni Petition To The Inter-American Commission On Human Rights: Indigenous Lands, Loggers, And Government Neglect In Nicaragua, S. James Anaya

Publications

No abstract provided.

The Sea Of Okhotsk Peanut Hole: How The United Nations Draft Agreement On Straddling Stocks Might Preserve The Pollack Fishery, Jon K. Goltz

Washington International Law Journal

The enclave of international waters in the central Sea of Okhotsk, called the "peanut hole," is surrounded by the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone ("EEZ") of the Russian Federation. Since 1991, distant water fishing nations ("DWFNs") have been fishing in the peanut hole in a manner that Russia claims is detrimental to the straddling pollack fish stock that exists both in Russia's EEZ and in the enclave. To prevent destruction of the pollack fishery, Russia imposed a moratorium on all fishing in the enclave; the moratorium is not universally observed. The United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly …

Delimitation, Exploitation, And Allocation Of Transboundary Oil & Gas Deposits Between Nation-States, Thomas A. Reynolds

ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law

Liquid hydrocarbon deposits often extend across national frontiers in such a manner that an entire deposit may be exploited, wholly or in part, from either side of the boundary line. This "characteristic of liquid hydrocarbons has been a fundamental cause of disputes, conflicts, and even wars in many parts of the world.

Applying U.S. Law To Halt Deforestation In Southeastern Myanmar: A Survey Of Potential Strategies, Douglas J. Kelso

Washington International Law Journal

As the twentieth century draws to a close, the threat posed by environmental degradation grows increasingly apparent. Climatic change, ozone depletion, hazardous wastes, and numerous other ecological concerns gain growing prominence in national and international policy debates. Environmental degradation causes the loss of valuable atmospheric, hydrological, geological, and biological resources. In terms of resource depletion, the rapid destruction of tropical rain forests poses one of the greatest ecological threats to our planet today. This paper proposes that proper application of United States law might discourage tropical deforestation abroad, using the nation of Myanmar (formerly Burma) as an example.

Renegotiating Transnational Investment Agreements: Lessons For Develping Countries From The Ghana-Valco Experience, Paul Kuruk

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article describes the use of the renegotiation process to resolve problems that arise in the relations between participants in transnational investment. It draws conclusions from the successful renegotiation of an agreement executed in 1962 under which the Ghanaian government guaranteed bauxite and hydroelectric power supplies to support the smelting operations of the Volta Aluminium Company, Limited (Valco) in return for revenues from taxes and from payments for electricity, water, and use of the country's port facilities. The agreement between Ghana and Valco was entered into as part of the Volta River Project (VRP). This project was an investment scheme …

Prospects For The 1992 Conference On The Environment And Development: A New World Order, 25 J. Marshall L. Rev. 1 (1991), Elliot Richardson

UIC Law Review

No abstract provided.

Agenda: New Challenges For Environmental Protection: Second Sino-American Conference On Environmental Law, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

New Challenges for Environmental Protection: Second Sino-American Conference on Environmental Law (October 12-13)

Workshop held Sept. 18-19, 1989; conference held Oct. 12-13, 1989, in Boulder, Colorado.

Conference speakers included University of Colorado School of Law professors Daniel Barstow Magraw and Lawrence J. MacDonnell.

Contents of papers from workshop and conference:

To protect developing city by the enactment of local laws and regulations / Wu Zilin -- Legislative control of air pollution & water pollution of the P.R.China / Xiao Longan -- The law of natural conservation in China / Ma Xiang-cong -- 'Weighing environmental risks : EPA's unfinished business', Environment, vol. 30, no. 6, July/August 1988, p. 14-17, 34-39 / Richard Morgenstern, Stuart …