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Articles 241 - 270 of 5723
Full-Text Articles in Comparative and Foreign Law
Redefining Section 230 Immunity, Lucas Dini
Redefining Section 230 Immunity, Lucas Dini
Seattle University Law Review
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act has provided broad immunity to online platforms for third-party content which was the foundation for the internet's growth. However, the rise in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to produce algorithms to curate content to users of online services has blurred the line between being a passive host of third party content and active editorial control. This Note examines the legal, policy, and constitutional implications of applying Section 230 immunity to platforms that use AI to curate and promote third-party content. This analysis argues that algorithmic promotion of third-party content constitutes a platform's …
Overcrowding The System: Rethinking Juvenile Justice In Washington State, Mckenna White
Overcrowding The System: Rethinking Juvenile Justice In Washington State, Mckenna White
Seattle University Law Review
The recent crisis at Green Hill School highlights the detrimental consequences of severe overcrowding in Washington State’s Juvenile Rehabilitation system—a problem exacerbated by the implementation of the JR to 25 legislation. This Note argues that the juvenile rehabilitation system, which is currently struggling to manage a wide age range of offenders, necessitates a fundamental rethinking of juvenile justice practices. By examining neurological research indicating continued brain development into the mid-twenties, along with the high prevalence of trauma among justice-involved youth, this Note proposes the creation of a dedicated third system of care within the Department of Children, Youth, and Families …
Addressing The Root Of Housing Insecurity: Washington Should Divest From “Crime-Free” Housing Programs, Sarah Cerdena
Addressing The Root Of Housing Insecurity: Washington Should Divest From “Crime-Free” Housing Programs, Sarah Cerdena
Seattle University Law Review
Crime-Free Rental Housing Properties (CFRHPs) have proven to be an ineffective and inequitable approach to public safety. Often, tenants in these properties are evicted—at times, extrajudicially—as a result of conduct that does not rise to violations of their lease provisions, much less criminal behavior. By placing extraordinary power in the hands of local law enforcement to carry out these ordinances, CFRHPs predictably pose significant harm to Black and Latinx communities, survivors of domestic violence, disabled tenants, and low-income tenants generally. Recently, the Washington State Supreme Court grappled with the tensions arising between CFRHPs and the enforcement of Washington landlord-tenant law. …
Esg Investing Breaches Erisa Fiduciary Duties? A Closer Look At Spence V. American Airlines, Inc., Eric Chin-Ru Chang
Esg Investing Breaches Erisa Fiduciary Duties? A Closer Look At Spence V. American Airlines, Inc., Eric Chin-Ru Chang
Seattle University Law Review
In Spence v. American Airlines, Inc., the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas found that American Airlines breached its fiduciary duties due to BlackRock’s ESG investing practices. Contrary to some reports suggesting that the ruling prohibits ESG investing under ERISA, a closer look at the ruling shows that the court only targeted American Airlines’ failure to manage conflicts of interest appropriately, rather than the legality of ESG investing itself. In light of the intensifying ESG backlash in the United States, this Article cautions against further restrictive measures on ESG investing. Such measures would exacerbate the widening …
Authoritarian Transfers, Günter Frankenberg, Fernanda G. Nicola
Authoritarian Transfers, Günter Frankenberg, Fernanda G. Nicola
University of Miami Law Review
The rapid proliferation of foreign agent laws globally has become a hallmark of rising authoritarianism, with these laws weaponized to suppress dissent and stifle civil society. While the post-World War II study of legal transplants focused on liberal legal orders, the rise of authoritarian regimes has introduced a new dimension: the transnational movement and adaptation of authoritarian legal frameworks, or authoritarian transfers. This Article fills a critical gap by developing an analytical framework to distinguish authoritarian transfers from democratic ones, using transfer theory, a central theme in comparative law that explores how laws travel, adapt, and transform within new social …
The Future Of Diplomatic Asylum In Latin America, Regina Romero-Garza
The Future Of Diplomatic Asylum In Latin America, Regina Romero-Garza
The International Law Review Association Student Forum
Latin American Countries (“LAMC”) maintain a distinct set of diplomatic practices that differ from those commonly observed around the world. One observable distinction is the doctrine of diplomatic asylum, which allows political refugees of other countries to seek asylum in foreign embassies. The concept of diplomatic asylum is seldom recognized outside of the Latin American region, leaving LAMC as one of the few that recognize and use this locally recognized right. Various cases have arisen over the years involving disputes between the countries receiving the refugee (receiving state) and the country that wants the refugee in their custody (territorial state). …
Dispute Resolution Tailored For Digital Assets, Michele Kallo
Dispute Resolution Tailored For Digital Assets, Michele Kallo
Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution
As digital asset markets continue to expand, the need for efficient and reliable dispute resolution mechanisms has grown increasingly pressing. In May 2022, alone, over 200 individual and class action lawsuits related to digital assets were filed, with cases only deepening in nuance. Traditional litigation, with its high costs, slow timelines, and jurisdictional complexities, often falls short in resolving such disputes. In reaction to these limitations, decentralized arbitration platforms have emerged as spaces for dispute resolution. While innovative, these platforms’ susceptibility to issues such as market volatility, barriers to juror diversity, and impartiality limitations raise questions about their effectiveness as …
Out From The Shadows: Party Documents In Chinese Courts, Benjamin L. Liebman, Eva Gao, Xiaohan Wu, Rachel E. Stern, Margaret Roberts
Out From The Shadows: Party Documents In Chinese Courts, Benjamin L. Liebman, Eva Gao, Xiaohan Wu, Rachel E. Stern, Margaret Roberts
Faculty Scholarship
The Communist Party’s influence over the Chinese legal system is generally assumed to be behind the scenes, largely invisible to outside observers. Since General Secretary Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, there has been renewed attention within and outside of China to the relationship between the Communist Party and the legal system. Much of this recent writing has emphasized the degree to which Xi’s efforts to affirm Party superiority and break down barriers between the Party and the State reflects a profound shift in governance and a reversal of a decades-long effort to distinguish between Party roles and those …
From Humanitarians To Patriots: The Decline Of International Adoption And The Turn To Domestic Prioritization, Karsen Kreidler
From Humanitarians To Patriots: The Decline Of International Adoption And The Turn To Domestic Prioritization, Karsen Kreidler
The International Law Review Association Student Forum
The world is getting smaller as globalization is leading to more connection and interdependence between countries than ever before. Businesses, ideas, and even people are being exchanged across countries. This can be seen in the development of international adoption, a complex legal issue that involves a balance of child’s rights, state sovereignty, and international law. International adoption has been an important facet of globalization for many decades, and has undergone certain developments and trends over the course of its history. Recently, international adoptions have drastically decreased, as several nations are adjusting their policies, including tightening or even completely banning foreign …
Home By Now? “Habitual Residence” And The Hague Convention On The Civil Aspects Of International Child Abduction, Emily Mcanally
Home By Now? “Habitual Residence” And The Hague Convention On The Civil Aspects Of International Child Abduction, Emily Mcanally
The International Law Review Association Student Forum
The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Child Abduction (“the Convention”) is a multilateral treaty signed in 1980 which aims “to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State”; and to ensure mutual respect of the “rights of custody and access” between the contracting states. As of 2025, there are 103 signatories of the Convention who have committed to taking “all appropriate measures” and employing “the most expeditious procedures available” to ensure that children wrongfully within their territory can be returned home. Although the Convention has existed for nearly half a century, …
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Survey Of "Start-Up" & Investor Visa Programs And Their Effects, Candace Yuan
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Survey Of "Start-Up" & Investor Visa Programs And Their Effects, Candace Yuan
The International Law Review Association Student Forum
Entrepreneurship has positive economic benefits and allows for innovative progress within countries. Immigrants, specifically, are in a unique position to bring new perspectives, backgrounds, and ideas to their host countries, which makes them especially entrepreneurial. In particular, immigrants play key roles in their host country by starting businesses or making investments that lead to job creation, innovation, and increased national productivity. This broader phenomenon is known as Immigrant Entrepreneurship, where immigrants contribute to the economy of their host country by starting new businesses or investing. Immigrant entrepreneurship is a developing but relevant topic, as literature in this arena suggests that …
Security And Terrorism Vs Free Expression: Analytical Study On The European Court Of Human Rights, Mariam Adel Massoud
Security And Terrorism Vs Free Expression: Analytical Study On The European Court Of Human Rights, Mariam Adel Massoud
Theses and Dissertations
The 11 of September attacks provide a paradigm shift when it comes to protection of national security. It results in a trending vision that prioritized security over national security, which makes it essential to think about balancing national security with free expression as a pillar of democratization. This study focusses on how the balance between freedom of expression and national security interests is achieved. It studies the legal approached of the European court of human rights and its legal assessment to strike this balance. The findings of this analytical study asserts that in order for the ECtHR to achieve this …
Comparing Regulation With Collective Bargaining: Drawing On Processes Of Change During The Covid-19 Crisis In Israel, Lilach Lurie, Guy Mundlak
Comparing Regulation With Collective Bargaining: Drawing On Processes Of Change During The Covid-19 Crisis In Israel, Lilach Lurie, Guy Mundlak
Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal
This article compares two systems of labour market governance: regulation by means of employment standards, and norms that are established in collective bargaining. A comparative framework draws nine criteria, spanning procedural and substantive dimensions, and emphasises the degree of integration between the systems, or “coupling.” The study uses Israel’s response to the COVID-19 crisis as a case study, drawing on a unique dataset of all regulatory provisions and collective agreements concluded from March 2020 to December 2021, supplemented by interviews with key actors. In the public sector, strong coupling was achieved through coordinated regulatory and bargaining processes, resulting in more …
The Inevitability Of Local Environmental Law, Keith H. Hirokawa, Cinnamon Carlarne Hirokawa, Lauren A. Vanwagoner
The Inevitability Of Local Environmental Law, Keith H. Hirokawa, Cinnamon Carlarne Hirokawa, Lauren A. Vanwagoner
Fordham Environmental Law Review
The United States is entering a new era of environmental law. Within the first few months of President Trump’s second term in office, the administration issued a mass of executive orders, memoranda and policy changes that seek to peel back environmental protections, in many cases, to the point of erasure. The administration shuttered entire agencies, such as USAID, dissolved the Environmental Protection Agency’s research arm, terminated life-saving programs like the National Weather Service’s translation service, cut funding to housing and public health initiatives, and eliminated diversity, equity, and inclusion programs across the country. Given the reality of these large-scale drawbacks, …
Comparative Approaches To Parliamentary Thresholds In Selected Countries: Lesson Learn For Indonesia, Deni Angela, Mohammad Novrizal
Comparative Approaches To Parliamentary Thresholds In Selected Countries: Lesson Learn For Indonesia, Deni Angela, Mohammad Novrizal
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
This research aims to analyze the changes in the threshold number of votes obtained from general elections as a condition to be included in determining the acquisition of parliamentary seats, or from now on abbreviated as `Parliamentary Threshold,' which occurred in several countries that adhere to the democratic system, namely Indonesia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Serbia. This article employs a normative legal research method, utilizing legal principles, history, and regulations as primary references, and then making comparisons. This research found that although the numbers of Parliamentary Thresholds in these countries vary, and the changes are some by increasing and some …
Prophetic Law In Indonesia And South Africa: A Comparative Constitutional Study On The Integration Of Religious Law Into Legal Systems, Kelik Wardiono, Arief Budiono, Saepul Rochman, Jan Alizea Sybelle
Prophetic Law In Indonesia And South Africa: A Comparative Constitutional Study On The Integration Of Religious Law Into Legal Systems, Kelik Wardiono, Arief Budiono, Saepul Rochman, Jan Alizea Sybelle
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Prophetic law is an ancient legal framework rooted in divine commandments, such as God's Ten Commandments to Moses, as well as Christian and Islamic laws, nowadays commonly referred to as religious law. The meaning of prophetic law is religious law from Abrahamic religions. Particularly, Christian law has significantly influenced Western civilization, with its impact extending to regions like South Africa besides customary law. Similarly, Islamic law has also left a lasting impression on Indonesia's legal system besides customary law. This article employs a comparative law method to analyze the constitutions of Indonesia and South Africa, focusing on the legalization of …
Compliance Vs. National Interest: Why Do Trade Restrictions Fail Under The Wto?, Enni Ekakusumawati, Abdul Masba Magasing, Maskun, Winnar Sitorus, Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis
Compliance Vs. National Interest: Why Do Trade Restrictions Fail Under The Wto?, Enni Ekakusumawati, Abdul Masba Magasing, Maskun, Winnar Sitorus, Muhammad Mutawalli Mukhlis
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Trade restrictions are tools that countries often use to safeguard national interests, including economic stability, national security, and public welfare. However, under the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework-especially the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)-many such restrictions violate core principles such as non-discrimination (Articles I and III), the prohibition of quantitative restrictions (Article XI), and rules governing exceptions (Articles XX and XXI). This article examines why trade restrictions frequently fail in WTO dispute settlement by analyzing the substantive and procedural requirements under WTO law. Through a normative legal approach, it studies GATT provisions, WTO agreements, and case decisions-particularly the …
Open Legal Policy Criteria In The Constitutional Court Decision: An Evaluation And Recommendation, Firdaus Arifin, Ihsanul Maarif, I Gde Panja Astawa, Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Robi Asadul Bahri
Open Legal Policy Criteria In The Constitutional Court Decision: An Evaluation And Recommendation, Firdaus Arifin, Ihsanul Maarif, I Gde Panja Astawa, Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Robi Asadul Bahri
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
The application of an open legal policy in the testing of legislative norms by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia often leads to legal uncertainty due to the lack of clear criteria. The variation in the approaches taken by judges in interpreting legislative policies undermines legal certainty and diminishes the credibility of constitutional reviews. This research aims to evaluate the criteria of open legal policy that can serve as a basis for the Constitutional Court to assess the constitutionality of policies. This study employs a normative legal approach that examines theories, principles, and relevant legal rules in testing …
Legal Reform To The Foundation Wage System Based On Worker Performance, Dyah Hapsari Prananingrum, Freidelino Paixao Ramos Alves De Sousa, Chris Emilians Putra Jacobus
Legal Reform To The Foundation Wage System Based On Worker Performance, Dyah Hapsari Prananingrum, Freidelino Paixao Ramos Alves De Sousa, Chris Emilians Putra Jacobus
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
The main issue raised in this article is the vagueness of the norm of worker competitiveness in the Indonesian Foundation Law. In achieving its aims, a foundation will face problems related to its own sustainability. Charitable activities that it is engaged in are believed to threaten its sustainability, in addition to achieve fairness both for foundation as employer and worker as employee, norm of worker performance in the form of wage based on performance are needed. Such an issue may be solved by reforming the Foundation Law with the adoption of a performance-based approach, similar to the Job Creation Law. …
Ungerminated Seed: Proportionality Test In The Indonesian Constitutional Court, Eko Riyadi, Satya Arinanto, Simon Butt, Fitra Arsil
Ungerminated Seed: Proportionality Test In The Indonesian Constitutional Court, Eko Riyadi, Satya Arinanto, Simon Butt, Fitra Arsil
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
This article examines how the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (the Court) constructs its argumentation regarding the limitation and derogation of human rights. The primary issue is how the Court interprets and operationalises the limitation clause under the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia to derogate from and limit human rights. This article also illustrates how the Court applies the derogation and limitation clauses to freedom of religion, the right against retroactive prosecution and the death penalty, the right of women to stand for election, and the right to freedom of expression. The Court has never ruled on …
Breaking Diplomatic Immunity: Legal Implications Of Israeli Airstrikes On The Iranian Consulate Under International Law, Yordan Gunawan, Aisyah Ajeng Putri Riyanto, Safira Ayu Tri Ariyani
Breaking Diplomatic Immunity: Legal Implications Of Israeli Airstrikes On The Iranian Consulate Under International Law, Yordan Gunawan, Aisyah Ajeng Putri Riyanto, Safira Ayu Tri Ariyani
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
In April 2024, Israeli airstrikes were directed at the Iranian consulate building located in the capital city of Syria, Damascus. The Israeli-Iranian relationship has escalated significantly, shifting from a diplomatic partnership to severe hostility over the course of almost fifty years. This article seeks to examine the legal implications of the Israeli attack on the Iranian consulate building by considering the United Nations Charter and the Vienna Conventions, as well as to analyse the responses of the Iranian government and the international community. This article employed a normative legal research methodology, which involved combining a statutory approach with a detailed …
Indonesian Constitutional Court’S Moral Legitimacy: A Dworkinian Rights-Based Defense, Prisilia Kornelia Moonik
Indonesian Constitutional Court’S Moral Legitimacy: A Dworkinian Rights-Based Defense, Prisilia Kornelia Moonik
Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
This study discusses the moral legitimacy of constitutional adjudication in general, with a particular focus on the Indonesian Constitutional Court. Moral legitimacy is crucial as it justifies the necessity of Constitutional Court—not merely because of its existence is stipulated by the 1945 Constitution. This issue is also discussed in response to the legislature’s (the People’s Representative Council) adverse reactions to the Constitutional Court, including efforts to weaken its authority. Additionally, moral legitimacy is also related to the well-known critique of constitutional adjudication: the counter-majoritarian difficulty. This study draws on Ronald Dworkin Rights-Based Theory, which defends constitutional adjudication as a means …
Watching The Clock: Time-Tracking And The Erosion Of Privacy And Dignity At Work, Tammy Katsabian
Watching The Clock: Time-Tracking And The Erosion Of Privacy And Dignity At Work, Tammy Katsabian
Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal
This article examines the rise of time-tracking technologies as a dominant form of digital workplace surveillance and their implications for workers’ privacy and dignity. Often framed as neutral tools for enhancing productivity, these systems embed continuous algorithmic oversight into daily work routines, intensifying managerial control and reshaping the employment relationship. Drawing on legal, philosophical, and socio-technical scholarship, the article argues that privacy and dignity are mutually reinforcing values, both of which are undermined by pervasive surveillance practices. Privacy is not treated here as a waivable entitlement grounded in individual consent, but rather as a structural safeguard that protects autonomy and …
Embracing The Bot: Japan’S Love Affair With Ai Learning, Dan Rosen
Embracing The Bot: Japan’S Love Affair With Ai Learning, Dan Rosen
UC Law SF International Law Review
No abstract provided.
“Foreign-Related Rule Of Law” And The Belt And Road Initiative: A Chinese Legal- Economic Synergy, Sungmin Kim
“Foreign-Related Rule Of Law” And The Belt And Road Initiative: A Chinese Legal- Economic Synergy, Sungmin Kim
UC Law SF International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Shielding From Culpability: The Responsibility System In Eu’S Asylum And Migration Policy, Bjarne Bachmann
Shielding From Culpability: The Responsibility System In Eu’S Asylum And Migration Policy, Bjarne Bachmann
UC Law SF International Law Review
No abstract provided.
Ai Governance In China: A Tale Of Three Digital Empires, Charles C. Wang, Siyi Lin, Xia Wu, Yiman Li
Ai Governance In China: A Tale Of Three Digital Empires, Charles C. Wang, Siyi Lin, Xia Wu, Yiman Li
UC Law SF International Law Review
Since 2021, China has strategically expedited artificial intelligence (AI) legislation and refined algorithmic governance to compete with the US and the EU. The rapid growth of algorithm filing cases is a direct result of the “Made in China 2025” Initiative which prioritizes AI development driven by domestic leading tech companies like DeepSeek. As world-class digital powers, China, the US, and the EU diverge in their categorization of AI risks and adoption of regulatory measures. China’s centralized single-agency regulatory infrastructure differs from the multi-agency and decentralized governance models in the US and the EU, respectively. China does not impose the same …
Letter From The Editor, Justin Vickers
Letter From The Editor, Justin Vickers
Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.