Law Commons^™

Wasting Resources: Reinventing The Scope Of Waiver Resulting From The Advice-Of-Counsel Defense To A Charge Of Willful Patent Infringement, David O. Taylor

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

Patent infringement cases may be the very definition of “high-stakes litigation.” In addition to issuance of permanent injunctions and high-dollar damage awards, judges have discretion to award treble damages and attorney’s fees in patent cases. Judges may exercise this discretion when infringement is found to be willful. One way for an alleged willful infringer to rebut an allegation of willfulness is to introduce an opinion of counsel evidencing the alleged willful infringer’s good faith effort to investigate the patent at issue after receiving notice of potential infringement. Disclosure of such an opinion, however, waives attorney-client privilege and work-product immunity. District …

Is Lawrence Libertarian?, Dale Carpenter

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

The Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas is no doubt a shock to those pursuing an antihomosexual agenda. To most Americans, however, the decision is less an ipse dixit announcing radical social change than it is a belated recognition of what they had already learned about the humanity and dignity of gay people. Rather than radically changing constitutional principle, the Court has corrected its own erroneous understanding of the facts that underlay its application of constitutional principle in the past. Rather than leading the nation, the Court has caught up to it.

Part I of this essay lays out …

Grutter And Gratz: A Critical Analysis, Lackland H. Bloom Jr.

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

This Article will analyze the Grutter and Gratz opinions, especially Justice O'Connor's important opinion for the majority in Grutter, and will consider the significance of these decisions in terms of university admissions policy, justifications for racial preferences, and equal protection doctrine. The article will conclude that the Court's defense of the use of racial preferences does not square well with the Powell opinion in Bakke on which it relied so heavily. It will suggest that the Court could have offered a more persuasive explanation for the result it reached but probably felt precluded by precedent from doing so.

Copyright Under Siege: The First Amendment Front, Lackland H. Bloom Jr.

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

Over the past decade, the law of copyright - traditionally an arcane and obscure specialty - has evolved into an extraordinarily controversial legal arena. To a significant extent, though not exclusively, this has been caused by the emerging clashes between copyright on the one hand and digital technology and the internet on the other. Some see copyright as the aggressor in the copyright wars, guilty of threatening the digital revolution, the internet, information policy, privacy, freedom of speech and the public domain. Much of this assault on copyright is culturally driven by the Internet's champions. Inevitably, this cultural challenge is …

New Sources, New Growth And The Clean Water Act, Jeffrey M. Gaba

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

This Article is discusses the means by which the federal Clean Water Act addresses the problem of growth in connection with the achievement and maintenance of water quality standards. The article discusses those existing water quality standards requirements that most directly affect the issue of growth. These include two distinct, and largely unrelated, sets of requirements. First, the Article discusses those provisions that affect the regulation of new or expanded discharges on waters not yet meeting water quality goals. These include, among others, the provisions of the TMDL process that address the allocation of waste loads to account for growth, …

Environmental Law, Jeffrey M. Gaba

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

No abstract provided.

Resolving The Dilemma Of Minority Representation, Grant M. Hayden

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

This article proposes that recent work in philosophy on the issue of interpersonal utility comparisons may be used to help resolve a significant problem in minority representation. The creation of majority-minority districts has had the unintended consequence of forcing minority voting rights advocates to choose between increasing the number of minority officeholders and increasing the number of Democrats. This dilemma is, in part, due to the strict application of the one person, one vote standard. But work on the issue of interpersonal utility comparisons tells us that the one person, one vote standard is not the objective standard it purports …

"To Clean Or Not To Clean": An Analysis Of The Copyright And Trademark Issues Surrounding The Legal Battle Between Third Party Film Editors And The Film Industry, Michael P. Glasser

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Market Fundamentalism And The Trips Agreement, Thomas F. Cotter

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

"Equitable Remuneration" In Copyright Law: The Amended German Copyright Act As A Trap For The Entertainment Industry In The U.S.?, Reto M. Hilty, Alexander Peukert

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Reissue Recapture Doctrine: Its Place Among The Patent Laws, Stephen G. Kunin, Kenneth M. Schor

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

One-China Policy And Taiwan, Y. Frank Chiang

Fordham International Law Journal

In April 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome ("SARS") disease spread to the island of Taiwan. These statements, made by the general who assigned the R.O.C. government to assume the task of the post-surrender administration of Formosa, and those of the high governmental officials of the leading Allied Powers not only demonstrate that the R.O.C. government has not acquired title to the island of Taiwan by occupation for the State of China, but also attest to the existence of a rule in international law that if title to a territory of the defeated State is to be changed after a …

Citizens Cannot Stand For It Anymore: How The United States' Environmental Actions In Afghanistan And Iraq Go Unchecked By Individuals And Non-Governmental Organizations, Wynne P. Kelly

Fordham International Law Journal

As the U.S. government's reach and responsibilities expand, it remains unclear exactly what, if any, input the general populations of Afghanistan, Iraq, or the United States have on government actions. The environmental needs of the two States have concerned the world enough that the United Nations Environment Program ("UNEP") has published a detailed post-conflict report on Afghanistan ("Afghanistan PCA") and a "Desk Study" of the environment in Iraq ("Iraq Desk Study"). There are four basic ways that citizens can attempt either to enjoin U.S. government environmental action abroad or compel the government to adhere to established regulations and agreements: (1) …

Homeless For Generations: Land Rights For The Chocoe Indians From Mogue, Panama, David E. Cahn

Fordham International Law Journal

Vaporiso knew that the lack of land ownership in his tribe was a great part of the Chocoes' suffering, and he felt that violence was the only way to rectify the problem. Agenda 21 requires member State governments to strengthen national dispute-resolution arrangements in relation to the settlement of land and resource-management concerns. Convention No. 169, which became legally binding on member States in 1991, provides indigenous people with the right to decide how they wish to develop the lands they occupy and use, and set their own priorities for those lands. Convention No. 169 also provides protection from people …

Introduction, Justice Richard J. Goldstone

Fordham International Law Journal

This special issue of the Fordham International Law Journal contains seven outstanding articles by jurists from seven countries on three continents. The articles have a common thread in highlighting the necessity for respect of human rights and the human dignity that they are designed to protect. They also demonstrate the significant advances made since the end of World War II of international human rights law. In an age of terrorism there is an inevitable tension between measures designed to protect the lives of innocent civilians and their fundamental civil liberties.

The Garden, James Bacchus

Fordham International Law Journal

An essay about the importance of human rights in American foreign policy, framed through the work of Thomas Jefferson. Inspired by the author’s visit to the Jefferson Memorial and the American garden in Washington D.C.

The Development Of Human Rights In The United Kingdom, Lord Gordon Slynn

Fordham International Law Journal

There are two myths about the United Kingdom. The first is that we do not have a constitution and did not have any human rights law until very recently. The second myth, very much tied to the first, is that human rights is a new topic. I find that most law students seem to think that they alone have thought about fundamental human rights and that the rest of the world knows nothing about it. As with most myths, however, none of these is absolutely true.

Universal Jurisdiction In Abstentia, Ryan Rabinovitch

Fordham International Law Journal

The purpose of this Article is to provide some clarification of universal jurisdiction in absentia. It begins with a brief overview of the state of international law on the issue, centering on the decision of the minority judges who treated it in the Arrest Warrant decision, and discuss the applicable principles of international law, international treaties, and custom. It then briefly examines whether allowing States to exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia is consistent with the historical and philosophical justifications for the existence of universal jurisdiction generally. The final section of the Article discusses the policy implications of such an exercise.

The Security Council As "Global Legislator": Ultra Vires Or Ultra Innovative?, Eric Rosand

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article begins by taking a closer look at the two Security Council resolutions at the center of this debate: Resolution 1373 and Resolution 1540. It argues that they make pragmatic sense as necessary responses by the Security Council to address urgent, global threats. Further, it explains how they serve to fill the existing gaps in international law, which, if not addressed, would hinder the international community's ability to tackle these twenty-first century threats. Part II, after providing a brief summary of the Council's powers under the U.N. Charter, focuses on whether this activity falls within the Security Council's mandate. …

Completing The Mandates Of The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals: Lessons From The Nuremberg Process?, Daryl A. Mundis

Fordham International Law Journal

On September 2, 2004, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”) filed a formal request for the transfer of the Ademi & Norac case to Croatia, pursuant to Rule 11 bis of the ICTY Rules of Procedure and Evidence (“ICTY RPE”). With this filing, the Prosecutor took an important and positive step towards giving effect to the completion strategy of the ICTY. This Article will discuss the steps taken by the ICTY and its sister institution, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“ICTR”), to fulfill their mandates by focusing only on the most senior perpetrators …

The Fraying Shoestring: Rethinking Hybrid War Crimes Tribunals, James Cockayne

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article looks in detail at whether the Special Court is, at present, succeeding or failing, drawing lessons along the way both for the system of international criminal justice generally, and more specifically for U.N. enforcement of the law of war. In Section II, this Article suggests a method for measuring success and failure in an international criminal tribunal. It suggests that there are a number of identifiable performance standards which should guide our assessment, each linked to a stakeholder group: the international community, the affected population, and the defendants. In Sections III-V, this Article assesses the Special Court's early …

Hostile Protected Persons Or "Extra-Conventional Persons:" How Unlawful Combatants In The War On Terrorism Posed Extraordinary Challenges For Military Attorneys And Commanders, Paul E. Kantwill, Sean Watts

Fordham International Law Journal

First, this Article reviews policymakers' and commentators' categorization of participants in Operation Enduring Freedom, the armed conflict in Afghanistan against al Qaeda and Taliban fighters. This Article concentrate specifically on the status of participants operating at the fringes of the categories of persons protected by the Geneva Conventions. It shows, for example, how al Qaeda and the Taliban fighters tested the bounds of the Conventions by employing methods of “warfare” which rendered them non-distinct and therefore made a determination of their status unclear. This Article demonstrates how policymakers and ultimately the U.S. President created a class of persons--so-called extra-conventional persons--who …

The Just War Tradition And Natural Law, Jean Bethke Elshtain

Fordham International Law Journal

This Essay is divided into three parts. First, it briefly discusses Augustine on the notion of a "naturalistic morality" implanted in human minds and hearts. Second, it traces the ways in which such notions as human nature figure in Augustinian and post-Augustinian arguments concerning war and peace. Third, it takes the measure of our current international crises and challenges from the perspective of human dignity the "naturalistic morality" Augustine addresses when he insists that there is, in fact, a nature we share, trails in its wake far-reaching ethical complications.

Argentina's Reparations Bonds: An Analysis Of Continuing Obligations, Christina M. Wilson

Fordham International Law Journal

This Note will address the various avenues along which the reparation recipients might pursue the vindication of their right to reparations. Part I will provide background information on the Dirty War, reconciliation process, reparation laws and the economic events that resulted in Argentina's sovereign debt crisis. Part I will also describe the various sources of law both domestic and international upholding the right to reparations. Part II will explore the various cases that have interpreted this right and the implications they have on the reparation recipients' possible remedies. Part III will analyze which of these remedies seems most likely to …

Building A Protective Wall Around Terrorists – How The International Court Of Justice's Ruling In The Legal Consequences Of The Construction Of A Wall In The Occupied Palestinian Territory Made The World Safer For Terrorists And More Dangerous For Member States Of The United Nations, Rebecca Kahan

Fordham International Law Journal

Part I of this Note will examine two recent actions in the war against international terrorism: the Israeli plan to build a separation barrier between Israel and the OPT, and the invasion of Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. Part II will discuss two important deviations by the ICJ from past interpretation of international law that were announced in the advisory proceedings against Israel: a new elucidation by the ICJ regarding principles of judicial propriety and a new analysis of the abilities of States to act in self-defense under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Part III will address the impact …

Article 82: Remedies In Search Of Theories?, Ian S. Forrester

Fordham International Law Journal

I submit that over the last two or three years, we may observe troubling signs that Article 82 of the EC Treaty is being used more as an adjunct to industrial policy than as a pure competition law tool. This is especially evident in refusal to deal cases. The intervention of antitrust in a situation of refusal to deal is a critical pointer of how an antitrust enforcer perceives itself and of what kind of competition law is in force. At a time when ten new agencies have joined the family, it is especially desirable to approach controversies in a …

An Interdisciplinary Approach To Improving Competition Policy And Intellectual Property Policy, William E. Kovacic, Andreas P. Reindl

Fordham International Law Journal

This Paper suggests that interdisciplinary cooperation and coordination should focus on IP policy issues as well. This Paper discusses whether greater emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation and coordination could contribute to more effective international convergence. We address the topic as follows. Part 2 describes the interdependency between the CP and IP regimes and potential benefits of expanded cooperation between the two fields on a domestic level. Part 3 sketches the existing collection of domestic and international institutions that make up the CP and IP communities and examines the consequences of institutional multiplicity for efforts to achieve better harmony between the two …

The Treaty Establishing A Constitution For Europe, Jeremy Lever

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article contains some reflections concerning the Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (“the Draft Treaty”), which was approved by the European Council on September 28, 2004 and formally signed in Rome on October 29, 2004. At the time of writing in early 2005, it is presently in the process of ratification by the twenty-five Member States of the European Union (“EU”). The Article is primarily concerned with the extent to which the Treaty is a constitution, and its merits and demerits as such. It does not go in any depth into the political desirability of some of the …

The Logic & Limits Of The "Exceptional Circumstances Test" In Magill And Ims Health, Christian Ahlborn, David S. Evans, A. Jorge Padilla

Fordham International Law Journal

In this Article, we show that, in contrast to the Commission's balancing approach in Microsoft, the ECJ's narrow construction of the obligation to license IP under Article 82 of the EC Treaty is based on sound economics and constitutes appropriate public policy. The set of “exceptional circumstances” listed in Magill and IMS Health constitutes a reasonable implementation of the optimal legal standard for the assessment of refusals to licence IP: modified per se legality. In the IP context, an obligation to make property available is a requirement for compulsory licensing. The ECJ test limits compulsory licensing to those situations in …

Article 82: The Last Frontier – Fighting Fire With Fire?, James S. Venit

Fordham International Law Journal

Since the entry into force of the European Union (“EU”) merger regulation in September 1990, there has been progress toward the acceptance of the need for rigorous economic analysis as the basis for the application of Community competition law. Although the path toward sound economic analysis has been uneven and recognition of the principle has sometimes exceeded its correct application, the increased willingness to acknowledge economic analysis as the basis for rational enforcement action should not be underestimated. The most noticeable and obvious success has been in the field of merger control. But even a statute as venerable as Article …