Law Commons^™

Legislation, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Federal Diversity Jurisdiction--Citizenship for Unincorporated Associations

In 1889 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Chapman v.Barney' that a New York joint stock company was not to be considered a "citizen" for purposes of federal diversity jurisdiction. This decision provided the basis for the rule that unincorporated associations are not considered juridical persons, and that the citizenship of their individual members is determinative of federal diversity.

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Protecting the Client When His Lawyer Dies

The problems which arise when a practicing attorney suddenly diestake many shapes. Those which face the law firm are of both an ethical nature, involving the …

Legal Research--Computer Retrieval Of Statutory Law And Decisional Law, David T. Moody

Vanderbilt Law Review

Legal research presently involves a considerable amount of any lawyer's time and efforts largely because it is a slow and tedious process. Searching for a pertinent legal point can prove to be time-consuming and often fruitless. Moreover, it is here that chance plays one of its largest roles in the law.' An important legal point may exist,yet the researcher may fail to find it although he exercises a great degree of diligence. All lawyers must recognize this problem and the fact that it is becoming more acute with the passage of time. Something needs to be done to facilitate legal …

Book Reviews, Robert H. Birkby, Elliot E. Cheatham

Vanderbilt Law Review

Law and Politics in the Supreme Court By Martin Shapiro New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964. Pp. 333. $6.95.

reviewer: Robert H. Birkby

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Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1885-1940 By R. F. V. Heuston Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964, Pp. xxiii, 632.

reviewer: Elliot E. Cheatham

Civil Rights Crimes And The Federal Power To Punish Private Individuals For Interference With Federally Secured Rights, Howard M. Feuerstein

Vanderbilt Law Review

Participants in the current civil rights movement in the South have been subjected to countless acts of violence and intimidation committed by private individuals acting either on their own or as part of racist organizations. As a result of such acts of violence, new legislation has been introduced in Congress.' Yet, the federal system historically has placed strict limitations on the power of the national government to deal with the acts of private individuals. The time is therefore ripe for a re-examination of these limitations. In so doing,this article deals with acts of private individuals in the technical sense of …

Values As Variables In Judicial Decision-Making: Notes Toward A Theory, David I. Danelski

Vanderbilt Law Review

The concept of values is central to the explanation of judicial decision-making. Indeed, Clark L. Hull has gone so far as to say that any fairly detailed and sound dynamic theory of behavior must contain an empirical theory of values. Although students of judicial behavior have used values, or some equivalent concept, in their studies, there has been as yet no thorough, systematic exploration of values with a view toward using it as the central concept in building an empirical theory of judicial decision-making. This paper is a modest step in that direction. It is not, however, a presentation of …

Nondiscrimination Implications Of Federal Involvement In Housing, Jerome B. Ullman

Vanderbilt Law Review

Government enforcement of equal opportunity in all housing, or in all housing connected with the various federal programs discussed in this note, would virtually eliminate the present fear among many whites that the presence of Negroes in the community hurts property values. Even if there were any basis to such a fear, the fact that Negroes had an easily enforceable right to purchase property in all neighborhoods would tend to prevent such price devaluation since the actual presence of Negroes in more and more areas would eventually make all white neighborhoods non-existent. Moreover,the fact that all, or the vast majority …

Workmen's Compensation For Radiation Injuries In Tennessee, E. Blythe Stason

Vanderbilt Law Review

We lay to one side, so far as this article is concerned, the impact of the atom on general tort liability in Tennessee. Such important aspects of the total subject as strict liability, nuisance actions, third-party liability, and joint and several liability we reserve for another occasion. Hopefully radiation will be so well regulated that the injuries to outsiders will be few and far between. We also lay to one side possible injuries in Tennessee resulting from the extensive operations of the federal government in the nuclear field. Such injuries receive special handling either by federal agencies (e.g.,the Bureau of …

The Treasury Report On Foundations:Methods Of Enforcing Compliance, Thomas R. Allen

Vanderbilt Law Review

If Professor Sacks is correct in his cyclical view of the public concern over charitable foundations, the present period must surely be classed as one of maximum turbulence. At the moment both houses of Congress have had presented to them proposals for levying new restrictions on charitable foundations through the tax law, a flood of law review comments has appeared, and at the state level new legislation, partly directed to control of charitable foundations, has been proposed, and in some cases adopted...As this paper is concerned primarily with sanctions, only those proposals in the Treasury Report for which no sanctions …

Preclusion/Res Judicata Variables: Criminal Prosecutions, Allen D. Vestal, John C. Coughenour

Vanderbilt Law Review

In criminal litigation, similar doctrines have been invoked. Double jeopardy has precluded a second prosecution of an individual because of a single group of operative facts. This is parallel to claim preclusion which bars relitigation of a claim. When sequential prosecutions for different crimes occur there has been a bar against relitigation of a specific issue. This is issue preclusion. Issue preclusion has also been invoked where civil and criminal proceedings are involved serially. With some frequency the courts have been willing to use preclusion/res judicata where the precluding judgment is criminal and the precluded litigation is civil. On the …

Federal Habeas Corpus And The State Court Criminal Defendant, Frank W. Wilson

Vanderbilt Law Review

Federal habeas corpus for state prisoners is one of the most controversial and emotion-ridden subjects in the entire field of criminal law. Considering the period over which this controversy has continued, it is surely one of the oldest unresolved disputes between the state and federal courts. The removal of an action from a state to a federal court may sometimes cause ruffled feelings, but few judges remain long offended at being relieved of trying a lawsuit. On the other hand, when a federal judge reverses a state judge who has been affirmed by the state appellate courts, forcing him to …

Notes: The Role Of The American Corporation In The Economic Development Of Latin America:, James H. Hancock

Vanderbilt Law Review

This note will examine the potential conflict between United States'antitrust policy and United States' foreign policy in Latin America. As background, Part II will provide a brief discussion of the United States' foreign policy objective in Latin America. In Part III, the discussion will turn to the most likely context for conflict-the potentials of the American corporation for advancing that foreign policy objective. Part IV will illustrate how the possibility of extra-territorial application of United States' antitrust laws gives rise to the potential for conflict between those laws and the United States' foreign policy in Latin America. Part V will …

The Use Of Business Property As Short-Term Trust Corpus, Robert Doty

Vanderbilt Law Review

A progressive income tax structure encourages the taxpayer with income above his consumption level to attempt to shift income to other members of his family group where it would be taxed at lower rates. The income which the taxpayer desires to shift may be in the form of compensation for services rendered by the taxpayer or of income from income-producing property owned by him...This article seeks to explore the extent to which the benefits of the short-term trust can be secured for this latter class of persons by utilizing business assets as trust corpus in the following manner: (1) by …

Problem Of Age And Jurisdiction In The Juvenile Court, C. William Reiney

Vanderbilt Law Review

The waiver provisions produce a conflict between the ideal of the juvenile court that the "best interests" of the child shall be protected and the demand of society that society be protected. Perhaps in so doing, they help define the true role of the juvenile court. The juvenile court is a part of our legal system, a system which must protect many interests of individuals and groups. The juvenile court can do no less. Apparently, the United States Supreme Court in the 1965 term has adopted this view of the juvenile court. The waiver provisions are, thus, a necessary adjunct …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Antitrust--Robinson-Patman-Adoption of Physical Comparison Test To Determine "Like Grade or Quality"

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Antitrust--Tying Arrangement Held Unfair Method of Competition Under Section 5 of Federal Trade Commission Act Atlantic Refining Company agreed to promote

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Bankruptcy--Tax-Rights of a Trustee in Bankruptcy Against an Unrecorded Tax Lien

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Constitutional Law--Applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment to a Charitable Trust in Which a State Agency Was the Original Trustee

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Constitutional Law--Clandestine Surveillance of Public Toilet--Not an Unreasonable Search

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Criminal Law--Joint Trials--Admission of Confession Implicating Both Defendants Held Erroneous

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Evidence--No Cross-Examination of Defendant's Character Witnesses as to His Prior Arrests and Conviction …

Landowner's Negligence Liability To Persons Entering As A Matter Of Right Or Under A Privilege Of Private Necessity, Donald W. Fish

Vanderbilt Law Review

In modem tort law, the liability of occupiers of land for their negligence depends in the first instance upon the status of the plaintiff upon the premises. This status generally determines the level of duty which the occupier owes him, and a vast body of case law has developed dealing with the many aspects of the question.Of the myriad classes of persons to whom some duty of care maybe owed by an occupier, perhaps those who enter the premises by virtue of a legal right, and irrespective of the consent of the occupier, present the most elusive problems in analysis. …

Legislation, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

An examination of the current status of state net income taxation on interstate business logically begins with the decision in Northwestern Portland Cement Co. v. Minnesota and its companion case Williams v. Stockham Valves & Fitting, Inc.' There the United States Supreme Court held that an apportioned, nondiscriminatory excise tax imposed by a state on the net income of a foreign corporation does not violate either the due process clause or the commerce clause of the federal constitution, even though the income is derived solely from interstate commerce. Mr. Justice Frankfurter, dissenting, warned that increased burdens of bookkeeping necessary to …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Advertising--Use of "Free," a Deceptive Practice Under the Federal Trade Commission Act

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Anti-Trust Law--Conspiracy To Subvert Competitor's Employees and Customers Violates Section 1 of the Sherman Act

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Conflict of Laws--Depositor's Request That Disposition of Foreign-Owned Funds Deposited In New York Bank Be Governed By New York Law Upheld as a Matter of Public Policy

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Constitutional Law--Applicability of Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 to Wheat Grown On State-Owned Farms

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Corporations--Dissolution of Close Corporation Not Granted On Mere Showing of Low Profits Insufficient To Provide Minority Shareholder With Adequate Return on Invested Capital

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Criminal Law--Illegal Searches and …

Legally Responsible Cause Flexibly Construed, Lawrence Vold

Vanderbilt Law Review

Society is constantly changing. Because of the rapid developments in technology and related fields of science, the pace with which change will occur will accelerate. Law, also, as the recognized means of order in society must change rapidly to meet the demands of the new society. How can changes be implemented without destroying the stability? Short answer: A flexible legal process--a process not confined to rigid, precise rules, but a flexible process capable of meeting on the basis of reason and justice the cases as they arise.

Horizontal Restraints Under The French Antitrust Laws: Competition And Economic Progress, John W. Reboul

Vanderbilt Law Review

The French antitrust laws, now more than twelve years old, resist comparison with those of the United States, and they should not be approached with the belief that any country that has adopted legislation which speaks of competition has also adopted the American attitude toward competition. The attitude that has guided the application of the French antitrust laws seems to be the new French belief in economic expansion and active governmental intervention. The French defeat in the war discredited prewar economic doctrines which emphasized stability, and there has been an almost universal endorsement of theories of economic expansion. One commentator …

A New Look At The European Patent: Limited Availability, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Law Review

The promulgation of the Proposed Draft Convention relating to a European Patent Law in December 1962,' by the member states of the European Economic Community, and the continuing controversy surrounding it since that time have raised important questions for European and American businessmen. One of the most controversial is the extent to which the new patent should be made "available" to nationals of states not parties to the proposed Convention. This article examines the question of "availability" from the standpoint of the interests of the EEC and its member states. Its objective is to demonstrate that although the legal arguments …

Federal Double Jeopardy Policy, Jay A. Sigler

Vanderbilt Law Review

The fifth amendment provision against double jeopardy is one of the basic protections afforded defendants by the United States Constitution. Its roots are found in early common law,' and the policies which it represents have been gradually defined by federal courts to meet various situations of inequality in the position of a criminal defendant confronted by federal prosecuting attorneys. Presently the double jeopardy provision is not incorporated by the fourteenth amendment as a restriction upon state action, but this condition may not prevail much longer. Should double jeopardy become incorporated into the "due process" clause of the fourteenth amendment, states …

Misrepresentation And Third Persons, William L. Prosser

Vanderbilt Law Review

"The assault upon the citadel of privity is proceeding in these days apace." So said Cardozo in 1931, and he has been much quoted since. But the case' in which he said it was one of misrepresentation causing pecuniary loss to a third person who acted in reliance upon it, but to whom it was not made. It is in this area that the assault upon the citadel has made, during the intervening thirty-five years, the least headway, and has broken down into a tangle of more or less unconnected struggles which are apparently making no great progress in any …

Compensation For Victims Of Crimes, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

The steadily increasing number of crimes in the United States and other Western countries brings about not only the destruction of property and the expenditure of money and effort to apprehend and punish the criminals, but also physical injury to thousands of innocent victims.' Although our society has established elaborate safe-guards for the rights of the accused criminal, the injured victim is left to shoulder the responsibility of paying his own medical bills and providing for his own living expenses while he is unable to work. Because of the extremely high cost of medical and hospital care, even a well …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Conflict of Laws--Mexican Bilateral Divorce Decree Recognized Even Though Neither Party was a Mexican Domiciliary At Time of Divorce

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Constitutional Law--Section 504 of LMRDA a Bill of Attainder

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Corporations--DeFacto Merger--Dissenters' Rights--Construction of Merger and Amendment Statutes

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Criminal Law--Search and Seizure--Standing Granted for Dyer Act Prosecutions Without Allegation of Possession

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Damages--Restitutionary Relief for Breach of Contract Granted Under the Tucker Act to a Government Contractor

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Federal Employers' Liability Act--Applicability of "In Whole or in Part" Rule of Proximate Cause to Employer's Efforts To Prove Contributory Negligence Plaintiff brought suit under the Federal Employers' Liability Act'

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The Types Of Evidence: An Analysis, Lyman R. Patterson

Vanderbilt Law Review

Since the purpose of this article is to analyze evidence in functional terms, it may be helpful at the outset to state the basic ideas which underlie the discussion.

1. Evidence consists of propositions of fact which are related to another proposition, a proposed conclusion. Evidence is thus to be distinguished from the fact or facts which are its basis. 2. The essential relationship of propositions which are evidence to the proposition which is the proposed conclusion is relevancy. 3. The relevancy of evidence to the proposed conclusion is determined by the inference drawn from the evidence. If the evidence …

Municipal Industrial Development Bonds, Alfred E. Abbey

Vanderbilt Law Review

Several years ago a national business magazine carried an article styled "You Gotta Have A Golf Course."' The article outlined the efforts of a small town to attract new industry and the awkward realization by the city fathers that they were losing out to the competition because their community lacked such a recreational facility. After this finding, several public spirited citizens raised the necessary funds and constructed a nine-hole course. These efforts were soon rewarded when a large industrial concern located a new manufacturing plant in their city. Industrial development bonds are essentially intended to serve the same purpose as …

"Civilizing" Nonjury Trials, F. R. Lacy

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article is intended to make people think about American procedure, yet it is devoted largely to a description of Austrian and Israeli civil procedure and perhaps that calls for some disclaiming and confessing and avoiding. I have spent only a few months in the two countries and have no doubt that I am open to the charge, made against far more seasoned American comparatists, that I tend to look at foreign systems through American conceptual spectacles. By way of avoidance let me offer, first, the usual defense of the popularizer. There never will be many serious students of comparative …

Right Of First Refusal--Homogeniety In The Condominium, Ira E. Parker, Iii

Vanderbilt Law Review

The condominium, a newly popular but relatively old' concept in real property law, is defined basically as an apartment project involving individual fee ownership of a family unit in a multi-unit structure or structures. To complete the ownership picture, the individual fee owners are also tenants in common, with undivided interests, in the land on which the structure is built, and in other parts of the structure which are not part of an individual unit. Due to the anticipated popularity of this unconventional real estate ownership,state legislation has blossomed in the past four years, and today, all but a few …

Enforcement Of Statutory Rights Of Employees Of Government Contractors, C. Thomas Cates

Vanderbilt Law Review

The United States government disburses a vast amount of money each year to meet its contractual obligations. As the size of the federal government and the dimension of the services it provides continue to expand, the importance of federal contract spending in our national economy is likely to reach staggering proportions.' Presently there are a great many manufacturing, construction, and brokerage concerns engaged in work on a large number of federal government contracts. The purpose of this note is to discuss in general the major federal statutes which govern rights of employees of those performing government contracts and to discuss …

Obscene Literature, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Obscene Literature

In 1959 the United States Supreme Court in Smith v. California'held a city and county ordinance unconstitutional for failure to require scienter on the part of a defendant. That ordinance, like many other ordinances and state statutes, subjected a bookseller to criminal prosecution for the sale of obscene literature regardless of whether he knew that it was obscene. The Court reasoned that such an ordinance would result in a bookseller's refusal to sell many publications which would not be legally suppressible but which the seller suspected of being obscene, perhaps without having read them. This self-censorship would constitute …