Law Commons^™

The Sabbatino Case And The Sabbatino Amendment: Comedy--Or Tragedy--Of Errors, William H. Reeves

Vanderbilt Law Review

The issues and decisions in the Sabbatino litigation and the significant concepts of the Sabbatino legislation are here reviewed and considered in five parts. Part I discusses the mistaken beliefs of the Congress as to the reasons for proposing and enacting the Sabbatino Amendment. Part II then examines the relations between Cuba and the United States, explaining how Cuba's insult made possible the judicial errors in the Sabbatino decisions, which were reversed by the Supreme Court, and also prompted the subsequent Sabbatino legislation. In Part III, proof will be given of congressional misinterpretations of foreign law and foreign court decisions …

Possible Effects Of The Proposed East-West Trade Relations Act Upon U.S. Import, Export,And Credit Controls, Harold J. Berman, John R. Garson

Vanderbilt Law Review

In 1966, and again in the President's State of the Union message in January 1967, the Administration announced that it would ask Congress to pass an "East-West Trade Relations Act." The immediate effect of such legislation would be to permit the President to abolish existing discriminatory restrictions upon imports from the Soviet Union or other Communist countries of Eastern Europe (excluding East Germany), in the context of bilateral commercial agreements designed to "provide a framework helpful to private United States firms conducting business relations with Communist state trading agencies."' Such agreements, it is contemplated, would be reached" by instituting regular …

State Trading Activities In Hungary, Stephen Szaszy

Vanderbilt Law Review

The influence of the state in the organization and control of foreign trade is, as a matter of course, even greater in socialist states than in Western countries. In socialist countries the characteristic features of foreign trade are state monopolization of foreign trade and foreign exchange. The exclusive bearer and performer of international connections is the state itself. By virtue of its foreign trade monopoly, it not only regulates and directs foreign trade, but it is fully responsible for both concluding and executing international agreements. All operative activities of foreign trading are performed in socialist countries by state-created enterprises, established …

Some Legal Problems Of State Trading In Southeast Asia, Chittharanjan F. Amerasinghe

Vanderbilt Law Review

State trading-trade conducted internationally by a state or public agency-has become a feature of the mixed economies of southeast Asia. With the growing importance of economic planning and the increase of state intervention (often tantamount to absolute control)in areas of the economy of individual southeast Asian countries, there has been an expansion of international trading functions by states or public agencies. Much of this trade is conducted at a state to state level, i.e., on a bilateral basis. This kind of infrastructure is attributable in part to the fact that the Communist bloc countries generally either have no place for …

Commercial Treaties And International Trade Transactions In East-West Trade, Clive M. Schmitthoff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Operations of international trade law are transacted on two levels--that of public law and that of private law. This distinction is clearly drawn in the Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations on "The Progressive Development of the Law of International Trade," a report which, it may be recalled, preceded the establishment of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCI-TRAL) in December 1966. That report limits its ambit to the "law of international trade," which is defined as "the body of rules governing commercial relationships of a private law nature involving different countries." The report excludes from …

Aec Production And Distribution Of Radioisotopes: State Trading In A Free Enterprise Economy, E. Blythe Stason

Vanderbilt Law Review

Among the one hundred or so business-type activities of the Government are certain operations of the Atomic Energy Commission. In this article we shall examine the origin, growth and usefulness of just one phase of these AEC activities, that is, the production and distribution of radioisotopes. This activity is singled out for emphasis partly because of the remarkable success story resulting from the use of such isotopes, but more especially because of an unusual and even unique aspect of "state trading" introduced into the business by the AEC. We refer to, and shall explain in some detail, an unusual self-limiting …

Communist China's Foreign Trade Organization, Gene T. Hsiao

Vanderbilt Law Review

Although as of October 1966 Communist China has been diplomatically recognized by only fifty countries' and thus still remains outside the world legal community, it has trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions. The annual volume of Peking's foreign trade has been estimated at 2.96 billion dollars in 1963 and 4.5 billion dollars in 1966. The latest Western reports from Peking indicate that foreign buyers and sellers see in "China's 700 million people a market with dazzling prospects and a potential source "of supply of goods they can market profitably in their countries." The official organ of the …

A Symposium On State Trading, William W. Bishop, Jr., Edwin D. Dickinson

Vanderbilt Law Review

It is a privilege and an honor to be invited to introduce the following collection of articles on State Trading. In planning and organizing this symposium, the Vanderbilt Law Review has chosen to deal with an important factor in contemporary economic life--a factor which has widespread ramifications in both domestic and international law. The included articles cover a wide variety of subjects, and represent view-points which differ considerably. They have the common quality of clear and full presentation of information about current problems, while at the same time suggesting further lines for investigation. Each article offers much of interest and …

State Trading Monopolies In The European Economic Community, Ernst-Joachim Mestmacker

Vanderbilt Law Review

Governments have long recognized state trading monopolies as convenient devices to achieve political and commercial objectives concurrently, using the leverage of their economic power to political ends and vice versa. The effectiveness of the Boston Tea Party, and its aftermath, in adjusting state trading monopolies to the requirements of free trade settled the problem for the United States only. Thus, when the parties to the Treaty of Rome' agreed to divest themselves of their control over intra-Community trade by the establishment of a customs union, they were faced with the problems posed by their trading monopolies as well. The state …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Civil Rights--Federal Criminal Code Protects Rights Secured by Fourteenth Amendment

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Civil Rights--Removal--Strict Interpretation of Federal Removal Statute Affirmed

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Labor Law--Judicial Review of Arbitrator's Authority To Imply Contractual Condition

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Labor Relations--Federal Preemption of Defamation Suits Arising in Course of Organizational Campaign

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State and Local Taxation--Economic Exploitation Sufficient Connection To Require Non-Resident Seller To Collect Use Tax

Legislation, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

In United States v. Philadelphia Nat'l Bank,' the Supreme Court enjoined a proposed merger of the second and third largest commercial banks in Philadelphia. The Court held, inter alia, that section 7 of the Clayton Act 2 applied to bank mergers, and that the merger in question might substantially lessen competition. Central to the reasoning of the majority was the premise that an unchecked trend toward concentration of market power in commercial banking is contrary to the public interest in maintaining competition among existing commercial banks. Since commercial banking had traditionally been considered exempt from section 7 prosecution, the cry …

Discharge In The "Law" Of Arbitration, Roland P. Wilder Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

The vast majority of arbitrators will refuse to find just cause unless the discharge penalty bears some reasonable relation to the seriousness of the grievant's offense. They believe it to be their responsibility to determine whether the "punishment fits the crime" by realistically appraising the wrongful act's deleterious effects on the industrial community. If the grievant's proven offense appears to merit discipline short of discharge, the arbitrator usually will feel compelled to modify the discharge penalty in favor of some lesser degree of discipline. Since this amounts to a review of the penalty imposed by management, there is a substantial …

Class Gifts Of Future Interests: When Is Survival Required?, Herman L. Trautman

Vanderbilt Law Review

Because of recent significant developments, this article will under-take to deal with the requirement of survival in class gifts of future interests both with respect to the responsibility of a lawyer who plans an estate and with the problem confronting the courts in the many cases where either holographic wills are allowed or lawyers fail to discharge their professional responsibility concerning this litigious issue. By way of introduction, it will first stress the importance of a proper training for professional responsibility in this area. It will then attempt to provide a proper perspective for the courts to deal with the …

The United States Congress And Internal Reform, Robert F. Sittig

Vanderbilt Law Review

It has now been twenty years since the United States altered its internal machinery in a comprehensive attempt at modernization. Its willingness, in 1946, to adopt most of the changes suggested by a congressional study committee indicated the timeliness of that reorganization. The basic areas changed were: standing committees (size,jurisdiction, membership and operating procedures); regulation of lobby groups; coordination and supervision of fiscal affairs; and the bringing of professional research staffs to Congress. Most of these modifications were quickly implemented after passage of the act.' Of those given a trial, many met the test of time and have become a …

Trespassing Children: A Study In Expanding Liability, R. Neal Batson

Vanderbilt Law Review

When confronted with a case involving a child plaintiff, attorneys and the courts should recognize that the doctrine of attractive nuisance is only one of several theories on which the plaintiff may proceed against a landowner. The status of a plaintiff should first be determined. If the child is a trespasser, then either the constant trespasser theory, the known trespasser theory, or the doctrine of attractive nuisance may be applicable. It is possible, however, that the court may reject any one or all of these theories and decide the particular case under the general negligence principles of foreseeability of harm …

Book Reviews, Henry N. Wieman, Jerome Hall

Vanderbilt Law Review

The problem discussed by Professor Stumpf in his book Morality and the Law can be summarized by these questions: Do we have two kinds of prescribed conduct, one prescribed by morality independent of the government, the other prescribed by government independent of morality? Or is prescription by government necessarily moral because government is necessarily moral by reason of being the government? If not, under what conditions, if any, does prescription by government become a moral prescription? Under what conditions, if any, is government, by law, a matter of expedience, not to be confused with morality?

reviewer: Henry Nelson Wieman

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Miranda--Some History, Some Observations, And Some Questions, Karl P. Warden

Vanderbilt Law Review

At this writing Miranda v. Arizona' is less than four months old. Although its place in the annals of leading constitutional decisions is assured, its meaning for, and influence upon, the criminal law process in the United States is not at all certain. It will require years of data accumulation and analysis to determine how profound an effect it will have and to evaluate that effect in terms of social impact. It is too soon to know whether the Miranda case has started a new revolution in the administration of criminal justice or has merely ended an old one. Is …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Antitrust Law--Conspiracy To Eliminate Discounters From Automobile Market a Per Se Violation of Sherman Act

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Antitrust Law--Merger of Two Major Competitors in Industry with History of Concentration Violates Section 7 of Clayton Act

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Criminal Law--Future Confessions Will Be Inadmissible Unless Specified Pre-trial Procedures Are Followed

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Juvenile Courts--Juvenile Delinquent Entitled to Hearing On Question of Waiver of Jurisdiction

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Labor Law--Public Carrier Can Make Unnegotiated Unilateral Changes in Collective Agreements When "Reasonably Necessary" To Maintain Service

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Labor Law--In Future NLRB Elections, Employer Must Furnish List of Employees' Names and Addresses

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Taxation--Thin Incorporation Not Tantamount to Disqualification …

The Plaintiff In Default, Richard H. Lee

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article is concerned with one basic fact pattern. A party to a contract has commenced performance but has stopped short of completion. His failure to perform further is legally inexcusable. The other party has not performed, but is not in default. Can the one in default salvage anything from the wreckage of the contract when he himself "cast it on the rocks"? Can he recover the value of his part performance despite the fact that he refused to abide by his contract? The answer most commonly given by the courts is a righteous no.' But there are many factors …

Restitution In England, R. H. Maudsley

Vanderbilt Law Review

So long as a constructive trust will be imposed whenever it is necessary to prevent unjust enrichment, the terminological question is unimportant. If a situation requires a trustee's duties to be imposed upon a constructive trustee, the English court will do that. It may be that this will be a trust which the "beneficiary" can terminate by demanding the property and in that situation the two views of the constructive trust coalesce. If the problem is one of tracing it into a mixed fund by claiming a proportionate share of the fund or of the property purchased with it, then …

Real Property Depreciation Recapture: An Ineffectual Reform Of The Tax Laws, Charles S. Franklin

Vanderbilt Law Review

This note stems from a belief that an asymmetrical body of tax laws is a challenge to the legal profession which, by training, experience and tradition, is well situated to spur and guide reform. It is my intention to outline the story of but one section of the Internal Revenue Code: why it was proposed, what it sought to do, how it underwent modification by an unsympathetic congressional committee, and how it was finally enacted as a superficial compromise with the underlying asymmetry of our tax laws. In short, what follows is an appended bar in the organ theme entitled …

Forward: A Symposium On Restitution, John P. Dawson

Vanderbilt Law Review

The editors of the Vanderbilt Law Review deserve praise for arranging this symposium on the neglected subject of Restitution, a great and growing area of our private law whose literature is extra-ordinarily meager. Partly because of this neglect by legal scholars,the practicing profession as a whole remains unaware of the range and variety of restitutionary remedies and the possibilities they offer for solving problems that are otherwise intractable. The volume of restitution cases reported in current advance sheets shows that courts and lawyers are learning to make use of restitution remedies, but the subject still inspires hesitation and diffidence, for …

The English Constructive Trust:A Look Into The Future, D. W.M. Waters

Vanderbilt Law Review

In view of the history of the common law and of equity, a history shared by all common law jurisdictions, it would be nonsense to say that English law does not offer the deprived plaintiff relief. Of course, it does. What we have not been willing to do, however, is to rationalise the miscellany of remedies that exist. And, since we have not been prepared to rationalise, there are inconsistencies be-tween and within remedies, and a marked lack of development, particularly on the equity side. This has long been the complaint of the English lawyers who, since Lord Wright's first …

Book Reviews, John W. Wade, Gray Thoran Professor, Ronald M. Maudsley Professor Of Law

Vanderbilt Law Review

THE LAW OF RESTITUTION

By Robert Goff and Gareth Jones

London:Sweet & Maxwell, 1966. Pp. xxix, 540.

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CASES AND MATERIALS ON RESTITUTION

Second Edition.

By John W.Wade Brooklyn

The Foundation Press, Inc., 1966. P. xl, 866. $12.00.

Restitution On Default And Article Two Of The Uniform Commercial Code, Robert J. Nordstrom

Vanderbilt Law Review

Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, entitled Sales, contains an entire chapter (Part 7) devoted to remedies. This chapter reveals two basic philosophies. First, the draftsmen were concerned with developing a pattern of recovery following default by one of the parties, even though default is but one reason for the nonperformance of promises. Second, the remedies which are codified emphasize the expectation interest of the nondefaulting party and almost ignore any development of the restitution interest. This emphasis upon the expectation interest singles out only one judicial approach by which the economic interests of the parties can be readjusted …

Restitution For Benefits Conferred Without Request, John W. Wade

Vanderbilt Law Review

The principle is now fully recognized in this country that a "person who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to make restitution to the other." This is the language of the first section of the Restatement of Restitution.' When one person confers a benefit upon another without the latter's solicitation, the benefit received constitutes an enrichment--a windfall, so to speak. This benefit may take one of several forms. It may involve (1) transferring property to the defendant, (2) saving, preserving or improving his property, (3) rendering personal services for him, or (4) performing for him …

Private Legislation And The Duty To Read--Business Run By Ibm Machine, The Law Of Contracts And Credit Cards, Stewart Macaulay

Vanderbilt Law Review

"It will not do for a man to enter into a contract, and, when called upon to abide by its conditions, say that he did not read it when he signed it, or did not know what it contained."' This rallying cry often is sounded in contracts and restitution opinions. Sometimes it makes such good sense that it is axiomatic. Yet in common with all grand slogans, there are situations where it just doesn't fit...

More difficult are the cases where the words are there in a form more easily read and understood but where the probabilities are very great …

Income Splitting As A Means Of Avoiding Taxes, Allen T. Malone

Vanderbilt Law Review

The purpose of this note is to examine the present tax treatment of the three most popular income splitting devices used to avoid taxes: the family partnership, multiple trusts, and multiple corporations. In Part II, the various congressional and judicial limits and sanctions imposed upon these devices will be discussed along with recently proposed regulatory legislation. Part III will consist of an evaluation of the suggested limitations upon the use of income splitting devices. The ultimate concern of this note is to arrive at some conclusions as to the general approach and the specific methods best suited (1) to regulate …

The Legislature's Power To Judge The Qualifications Of Its Members, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Because federal and state constitutions require members of the legislative branch of the government to meet certain qualifications, the legal existence of a legislative body is dependent upon compliance with those constitutional requirements.' However, by express constitutional provisions, and by traditional legislative practice and usage, the legislature itself is deemed to be the final judge of the election and qualifications of its members. Section 5 of article I of the United States Constitution provides: "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members ...." The constitutions of all the states contain provisions to …

Bankruptcy As An Occasion For Restitutionary Claims, William F. Young Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

Whether we are concerned with claims against the estate or with voidable transfers, it is essential to note that the Bankruptcy Act makes the filing of a bankruptcy petition a decisive event: a transaction occurring after the filing is likely to have consequences far different from what would have ensued if it had occurred before. The date of filing is, indeed, one of the very meanings of the word "bankruptcy" as it appears in the act. This point of distinction must be observed in each part of the discussion that follows. In the main, Part II concerns restitutionary principles in …