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Articles 31 - 60 of 234
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Preemployment Ethical Role Of Lawyers: Are Lawyers Really Fiduciaries?, Fred C. Zacharias
The Preemployment Ethical Role Of Lawyers: Are Lawyers Really Fiduciaries?, Fred C. Zacharias
William & Mary Law Review
This Article considers the nature and extent of lawyers' obligations to prospective clients. Most jurisdictions have rules forbidding certain kinds of representation, requiring that particular information be given clients in writing, and regulating fees. Professional code drafters, courts, and commentators, however, have never addressed the broader issue of the lawyer's role at the retainer stage of representation, including whether lawyers have responsibility for providing prospective clients with candid advice regarding the course they should pursue.
The issue is important to clients. A lawyer's action may determine whether a client obtains any representation, competent representation, or a lawyer well suited to …
Raise The Proof: A Default Rule For Indigent Defense, Adam M. Gershowitz
Raise The Proof: A Default Rule For Indigent Defense, Adam M. Gershowitz
Faculty Publications
Almost everyone agrees that indigent defense in America is underfunded, but workable solutions have been hard to come by. For the most part, courts have been unwilling to inject themselves into legislative budget decisions. And, when courts have become involved and issued favorable decisions, the benefits have been only temporary because once the pressure of litigation disappears so does a legislature's desire to appropriate more funding. This Article proposes that if an indigent defense system is under-funded, the state supreme court should impose a default rule raising the standard of proof to "beyond all doubt" to convict indigent defendants. The …
The Price Of Misdemeanor Representation, Erica J. Hashimoto
The Price Of Misdemeanor Representation, Erica J. Hashimoto
William & Mary Law Review
Nobody disputes either the reality of excessive caseloads in indigent defense systems or their negative effects. More than forty years after Gideon v. Wainwright, however, few seem willing to accept that additional resources will not magically appear to solve the problem. Rather, concerned observers demand more funds while state and local legislators resist those entreaties in the face of political resistance and pressures to balance government budgets. Recognizing that indigent defense systems must operate in a world of limited resources, states should reduce the number of cases streaming into those systems by significantly curtailing the appointment of counsel in low-level …
Contributory Disparate Impacts In Employment Discrimination Law, Peter Siegelman
Contributory Disparate Impacts In Employment Discrimination Law, Peter Siegelman
William & Mary Law Review
An employer who adopts a facially neutral employment practice that disqualifies a larger proportion of protected-class applicants than others is liable under a disparate impact theory. Defendants can escape liability if they show that the practice is justified by business necessity. But demonstrating business necessity requires costly validation studies that themselves impose a significant burden on defendants-upwards of $100,000 according to some estimates. This Article argues that an employer should have a defense against disparate impact liability if it can show that protected-class applicants failed to make reasonable efforts to train or prepare for a job related test. That is, …
"You Fall Into Scylla In Seeking To Avoid Charybdis": The Second Circuit's Pragmatic Approach To Supervised Release For Sex Offenders, Frank E. Correll Jr.
"You Fall Into Scylla In Seeking To Avoid Charybdis": The Second Circuit's Pragmatic Approach To Supervised Release For Sex Offenders, Frank E. Correll Jr.
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.
Funerals And Free Speech, Timothy Zick
The Noose, Timothy Zick
Second Life And Cyber-Activism, Timothy Zick
Campus Speech In The “Post-Virginia Tech World”, Timothy Zick
Campus Speech In The “Post-Virginia Tech World”, Timothy Zick
Popular Media
No abstract provided.
The Nanny State — It Takes A Village, Timothy Zick
The Nanny State — It Takes A Village, Timothy Zick
Popular Media
No abstract provided.
Be It Resolved . . ., Timothy Zick
May Day Mea Culpa, Timothy Zick
A Rush To Condemn, Timothy Zick
Please Don’T Feed The Homeless, Timothy Zick
The Application Of The Religious Freedom Restoration Act To Appearance Regulations That Presumptively Prohibit Observant Sikh Lawyers From Joining The U.S. Army Judge Advocate General Corps, Rajdeep Singh Jolly
The Application Of The Religious Freedom Restoration Act To Appearance Regulations That Presumptively Prohibit Observant Sikh Lawyers From Joining The U.S. Army Judge Advocate General Corps, Rajdeep Singh Jolly
W&M Law Student Publications
Observant Sikh lawyers are presumptively prohibited from joining the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General (JAG) Corps because they cannot satisfy the Army's appearance regulations. This essay argues that this presumptive prohibition violates the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). Under RFRA, the federal government may substantially burden an individual's exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that its application of the burden furthers a compelling governmental interest by the least restrictive means.' The Army's appearance regulations are designed to promote two interests-uniformity and safety. In the course of furthering these interests, the Army's appearance regulations effectively preclude observant Sikhs from joining …
The First Amendment As/And Harassment, Timothy Zick
The First Amendment As/And Harassment, Timothy Zick
Popular Media
No abstract provided.
California's Domestic Partnership Law: Incremental Progress Or Dramatic Social Change?, Carol A. Docan, Richard F. Sperling
California's Domestic Partnership Law: Incremental Progress Or Dramatic Social Change?, Carol A. Docan, Richard F. Sperling
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
Effective January 1, 2005, the California Domestic Partner Rights and Responsibilities Act of 2003 (CDPRRA) replaced the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, vesting registered domestic partners with new rights and a court termination procedure similar to divorce. Does the new statute legalize gay marriage? Are domestic partners eligible for spousal support? Are the registration and termination procedures voluntary? Does the Unruh Civil Rights Act now require businesses and private organizations to include gay members? The article reviews the new law and analyzes how three recent court decisions resolve these controversial issues.
To "Bring Down The Flowers": The Cultural Context Of Abortion Law In Early Modern England, Carla Spivack
To "Bring Down The Flowers": The Cultural Context Of Abortion Law In Early Modern England, Carla Spivack
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
This article takes issue with claims made by Joseph Dellapenna in his 2006 book, Dispelling the Myths of Abortion History, which claims to correct the "distortions of the history" of abortion law underlying Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Dellapenna argues that, contrary to Justice Blackmun's historic analysis in Roe, "abortion was considered a serious crime throughout most of European history" and that "courts did... punish abortions before quickening during the Middle Ages." This article shows that Dellapenna's argument relies on serious misreading of cases and ignorance of the relevant historical, medical, and cultural context, and that pre-quickening or …
Petruska V. Gannon University: A Crack In The Stained Glass Ceiling, Sarah Fulton
Petruska V. Gannon University: A Crack In The Stained Glass Ceiling, Sarah Fulton
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
An examination of the protections afforded to religious institutions in their hiring decisions. Both § 702 of the Civil Rights Act and the judicially created ministerial exception allow churches to use criteria that other employers are not permitted to use under the law when making hiring decisions. Beginning with McClure v. Salvation Army, courts have slowly expanded the scope of these protections, leading up to the recent case of Petruska v. Gannon University. Petruska provides an example of the extent to which a broad reading of § 702 and the ministerial exception can harm religious workers. The opinion of Judge …
Who Is To Shame? Narratives Of Neonaticide, Susan Ayres
Who Is To Shame? Narratives Of Neonaticide, Susan Ayres
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
In seventeenth-century England, single women who killed their newborns were believed to have acted to hide their shame. They were prosecuted under the 1624 Concealment Law and punished by death. This harsh response eventually evolved into a more humane and sympathetic one, as shown by the increasing number of acquittals in the late eighteenth century and by the sharp drop of prosecutions in the late nineteenth century. Then, in 1922, England passed the Infanticide Act, amended in 1938, which provided that a mother who killed her child would be prosecuted for manslaughter, not murder. Today, the great majority of women …
Forced Marriage And The Granting Of Asylum: A Reason To Hope After Gao V. Gonzales, Cara Goeller
Forced Marriage And The Granting Of Asylum: A Reason To Hope After Gao V. Gonzales, Cara Goeller
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
This note addresses the significance of Gao v. Gonzales through the analysis of the development of asylum gender laws in the United States. The analysis includes a brief history of asylum law in the United States and the issues the courts have addressed concerning gender and asylum law. The note concludes with an analysis of the Gao decision and the potential consequences of the decision.
Reading The Pink Locker Room: On Football Culture And Title Ix, Erin E. Buzuvis
Reading The Pink Locker Room: On Football Culture And Title Ix, Erin E. Buzuvis
William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice
This article examines the public controversy that erupted after local media reported on a comment I made about the University of Iowa's decision to renovate the football stadium's visiting team locker room entirely in pink. I submitted my statement in response to the University Steering Committee on NCAA Certification's request for feedback on a draft report and suggested that the "joke" behind the pink d6cor traded in sexist and homophobic values. As such, I concluded that it belonged in the comprehensive analysis of gender equity that the committee was preparing. I immediately received hundreds of hateful e-mails and was the …
Signing Statements And Divided Government, Neal Devins
Signing Statements And Divided Government, Neal Devins
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Introduction: The Last Word? The Constitutional Implications Of Presidential Signing Statements, Charlie Savage
Introduction: The Last Word? The Constitutional Implications Of Presidential Signing Statements, Charlie Savage
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
A Matter Of Direction: The Reagan Administration, The Signing Statement, And The 1986 Westlaw Decision, Christopher S. Kelley
A Matter Of Direction: The Reagan Administration, The Signing Statement, And The 1986 Westlaw Decision, Christopher S. Kelley
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Second Class Citizen Soldiers: A Proposal For Greater First Amendment Protections For America's Military Personnel, Emily Reuter
Second Class Citizen Soldiers: A Proposal For Greater First Amendment Protections For America's Military Personnel, Emily Reuter
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
No abstract provided.
Challenging Political Boundaries In Post-Conflict States, Angela M. Banks
Challenging Political Boundaries In Post-Conflict States, Angela M. Banks
Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Unfulfilled Expectations: An Empirical Analysis Of Why Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblowers Rarely Win, Richard E. Moberly
Unfulfilled Expectations: An Empirical Analysis Of Why Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblowers Rarely Win, Richard E. Moberly
William & Mary Law Review
Scholars praise the whistleblower protections of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 as one of the most protective anti-retaliation provisions in the world. Yet, during its first three years, only 3.6% of Sarbanes-Oxley whistleblowers won relief through the initial administrative process that adjudicates such claims, and only 6.5% of whistleblowers won appeals through the process. This Article reports the results of an empirical study of all Department of Labor Sarbanes-Oxley determinations during this time, consisting of over 700 separate decisions from administrative investigations and hearings. The results of this detailed analysis demonstrate that administrative decision makers strictly construed, and in …
The Mythic 43 Million Americans With Disabilities, Ruth Colker
The Mythic 43 Million Americans With Disabilities, Ruth Colker
William & Mary Law Review
Although Congress stated in its first statutory finding that it intended the Americans with DisabilitiesA ct (ADA) to protect at least 43 million Americans from disability discrimination, the Supreme Court has interpreted this statute so that it covers no more than 13.5 million Americans. More importantly, this Article demonstrates through the use of Census Bureau data that the ADA's employment discrimination provisions have been eviscerated to the point that the ADA protects virtually no Americans who are both disabled and able to work. This Article places that problem in the larger context of the Court undermining Congress's efforts to protect …
Sentencing Acquitted Conduct To The Post-Booker Dustbin, James J. Bilsborrow
Sentencing Acquitted Conduct To The Post-Booker Dustbin, James J. Bilsborrow
William & Mary Law Review
No abstract provided.