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Full-Text Articles in Systems Science

Research On Simulation Platform For Equipment System Analysis, Yuping Li, Shaojie Mao, Zhenqi Ju, Zhou Fang, Guoqiang Yan Dec 2019

Research On Simulation Platform For Equipment System Analysis, Yuping Li, Shaojie Mao, Zhenqi Ju, Zhou Fang, Guoqiang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the development of equipment construction from platform-centric to network-centric, simulation analysis of equipment system is an important means and tool to support the transformation and development of equipment construction under the condition of multi-task joint operation. Starting from the requirement of system simulation analysis, a cloud-based equipment system simulation architecture is proposed to realize flexible and configurable simulation environment according to task requirements; and a high-performance simulation framework is conducted, which provides strong support for different application modes, such as parallel hyper-real-time and distributed simulation deduction. The unified description, organization and management method of model and data resources …


Parallel Tasks Optimization Scheduling In Cloud Manufacturing System, Chenwei Feng, Wang Yan Dec 2019

Parallel Tasks Optimization Scheduling In Cloud Manufacturing System, Chenwei Feng, Wang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the problem of unbalanced resource requirements and low resource utilization when the same type of tasks are executed in parallel in the cloud manufacturing system, a task resource scheduling model with the goal of minimizing cost, minimizing time, maximizing reliability and optimizing quality is established. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm based on reference points (NSGA-III) is adopted to solve the model by combining real number matrix coding and crossover and mutation based on real number coding instead of common evolutionary strategy. And an optimal decision strategy based on combination of analytic hierarchy process and entropy value method …


Research On Source Seeking Methods Of Harmful Gas Leakage In Chemical Industry Parks, Zhao Yong, Bin Chen, Xiaodong Wang, Zhengqiu Zhu, Rongxiao Wang, Xiaogang Qiu Dec 2019

Research On Source Seeking Methods Of Harmful Gas Leakage In Chemical Industry Parks, Zhao Yong, Bin Chen, Xiaodong Wang, Zhengqiu Zhu, Rongxiao Wang, Xiaogang Qiu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Chemical production safety accidents often lead to harmful gas leakage, causing serious environmental damage and casualties. Mastering the information of leaking source quickly can assist in emergency disposal decisions and reduce the harm of accidents. In this paper, Entrotaxis algorithm is used to guide the ground source seeking equipment to move to the vicinity of the leaking source quickly and autonomously in a chemical park scene, and to master the source information. According to the characteristics of the chemical industry park scene, this paper applies intermittent search module into Entrotaxis algorithm and proposes a robust and suitable algorithm (Entrotaxis-Jump …


Multi-Objective Optimization Design Of Aerodynamic Layout For Twin Swept-Wing Aircraft, Yuchang Lei, Dengcheng Zhang, Yanhua Zhang, Guangxu Su, Luo Hao, Zhan Ren Dec 2019

Multi-Objective Optimization Design Of Aerodynamic Layout For Twin Swept-Wing Aircraft, Yuchang Lei, Dengcheng Zhang, Yanhua Zhang, Guangxu Su, Luo Hao, Zhan Ren

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Multi-objective optimization of aerodynamic layout is a key technology in the design of vehicles. The overall configuration of the shape parameters is optimized with a double swept-shaped wave shape as the basic configuration. We use NSGA-Ⅱ multi-objective genetic algorithm, take the aircraft double sweep angle as the design variable, consider the maximum takeoff weight, range, volume ratio and other performance indicators, use Elman neural network to establish the relationship between shape parameters and performance parameters, and establish constraints based on mission planning requirements. The Pareto optimal solution set is obtained by using optimized design and the individuals with …


Fast Simulation Of Yacht In Calm Water Based On Improved Savitsky Method, Xiaochen Li, Yin Yong Dec 2019

Fast Simulation Of Yacht In Calm Water Based On Improved Savitsky Method, Xiaochen Li, Yin Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An improved Savitsky method is proposed to increase the accuracy of mathematical model of yacht in fast simulation. Three degrees of freedom mathematical model is established to simulate the motion in displacement regime. warped hull forms of yachts are simplified into prismatic hull and improved Savitsky method is used to calculate resistance. The simulation is carried out in pre-planing regime and planing regime. The validity of the proposed method has been assessed by comparing results with previous experimental data, which shows good agreements. The improved method runs well and the result is accurate when it is added to the …


Study On Optimization Of Shore Bridge Operator Scheduling Considering The Influence Of Ambient Temperature, Yibin Wang, Haihong Yu, Danlan Xie Dec 2019

Study On Optimization Of Shore Bridge Operator Scheduling Considering The Influence Of Ambient Temperature, Yibin Wang, Haihong Yu, Danlan Xie

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The refinement of port management puts forward new requirements for its service capacity, and human factors are the key factors affecting the port service capacity. It is a new and feasible research direction to improve port operation efficiency by adjusting human factors. Based on the theoretical model of temperature affecting efficiency, this paper uses FlexSim system simulation software to analyze the change of employee's working efficiency with time, and studies the optimal scheduling strategy of shore bridge operators under different temperatures. Finally, it is concluded that when the ambient temperature is suitable for human body, the eight-hour scheduling …


Synergic Production Scheduling Method For Distributed Multi-Plants Based On Fusion Decision Tree, Wang Yan, Tianlun Jiang Dec 2019

Synergic Production Scheduling Method For Distributed Multi-Plants Based On Fusion Decision Tree, Wang Yan, Tianlun Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the synergic production scheduling optimization problem of distributed multi-plants, it is necessary to consider the two stages of job allocation between factories and job scheduling in factories at the same time. This paper first establishes a distributed multi-plant scheduling model with total cost and advance/delay as the optimization objectives, and then proposes a nested optimization algorithm framework integrating ID3 decision tree with Gauss particle swarm optimization. In this framework, independent scheduling optimization within the factory is nested in the process of inter factory allocation optimization, and elite retention strategy is introduced to improve the algorithm optimization. In …


Overview Of Cooperative Target Assignment, Ou Qiao, Xiaoyuan He, Jiuyang Tao Dec 2019

Overview Of Cooperative Target Assignment, Ou Qiao, Xiaoyuan He, Jiuyang Tao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The concept and connotation of combat coordination are briefly analyzed. The historical origin of cooperative target allocation and its orientation in command and control process are expounded. The research status of collaborative target allocation in model building and algorithm solving is analyzed comprehensively, the shortcomings of current research is pointed out. It is proposed that for the next step we should pay more attention to large-scale collaborative target allocation under dynamic and confrontational conditions, and focus on the real-time, adaptability and iterative evolution mechanism of the algorithm.


Research On Clock Synchronization Of Simulation System Based On Ethernet And Optical Fiber Network, Yulin Meng, Shen Tao, Shuaihao Wang, Lüyi Zhao, Chengshi Tang Dec 2019

Research On Clock Synchronization Of Simulation System Based On Ethernet And Optical Fiber Network, Yulin Meng, Shen Tao, Shuaihao Wang, Lüyi Zhao, Chengshi Tang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the development of simulation communication and Ethernet clock synchronization technology, the traditional timing simulation method based on real-time operating system can not meet the accuracy requirements of clock synchronization between multi-simulation systems. A time synchronization method between simulation systems based on IEEE1588 clock synchronization protocol and optical fiber reflection memory network is proposed, in which the Beidou/GPS timing device periodically calibrates the real-time operating system, and the real-time operating system divides the frequency of the calibrated clock information and synchronizes the clock of each simulation system through the high-speed optical fiber reflection memory network. The clock synchronization …


Research On Control Technology Of Aeroengine Heat Exchanger, Qingyang Jiang, Song Hua Dec 2019

Research On Control Technology Of Aeroengine Heat Exchanger, Qingyang Jiang, Song Hua

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to solve the high temperature problem caused by the high speed of the synergistic aspirating engine, this paper designs a control algorithm for the heat exchanger. In the process of designing the control algorithm, considering the strong nonlinearity, uncertainty and strong coupling of the engine, The decoupling study of the multi-input and multi-output linear model of the heat exchanger is carried out. The decoupling effect of two different decoupling methods on the strongly coupled heat exchanger is obtained. The fuzzy decoupling PID controller has short adjustment time and overshoot. Small, conclusions with better decoupling effects.


Downhole Drilling Processing Data Acquisition And Stick Slip Characteristic Analysis, Huang Sheng, Zhang Tao, Chongjun Huang, Yumei Li, Deng Hu, Zhang Xia Dec 2019

Downhole Drilling Processing Data Acquisition And Stick Slip Characteristic Analysis, Huang Sheng, Zhang Tao, Chongjun Huang, Yumei Li, Deng Hu, Zhang Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: During oil drilling process, drill string vibrations are detrimental to the bit and drill string, which even causes failure of equipment. Researches show that, studying the law of near bit vibration data can reduce non-production time (NPT) and improve drilling efficiency. This paper uses power spectral density and wavelet transform to analyze vibration signals, then compares with normal drilling situation to find out stick slip characteristics. The results show that, when stick slip occurs, the mean value of lateral vibration fluctuates greatly, which indicates stick slip is mainly based on torsional vibration. From the perspective of power spectral density …


Research On Mechanical Configuration Of Automatic Container Terminals Based On Simulation Optimization Method, Shaozheng Yu, Dongshi Sun, Chen Jing, Yongchao Li Dec 2019

Research On Mechanical Configuration Of Automatic Container Terminals Based On Simulation Optimization Method, Shaozheng Yu, Dongshi Sun, Chen Jing, Yongchao Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the study of mechanical configuration problem of automated container terminal, a system simulation model based on discrete event simulation is constructed. The key parameters and interference factors that affect the performance of the system are fully considered in the model and a mechanical scheduling algorithm interface to ensure the effectiveness of the simulation model is designed. On the premise of ensuring the reliability of the container terminal system, a cycle optimization method of mechanical configuration scheme is proposed to minimize the cost. An example is given to solve the mechanical configuration scheme of an automatic container terminal. …


Research On The Simulation Technology For Multi-Aerocraft Cooperative Guidance, Li Jing, Han Jian, Zhang Qing Dec 2019

Research On The Simulation Technology For Multi-Aerocraft Cooperative Guidance, Li Jing, Han Jian, Zhang Qing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The formal system of multi- aerocraft cooperative simulation system is identified as the discrete event system & different equation system specifications (DEV&DESS) through the analysis of the composition and running mechanism. The running control problem of cooperative simulation system is transformed into simulation control problem of a specific DEV&DESS system. A dynamic operation control method for cooperative guidance simulation system based on coordinator is proposed, and this method is validated by real-time mathematical simulation experiments.


Knowledge Representation Method Of Joint Operation Situation Based On Knowledge Graph, Baokui Wang, Wu Lin, Xiaofeng Hu, Xiaoyuan He Dec 2019

Knowledge Representation Method Of Joint Operation Situation Based On Knowledge Graph, Baokui Wang, Wu Lin, Xiaofeng Hu, Xiaoyuan He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Lacking of common knowledge for understanding and judging complex situation of operation by machines is one of the difficulties in intelligent situation cognition. The knowledge representation methods based on knowledge graph are reviewed. The characteristics and difficulties of joint operation situation knowledge representation are analyzed. Moreover, the concept of scenario knowledge graph is presented, as well as the knowledge sources and basic content of scenario knowledge graph are described. This paper also points out that the joint knowledge representation method based on discrete symbols and continuous vectors in specific scenario is an effective way to express joint operation situation …


Decision-Making Method For Formulating Spares Reserve Scheme Based On Deep Neural Network, Yunjing Zhang, Guangming Tang, Xiaoyu Xu Dec 2019

Decision-Making Method For Formulating Spares Reserve Scheme Based On Deep Neural Network, Yunjing Zhang, Guangming Tang, Xiaoyu Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Spare parts classification is important for spare parts storage and is a key part of spare parts decision-making activities. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the reserve scheme of wartime spares. Then by analyzing the inherent attributes of wartime spares, two methods of spare parts classification are proposed to determine the variety and quantity of wartime spares based on deep neural network: (1) Ranks wartime spares according to their importance. A relatively simple deep neural network is used to analyze every attribute of the wartime spares in turn; (2) Inputs all the attributes of wartime spares into a relatively …


A Mesh Model Simplification Method Based On Visual Feature Preservation, Che Li, Dejun Tang, Shimin Li, Fengju Kang Dec 2019

A Mesh Model Simplification Method Based On Visual Feature Preservation, Che Li, Dejun Tang, Shimin Li, Fengju Kang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problems of mesh visual feature loss and oversimplification in mesh simplification algorithm, a visual feature preservation based triangle mesh model simplification algorithm is proposed. The multi-viewpoint perception method is used to measure the visual perception error caused by the difference between the original and the simplified model in the two-dimensional view under the optimal viewpoint set. Based on QEM algorithm, a novel geometric error metric is built by introducing the triangle shape factor. The triangle collapse error function is defined by combining visual perception and geometric error to control the simplified depth of the model. Through …


Urban Functional Area Identification Method Based On Mobile Big Data, Xiao Di, Xiaoyong Zhang, Hu Yang Dec 2019

Urban Functional Area Identification Method Based On Mobile Big Data, Xiao Di, Xiaoyong Zhang, Hu Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the rapid development of urbanization, the function of urban land is constantly evolving. It is of great significance to identify urban functional areas in real time and accurately. In recent years, accompanied by the popularity of smart phones and the rapid development of the Internet, mobile phones have become sensors of human activities. In this paper, a method of urban functional area identification based on time series mobile phone data mining and POI semantics analysis is proposed. The time series feature of remaining mobile phone positioning is extracted facing block scale. And a FCM clustering algorithm based …


Design Of A Flexible System Simulation Evaluation Framework, Rusheng Ju, Zimin Cai, Wang Song, Wang Peng Dec 2019

Design Of A Flexible System Simulation Evaluation Framework, Rusheng Ju, Zimin Cai, Wang Song, Wang Peng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To meet variable evaluation requirement of complex system simulation, this paper puts forward a design strategy of flexible effectiveness evaluation framework. The composition structure of system simulation evaluation framework is analyzed. To help users design reference dynamically, the method of evaluation reference edit and display is introduced based on Web. To enhance the extensibility of evaluation model, the method of interface design and code generation is investigated. To ensure the flexibility and extensibility of evaluation framework, the relation and mapping mechanism of evaluation references, evaluation model and evaluation result is studied. The framework is realized and verified in …


Intelligent Fire Rescue Based On Internet Of Things And Virtual Reality, Fengting Yan, Zhicai Shi, Qianmin Su, Dong Jing, Jue Chen, Yunyu Shi, Tang Xian Dec 2019

Intelligent Fire Rescue Based On Internet Of Things And Virtual Reality, Fengting Yan, Zhicai Shi, Qianmin Su, Dong Jing, Jue Chen, Yunyu Shi, Tang Xian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The integration of virtual reality, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence can provide intelligent WebVR interaction for fire rescue decision-making. However, it is necessary to solve the problems of data lightweight, real-time data transmission based on the Internet of Things, and visualization of fire scenario data on the web, and to build effective mechanisms and algorithms. This paper proposes an intelligent fire rescue (IVIFR) mechanism based on the integration of Internet of Things and Virtual Reality, gives a virtual intelligent fire rescue (VIFR) algorithm, and constructs a prototype system of intelligent fire rescue. The VIFR algorithm …


Intelligent Manufacturing Plan Management Based On Digital Twins, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Liqin Guo, Xing Chi, Changhui Zhuang Dec 2019

Intelligent Manufacturing Plan Management Based On Digital Twins, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Liqin Guo, Xing Chi, Changhui Zhuang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the multi-variety and small-batch manufacturing mode, the planning management system cannot be timely automatically adjusted according to uncertain factors. This paper proposes an intelligent manufacturing plan management system based on factory digital twins. The plan management PDCA business process model is established. In addition, the processing logic model and constraints of the periodic static scheduling model and the dynamic emergency scheduling model are proposed. Based on the planning management case of hybrid assembly of two types of aerospace complex products, it is verified that the management model proposed in this paper can support the intelligent dynamic adjustment of …


A Cloud Service Composition Optimization Based On Hnn, Huili Zhang, Zhihe Li Dec 2019

A Cloud Service Composition Optimization Based On Hnn, Huili Zhang, Zhihe Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the rapid development of Cloud service application, how to effectively optimize the composition of Cloud services on cloud platform and improve the overall performance of cloud platform system have become an urgent research issue. In order to improve the efficiency of Cloud services, a combined optimization model based on Hopfield neural network is proposed. The problem of Cloud services is modeled. The problem is expressed as Hopfield Neural Network energy model for optimization, and a PSO group algorithm with Cauchy disturbance is designed to improve the Hopfield model. The experimental comparison shows that the method can improve …


A Parallel Simulation Method For Combat Organization And Implementation, Yaxin Tan, Jianhua Luo, Fan Rui, Zhiming Dong Dec 2019

A Parallel Simulation Method For Combat Organization And Implementation, Yaxin Tan, Jianhua Luo, Fan Rui, Zhiming Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the difficult problem of battle parallel simulation, the realization of parallel simulation based on combat organization is analyzed theoretically. Furthermore, a parallel simulation based on combat organization is proposed. One by one, the methods of the simulation task partitioning, the simulation task integration and interaction between integration method are given. This paper breaks through the key technology of parallel simulation, based on the parallel simulation integration framework, implements the system integration, builds the parallel simulation prototype system of the size of the brigade, develops parallel simulation task allocation software, designs the operational application case, and tests parallel …


Modeling And Simulation Of Complex Equipment Health Management System Based On Cloud Computing, Tianrui Zhang, Chuansheng Qu, Baoku Wu, Jianan Xu Dec 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Complex Equipment Health Management System Based On Cloud Computing, Tianrui Zhang, Chuansheng Qu, Baoku Wu, Jianan Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For complex equipment operation safely, the health management problems of complex equipment life cycle is analyzed. In order to realize remote service, complex equipment health management mode based on cloud computing is proposed. Aiming at the accuracy problem in the process of extracting and recognizing complex equipment characteristic data, the feature knowledge acquisition method based on ontology is researched, and the expression and acquisition algorithm of state characteristic knowledge is proposed. A task sequencing algorithm faults based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is proposed, an appropriate task assignment model is selected for scheduling health management technicians. …


Research On Eye Location And Head State Detection Based On Integrated Learning, Yingnian Wu, Mengjia He, Xiang Wei Dec 2019

Research On Eye Location And Head State Detection Based On Integrated Learning, Yingnian Wu, Mengjia He, Xiang Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For real-time detection of eye location problem, a real-time detection system of human eye based on Viola Jones algorithm is designed. Through the MATLAB, the real-time reading and positioning of the detected human eye pictures are controlled by the external or webcam. Through side view, top view, and upward view, it is shown that the human eye real-time positioning system has good detection effect and robustness. In view of the poor classification effect of small data sets on the head state, the random forest algorithm is used to classify the pitching Angle and yaw Angle by HOG-LBP fusion feature …


Dynamic Collision Optimization Algorithm Based On Ray Detection, Li Xing, Yanfang Fu, Wang Liang, Chengtao Lu Dec 2019

Dynamic Collision Optimization Algorithm Based On Ray Detection, Li Xing, Yanfang Fu, Wang Liang, Chengtao Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the inaccurate collision detection problem in Unity 3D-based visual simulation systems, a dynamic collision optimization algorithm based on ray detection is designed and implemented. The 3D virtual scene is segmented by octree, which simplifies the detection range of obstacles during the operation of simulation systems. At the same time, based on ray detection, according to the quantization coefficient and distance of the threat degree of obstacles, an appropriate collision collider is dynamically added to the obstacles to complete collision detection. The results show that the algorithm not only improves the fluency of visual simulation systems but also …


Design Of Universal Control Load System Of Helicopter Flight Simulator, Chen Zhen, Haikuan Yang, Jiang Nan, Yuancheng Wang, Tianjiao Jiang Dec 2019

Design Of Universal Control Load System Of Helicopter Flight Simulator, Chen Zhen, Haikuan Yang, Jiang Nan, Yuancheng Wang, Tianjiao Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To improve the universality and handling quality of control system of helicopter flight simulator, a universal control load system of helicopter flight simulator suitable for helicopter flight simulator is designed. The dynamic feedback model is proposed to solve the contradiction between control rigidity and stability, control precision and response frequency, the control rigidity and kinematic accuracy are improved.The operating load mechanism is designed, the system structure and drive system are simplified, the smoothness of force perception is improved; the third order smoothing algorithm and fieldbus technology based on EtherCAT are applied to improve the anti-jamming capability and response speed, …


Agent Based Modeling And Simulation Analysis Of Low-Orbit Early-Warning Satellites, Liu Wen, Xiaolu Wang, Hongsheng Wang, Zhang Heng, Changqing Wang Dec 2019

Agent Based Modeling And Simulation Analysis Of Low-Orbit Early-Warning Satellites, Liu Wen, Xiaolu Wang, Hongsheng Wang, Zhang Heng, Changqing Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Low-Orbit Early-Warning Satellite has accurate midcourse ballistic missile tracking and surveillance capability. The paper takes Space Tracking and Surveillance System’s function and construction as the research subject. System model is constructed based on Agent method. The possible constellation configurations of STSS are analyzed considering the coverage performance,and the detection capability of ballistic missile target is simulated and analyzed. Simulation analysis of target detection is carried out. The result shows that STSS can effectively detect a certain number of targets, but detecting capability is affected severely by solar illumination.


Simulation Of Vehicle Startup Delay At Green Light And Its Direct And Chain-Reaction Impact On Traffic Flow, Longxi Luo, Lijun Xie, Jianping Wu, Xu Ming Dec 2019

Simulation Of Vehicle Startup Delay At Green Light And Its Direct And Chain-Reaction Impact On Traffic Flow, Longxi Luo, Lijun Xie, Jianping Wu, Xu Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In current traffic simulations, it is implicitly assumed vehicles are driven by ideal drivers. Therefore, simulated vehicles make the most reasonable decisions such as moving out immediately when traffic lights turn green, resulting in a gap between simulations and real traffics. Research shows that drivers, including those who follow the rules, show a delay in starting-up their vehicles at the green light. The vehicle startup delay (SUD) is even more significant for drivers by things such as cell phones during waiting. However, the SUD has rarely been considered in simulations. The SUD is simulated to study its impacts on …


Robot Arm Control Method Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning, Heyu Li, Zhilong Zhao, Gu Lei, Liqin Guo, Zeng Bi, Tingyu Lin Dec 2019

Robot Arm Control Method Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning, Heyu Li, Zhilong Zhao, Gu Lei, Liqin Guo, Zeng Bi, Tingyu Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Deep reinforcement learning continues to explore in the environment and adjusts the neural network parameters by the reward function. The actual production line can not be used as the trial and error environment for the algorithm, so there is not enough data. For that, this paper constructs a virtual robot arm simulation environment, including the robot arm and the object. The Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG),in which the state variables and reward function are set,is trained by deep reinforcement learning algorithm in the simulation environment to realize the target of controlling the robot arm to move the gripper below …


Microscopic Simulation Based Evaluation Of Congestion Pricing For Beijing Urban Area, Jingchen Dai, Ruimin Li Dec 2019

Microscopic Simulation Based Evaluation Of Congestion Pricing For Beijing Urban Area, Jingchen Dai, Ruimin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the potential effect of congestion charging policy in large-scale road network, a micro-simulation platform Paramics is used to establish a simulation model within Beijing fourth ring road. On this basis, multiple congestion pricing scenarios are assessed in consideration of charging zones size, charging rate, and travel mode shift. When the travel mode shift is put aside, the analysis shows that selecting a larger charging zone is more effective on reducing vehicle kilometers of travel and may increase the total charge revenue. However, congestion pricing appears no potential to significantly affect the average speed of …