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Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons™

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2022

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Articles 511 - 540 of 742

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

The Impact Of Visual Feedback And Control Configuration On Pilot-Aircraft Interface Using Head Tracking Technology, Christopher M. Arnold Mar 2022

The Impact Of Visual Feedback And Control Configuration On Pilot-Aircraft Interface Using Head Tracking Technology, Christopher M. Arnold

Theses and Dissertations

Traditional control mechanisms restrict human input on the displays in 5th generation aircraft. This research explored methods for enhancing pilot interaction with large, information dense cockpit displays; specifically, the effects of visual feedback and control button configuration when augmenting cursor control with head tracking technology. Previous studies demonstrated that head tracking can be combined with traditional cursor control to decrease selection times but can increase pilot mental and physical workload. A human subject experiment was performed to evaluate two control button configurations and three visual feedback conditions. A Fitts Law analysis was performed to create predictive models of selection time …

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The Cyber Wargame Commodity Course Of Action Automated Analysis Method, Alex Hoffendahl Mar 2022

The Cyber Wargame Commodity Course Of Action Automated Analysis Method, Alex Hoffendahl

Theses and Dissertations

In the modern operational landscape, strategic decisions are made and executed, under uncertain conditions, with many potential constraints and limited information. The end goal of these decisions is to minimize and mitigate the effect of adversarial threats, which may or may not act in line with previous assumptions. Wargaming is a powerful tool that allows for the practical implementation of theoretical knowledge into real-world scenarios, enhancing decision-makers critical thinking and problem solving skills. Furthermore, including cyber-effects in a wargame leads to a broader decision scope for an entire operation. This research aims to enhance the analytical capabilities and overall usability …

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Characterizing Complex-Valued Neural Network Model Approximations Of 4-Input 4-Output Complex-Valued Reference Block Models, Larry C. Llewellyn Ii Mar 2022

Characterizing Complex-Valued Neural Network Model Approximations Of 4-Input 4-Output Complex-Valued Reference Block Models, Larry C. Llewellyn Ii

Theses and Dissertations

System simulation models are often decomposed and abstracted as a collection of interconnected subsystem block models to facilitate system understanding, design, and analysis. Each subsystem block model contains mathematical functions that receive, process, and transmit signals that are modeled as real numbers, complex numbers, and/or logic values. This dissertation evaluates the use of a single two-layer complex-valued neural network model to approximate 4-input, 4-output subsystem reference block models in terms of accuracy, performance, and error. The research is novel in that it uses a neural network for continuous function approximation instead of data categorization; it uses a neural network designed …

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Life Cycle Analysis Of Hydrogen Fuel Derived From Aluminum Versus Diesel, Tyson S. Metlen Mar 2022

Life Cycle Analysis Of Hydrogen Fuel Derived From Aluminum Versus Diesel, Tyson S. Metlen

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense needs energy sources beyond petroleum products to effectively combat area denial strategies employed by its adversaries. Petroleum fuels are expensive, they have deleterious environmental impacts, and most of the world’s oil reservoirs are in volatile countries. A proposed alternative energy carrier is reacting aluminum with water to produce hydrogen and using the hydrogen as a fuel source. Normally aluminum forms a protective oxide layer that prevents continuous reaction but if aluminum is mixed with a 3.5% by weight gallium-indium eutectic, the oxide layer cannot form, and the reaction is sustainable. This study conducts a life cycle …

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Evaluating The Military Medical Evacuation Dispatching And Delivery Problem Via Simulation And Self-Exciting Hawkes Process, Virbon B. Frial Mar 2022

Evaluating The Military Medical Evacuation Dispatching And Delivery Problem Via Simulation And Self-Exciting Hawkes Process, Virbon B. Frial

Theses and Dissertations

The location, allocation, and utilization of military medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) resources significantly impact the quality and timeliness of medical care to injured troops. In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates introduced the Golden Hour mandate that entails the evacuation of critically-injured troops to military treatment facilities (MTFs) within an hour to prevent further complications. To develop high-quality policies that improve MEDEVAC system performance, several papers in the current literature assume that MTFs have both the capacity and capability of treating any patient, regardless of the type of injury. However, these assumptions are unrealistic when conducting high-intensity operations. While acknowledging MTF …

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Multiagent Routing Problem With Dynamic Target Arrivals Solved Via Approximate Dynamic Programming, Andrew E. Mogan Mar 2022

Multiagent Routing Problem With Dynamic Target Arrivals Solved Via Approximate Dynamic Programming, Andrew E. Mogan

Theses and Dissertations

This research formulates and solves the multiagent routing problem with dynamic target arrivals (MRP-DTA), a stochastic system wherein a team of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAVs) executes a strike coordination and reconnaissance (SCAR) mission against a notional adversary. Dynamic target arrivals that occur during the mission present the team of AUAVs with a sequential decision-making process which we model via a Markov Decision Process (MDP). To combat the curse of dimensionality, we construct and implement a hybrid approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithmic framework that employs a parametric cost function approximation (CFA) which augments a direct lookahead (DLA) model via a …

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Narrative Analysis Of Open-Source Social Media Activity In The Indopacom Aor, Aaron K. Glenn Mar 2022

Narrative Analysis Of Open-Source Social Media Activity In The Indopacom Aor, Aaron K. Glenn

Theses and Dissertations

Emotion classification can be a powerful tool to derive narratives from social media data. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) can meet or exceed the performance of state-of-the-art traditional machine learning techniques using exclusively open-source data and models. Specifically, these results show that RNN variants can produce more than an 8% gain in accuracy in comparison to Logistic Regression and SVM techniques and a 15% gain over Random Forest when using FastText embeddings. This research found a statistical significance in the performance of a single layer Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model over a 2-layer stacked Bi-LSTM model. This research also found …

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Assessing The United States Foreign Assistance Activities Impact On Violent Conflicts, Daniel F. Feze Mar 2022

Assessing The United States Foreign Assistance Activities Impact On Violent Conflicts, Daniel F. Feze

Theses and Dissertations

The Global Fragility Act, H.R.2116 116th Cong. (2019), “directs the Department of State to establish the interagency Global Fragility Initiative to stabilize conflict-affected areas and prevent violence globally, and establishes funds to support such efforts”. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has identified deteriorating economies, weak or illegitimate political institutions, and competition over natural resources as causes of violence, extremism and instability (USAID, 2021). The agency gives priority to mitigating the causes and consequences of violent conflicts, instability and extremism and funds programs and activities to accomplish that (USAID, 2021). With this study, we aim to quantitatively assess …

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Team Air Combat Using Model-Based Reinforcement Learning, David A. Mottice Mar 2022

Team Air Combat Using Model-Based Reinforcement Learning, David A. Mottice

Theses and Dissertations

We formulate the first generalized air combat maneuvering problem (ACMP), called the MvN ACMP, wherein M friendly AUCAVs engage against N enemy AUCAVs, developing a Markov decision process (MDP) model to control the team of M Blue AUCAVs. The MDP model leverages a 5-degree-of-freedom aircraft state transition model and formulates a directed energy weapon capability. Instead, a model-based reinforcement learning approach is adopted wherein an approximate policy iteration algorithmic strategy is implemented to attain high-quality approximate policies relative to a high performing benchmark policy. The ADP algorithm utilizes a multi-layer neural network for the value function approximation regression mechanism. One-versus-one …

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A Decision Analysis Framework To Consider Space Congestion In Orbit Selection, Anthony J. Correale Mar 2022

A Decision Analysis Framework To Consider Space Congestion In Orbit Selection, Anthony J. Correale

Theses and Dissertations

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is becoming more congested, which increases the risk to space missions. Decision makers will need to consider this increase in congestion as an increased risk within their mission engineering process. This thesis proposes a methodology to create and implement a value structure that quantitatively scores a range of orbits based on congestion factors of each orbit and how well each orbit meets mission requirements. This thesis demonstrates this methodology on a set of circular LEO orbits defined by altitude and inclination, and scores this illustrative scenario based on notional mission measures and expected number of encounters …

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Applying Models Of Circadian Stimulus To Explore Ideal Lighting Configurations, Alexander J. Price Mar 2022

Applying Models Of Circadian Stimulus To Explore Ideal Lighting Configurations, Alexander J. Price

Theses and Dissertations

Increased levels of time are spent indoors, decreasing human interaction with nature and degrading photoentrainment, the synchronization of circadian rhythms with daylight variation. Military imagery analysts, among other professionals, are required to work in low light level environments to limit power consumption or increase contrast on display screens to improve detail detection. Insufficient exposure to light in these environments results in inadequate photoentrainment which is associated with degraded alertness and negative health effects. Recent research has shown that both the illuminance (i.e., perceived intensity) and wavelength of light affect photoentrainment. Simultaneously, modern lighting technologies have improved our ability to construct …

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The Impact Of Ride-Hail Surge Factors On Taxi Bookings, Sumit Agarwal, Ben Charoenwong, Shih-Fen Cheng, Jussi Keppo Mar 2022

The Impact Of Ride-Hail Surge Factors On Taxi Bookings, Sumit Agarwal, Ben Charoenwong, Shih-Fen Cheng, Jussi Keppo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We study the role of ride-hailing surge factors on the allocative efficiency of taxis by combining a reduced-form estimation with structural analyses using machine-learning-based demand predictions. Where other research study the effect of entry on incumbent taxis, we use higher frequency granular data to study how location-time-specific surge factors affect taxi bookings to bound the effect of customer decisions while accounting for various confounding variables. We find that even in a unique market like Singapore, where incumbent taxi companies have app-based booking systems similar to those from ride-hailing companies like Uber, the estimated upper bound on the cross-platform substitution between …

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Stochastic Knapsack Revisited: The Service Level Perspective, Guodong Lyu, Mabel C. Chou, Chung-Piaw Teo, Zhichao Zheng, Yuanguang Zhong Mar 2022

Stochastic Knapsack Revisited: The Service Level Perspective, Guodong Lyu, Mabel C. Chou, Chung-Piaw Teo, Zhichao Zheng, Yuanguang Zhong

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

A key challenge in the resource allocation problem is to find near-optimal policies to serve different customers with random demands/revenues, using a fixed pool of capacity (properly configured). In this paper, we study the properties of three classes of allocation policies-responsive (with perfect hindsight), adaptive (with information updates), and anticipative (with forecast information) policies. These policies differ in how the information on actual demand and revenue of each customer is being revealed and integrated into the allocation decisions. We show that the analysis of these policies can be unified through the notion of "persistency" (or service level) values-the probability that …

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Hybrid Tabu Search Algorithm For Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling In Semiconductor Fabs With Setup Times, Job Release, And Expired Times, Changyu Chen, Madhi Fathi, Marzieh Khakifirooz, Kan Wu Mar 2022

Hybrid Tabu Search Algorithm For Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling In Semiconductor Fabs With Setup Times, Job Release, And Expired Times, Changyu Chen, Madhi Fathi, Marzieh Khakifirooz, Kan Wu

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

This research is motivated by a scheduling problem arising in the ion implantation process of wafer fabrication. The ion implementation scheduling problem is modeled as an unrelated parallel machine scheduling (UPMS) problem with sequence-dependent setup times that are subject to job release time and expiration time of allowing a job to be processed on a specific machine, defined as: R|rj,eij,STsd|Cmax. The objective is first to maximize the number of processed jobs, then minimize the maximum completion time (makespan), and finally minimize the maximum completion times of the non-bottleneck machines. A mixed-integer programming (MIP) model is proposed as a solution approach …

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Coordinated Delivery To Shopping Malls With Limited Docking Capacity, Ruidian Song, Hoong Chuin Lau, Xue Luo, Lei Zhao Mar 2022

Coordinated Delivery To Shopping Malls With Limited Docking Capacity, Ruidian Song, Hoong Chuin Lau, Xue Luo, Lei Zhao

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Shopping malls are densely located in major cities such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Tenants in these shopping malls generate a large number of freight orders to their contracted logistics service providers, who independently plan their own delivery schedules. These uncoordinated deliveries and limited docking capacity jointly cause congestion at the shopping malls. A delivery coordination platform centrally plans the vehicle routes for the logistics service providers and simultaneously schedules the dock time slots at the shopping malls for the delivery orders. Vehicle routing and dock scheduling decisions need to be made jointly against the backdrop of travel time and …

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Qualitative Insights On The Military Entrance Processing Station (Meps) Of Excellence Program, Brian T. Johnson Mar 2022

Qualitative Insights On The Military Entrance Processing Station (Meps) Of Excellence Program, Brian T. Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

The Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) of Excellence Program (MOE) is a program to improve operations through recognition and motivation and to sustain excellence in MEPSs core services. Quantitative MOE program data was studied using a hybrid approach of descriptive statistics, statistical process control, and logistic regression to gain relevant insights with respect to the program objectives of improvement, excellence, motivation, and recognition. Future work should employ information such as climate surveys, worker performance reports, and the civilian awards program for further insights into the MOEs effectiveness as a motivator.

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Optimal Aircraft Maneuvering Models For Cruise Missile Engagement: A Modeling And Computational Study, Izaiah G. Laduke Mar 2022

Optimal Aircraft Maneuvering Models For Cruise Missile Engagement: A Modeling And Computational Study, Izaiah G. Laduke

Theses and Dissertations

Given the increased threat and proliferation of adversary military capabilities, this research seeks to develop reasonably accurate and computationally tractable models to optimally maneuver aircraft to intercept cruise missile attacks. The research leveraged mathematical programming to model the problem, informed by constraints representing a system of (temporal) difference equations. The research began by comparing six models having alternative representations of velocity and acceleration constraints while analyzing situations with stationary targets. The Multiple Aircraft, Multiple Stationary Target Engagement Problem with Box Constraint Bounds (MAMSTEP-BC) Model yielded superior overall performance and was further analyzed through alternative mathematical programming model enhancements to create …

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Analysis Of Twitter Networks To Aid Open Source Intelligence Capabilities: A Multilayer Network Approach, Austin P. Logan Mar 2022

Analysis Of Twitter Networks To Aid Open Source Intelligence Capabilities: A Multilayer Network Approach, Austin P. Logan

Theses and Dissertations

Open Source Intelligence using social media is a practice which gives military intelligence analysts a window into the thoughts and minds of an online population. Using Social Network Analysis, user interactions on Twitter will be modeled as a weighted and directed network. Topic modeling through Latent Dirichlet Allocation uncovers the topics of discussion in Tweets and is then integrated into a multi-layer network which allows users to be connected to the conversations with which they have participated. Influential users in this network as well as highly connected groups of individuals are then discovered to paint a picture for intelligence analysts …

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Comparison Of Lightning Warning Radii Distributions, Michael M. Maestas Mar 2022

Comparison Of Lightning Warning Radii Distributions, Michael M. Maestas

Theses and Dissertations

Previous research investigating lightning warning radii about the Cape Canaveral space launch facilities have focused on reducing these radii from either 5 nautical miles (NM) to 4 NM or from 6 NM to 5 NM depending on the structures being protected. Some of these findings have suggested the possibility of both a seasonal difference (warm versus cold) and lightning detection events (cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) or total lightning (TL)) impacting these radii and associated risk levels. Utilizing the 2017-2020 data provided by the 45th Weather Squadron at Patrick Space Force Base via the Mesoscale Eastern Range Lightning Information System (MERLIN), this …

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Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network With Prediction Smoothing And Adversarial Class Thresholds, Noah M. Miller Mar 2022

Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network With Prediction Smoothing And Adversarial Class Thresholds, Noah M. Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image classification for each frame in a video is a very common technique. Unfortunately, CNNs are very brittle and have a tendency to be over confident in their predictions. This can lead to what we will refer to as “flickering,” which is when the predictions between frames jump back and forth between classes. In this paper, new methods are proposed to combat these shortcomings. This paper utilizes a Bayesian CNN which allows for a distribution of outputs on each data point instead of just a point estimate. These distributions are then smoothed over multiple …

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Accelerating Transition To Production By Manufacturing Readiness Focus During Development, William K. Duncan Mar 2022

Accelerating Transition To Production By Manufacturing Readiness Focus During Development, William K. Duncan

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense has adopted management tools, such as Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRLs), which seek to address issues that have delayed the transition to production and delivery of deployment-ready systems. The MRL scale and assessment process institutes periodic reviews of products during the acquisition process. Specifically, MRLs provide a scale to measure, and importantly communicate, progress by evaluating and summarizing multiple aspects of product maturity. Unfortunately, issues are often identified during the periodic assessments which, if addressed earlier, would have further streamlined product delivery. The current research applies Model Based System Engineering tools to analyze and refine organizational structures …

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Improving Task-Operator Analysis For Training Through The Integration Of Human Learning Taxonomies And Systems Engineering Models, James M. Earley Mar 2022

Improving Task-Operator Analysis For Training Through The Integration Of Human Learning Taxonomies And Systems Engineering Models, James M. Earley

Theses and Dissertations

Training is a critical part of force sustainment, but the life-cycle cost of recurring training can be quite high. Further, the promotion of the Multi-Capable Airman (MCA) concept leads to questions on how best to train airmen on tasks outside of their core career field. The MCA concept, coupled with continued increase of technology effectiveness, incentivize the replacement of formerly in-residence-only training with distance training that enables Just-in-Time (JIT) learning. However, effective implementation of the MCA concept may also require adaptive training which considers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) developed by a trainee within their core career field when …

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System Phasing And Schedule Growth Analysis, Daniel A. Long Mar 2022

System Phasing And Schedule Growth Analysis, Daniel A. Long

Theses and Dissertations

Software development research, once a priority for the DoD, has received less focus in recent years. What research that has occurred has focused on size and cost prediction of software. Generally lacking in these studies is analysis on phase distributions and schedule. Putnam (1978) showed that there were measurable effects between early program management and final schedule growth, but these relationships have not been explored using the 2001-2021 DoD Software Resources Data Report (SRDR) database. Additionally, industry software development guidance provides rules of thumb for effort allocation, but a comparison of the rules to DoD software projects is nonexistent. This …

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Identifying Characteristics For Success Of Robotic Process Automations, Charles M. Unkrich Mar 2022

Identifying Characteristics For Success Of Robotic Process Automations, Charles M. Unkrich

Theses and Dissertations

In the pursuit of digital transformation, the Air Force creates digital airmen. Digital airmen are robotic process automations designed to eliminate the repetitive high-volume low-cognitive tasks that absorb so much of our Airmen's time. The automation product results in more time to focus on tasks that machines cannot sufficiently perform data analytics and improving the Air Force's informed decision-making. This research investigates the assessment of potential automation cases to ensure that we choose viable tasks for automation and applies multivariate analysis to determine which factors indicate successful projects. The data is insufficient to provide significant insights.

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Analysis Of Container Shipments For Ustranscom, John N. Campos Y Campos Mar 2022

Analysis Of Container Shipments For Ustranscom, John N. Campos Y Campos

Theses and Dissertations

USTRANSCOM (United States Transportation Command) sends containers to various overseas destinations, mainly commercial container shipping companies. Delivering the containers to the destinations on time is important to support the United States (US) Forces deployed in foreign countries. This study analyzes container shipment records for two years from 2019 to 2021 and prepares insights for USTRANSCOM. This study utilizes descriptive statistics, data visualization, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the records, almost half of the containers (41.25%) were delivered late for one day or longer. The container with the longest delay took 408 days. Major reasons for delays included …

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Advancing Ubiquitous Collaboration For Telehealth - A Framework To Evaluate Technology-Mediated Collaborative Workflow For Telehealth, Hypertension Exam Workflow Study, Christopher Bondy Ph.D., Linlin Chen Ph.D, Pamela Grover Md, Pengcheng Shi Ph.D Feb 2022

Advancing Ubiquitous Collaboration For Telehealth - A Framework To Evaluate Technology-Mediated Collaborative Workflow For Telehealth, Hypertension Exam Workflow Study, Christopher Bondy Ph.D., Linlin Chen Ph.D, Pamela Grover Md, Pengcheng Shi Ph.D

Articles

Healthcare systems are under siege globally regarding technology adoption; the recent pandemic has only magnified the issues. Providers and patients alike look to new enabling technologies to establish real-time connectivity and capability for a growing range of remote telehealth solutions. The migration to new technology is not as seamless as clinicians and patients would like since the new workflows pose new responsibilities and barriers to adoption across the telehealth ecosystem. Technology-mediated workflows (integrated software and personal medical devices) are increasingly important in patient-centered healthcare; software-intense systems will become integral in prescribed treatment plans [1]. My research explored the path to …

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Monocular Semantic Slam Method Based On Object Relation Description, Shiqi Lin, Jikai Wang, Haoyuan Pei, Hao Zhao, Zonghai Chen Feb 2022

Monocular Semantic Slam Method Based On Object Relation Description, Shiqi Lin, Jikai Wang, Haoyuan Pei, Hao Zhao, Zonghai Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Semantic information perception of the external environment and accurate positioning are the keys to autonomous navigation and operation of mobile robots. This paper proposes a method of semantic simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) based on a monocular camera. The system completes three-dimensional (3D) object detection while estimating the trajectory. We model the 3D objects with cuboids. Then, the semantic meanings, color distribution, size and neighborhood topology of the objects are extracted as descriptors for the accurate matching of objects between different frames. The camera pose, map points and object landmarks are optimized jointly in the backend of the system. …

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Research On Nonlinear Evaluation Method Of Situational Hot Spots, Tengjiao Mao, Dongge Zhang, Xuefeng Liang, Yanjie Niu, Minggang Yu, Ming He Feb 2022

Research On Nonlinear Evaluation Method Of Situational Hot Spots, Tengjiao Mao, Dongge Zhang, Xuefeng Liang, Yanjie Niu, Minggang Yu, Ming He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The excessive amount of data and information in the situation map is likely to produce a huge cognitive load that exceeds the physiological limit. This can lead to delays in the perception, judgment, and decision-making of the commander, or even failure of decision-making activities in severe cases. For this reason, situation information needs to be processed to assess and highlight situational hotspots so that cognitive overload can be tackled. Based on the aggregation factors of collaborative targets, this paper takes the effective impact possibility of situational targets and the collaboration as the indicators, derives the attention function, and designs …

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Research On Decision-Making Of Closed-Loop Supply Chain For Dual-Channel Recovery Based On Game Theory, Ying Xu, Qinming Liu, Linsen Zhou Feb 2022

Research On Decision-Making Of Closed-Loop Supply Chain For Dual-Channel Recovery Based On Game Theory, Ying Xu, Qinming Liu, Linsen Zhou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To tackle the difficulties and resource depletion in current packaging recycling, this paper constructs a centralized decision-making game model and three Stackelberg game models. Specifically, these Stackelberg game models are developed depending on the differences in the game power of participants in the closed-loop supply chain for dual-channel recovery, respectively corresponding to the cases where the manufacturer, the distributor or the third-party recycler is dominant. The optimal solutions of the four models are compared and analyzed. The benefits of decentralized decision-making do not reach the Pareto optimality as compared with centralized decision-making. An improved revenue sharing contract is …

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Modeling And Optimization For Manufacturing Cell Scheduling Based On Improved Wolf Pack Algorithm And Simulation, Zi'an Zhao, Hong Zhou, Yingjian Lei Feb 2022

Modeling And Optimization For Manufacturing Cell Scheduling Based On Improved Wolf Pack Algorithm And Simulation, Zi'an Zhao, Hong Zhou, Yingjian Lei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the domestic aircraft stall spin simulation training need, a stall spin simulation training system is developed. The training system consists of the multi-channel dome visual system, the semi-physical simulation cockpit and the maneuvering force control loading system, etc. Distributed simulation technology is used to develop a realistic man-in-the-loop simulation training environment. For the stall spin simulation, the multi-source aerodynamic data is processed comprehensively, and an unsteady aerodynamic model at high angle of attack (AOA) is constructed, and the heavy-load digital electric control loading technology is used to realize the simulation of stall spin alternating force and jitter …

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