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Articles 481 - 510 of 844
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Specification, Control, And Applications Of Z-Source Circuit Breakers For The Protection Of Dc Power Networks, Sagar Bhatta
Specification, Control, And Applications Of Z-Source Circuit Breakers For The Protection Of Dc Power Networks, Sagar Bhatta
Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations
There is a highly-increasing demand for the DC power transmission and distribution in modern power systems for the integration of newly-installed renewable energy resources and storage systems to the existing utilities. Application of DC power systems in electric ships, battery energy devices, high-voltage DC networks, smart grids, electric vehicles, microgrids, and wind farms is a recent trend that is being highly investigated. The fault protection of DC systems is an essential but challenging issue that needs careful attention to maintain system operation reliability and device safety. In this research, the specification, control, and application of Z-source breakers (ZCBs) are investigated …
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Using Graph Theoretical Anomaly Detection And Machine Learning, Goksel Kucukkaya
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Using Graph Theoretical Anomaly Detection And Machine Learning, Goksel Kucukkaya
Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The cyber domain is a great business enabler providing many types of enterprises new opportunities such as scaling up services, obtaining customer insights, identifying end-user profiles, sharing data, and expanding to new communities. However, the cyber domain also comes with its own set of risks. Cybersecurity risk assessment helps enterprises explore these new opportunities and, at the same time, proportionately manage the risks by establishing cyber situational awareness and identifying potential consequences. Anomaly detection is a mechanism to enable situational awareness in the cyber domain. However, anomaly detection also requires one of the most extensive sets of data and features …
A Behavioral Model For Simultaneous Event Execution In Sequential Discrete Event System Simulations, Brian David S. Dilinila
A Behavioral Model For Simultaneous Event Execution In Sequential Discrete Event System Simulations, Brian David S. Dilinila
Computational Modeling & Simulation Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The sequential execution of simultaneous events in a discrete event system simulation can cause unexpected behavior in a system. Current studies have provided approaches such as applying a priority order for simultaneous events. However, this is still a problem because executing simultaneous events in sequential order can still lead to two issues of simultaneous event conflicts: the case where simultaneous events cause changes to state variables required by other simultaneous events and the case where two or more simultaneous events cause changes to the same state variables. The objective of this thesis is to develop a behavioral model as a …
Cost Functions Of Crabs: Applications Of Hermit Crab Shell Exchange Behavior To Vacancy Chain Modelling, Hannah Miele
Cost Functions Of Crabs: Applications Of Hermit Crab Shell Exchange Behavior To Vacancy Chain Modelling, Hannah Miele
Senior Honors Theses
Vacancy chain systems function as a method of resource distribution in domains such as housing and labor markets. Hermit crabs also employ vacancy chains as a method of shell exchange. Application of vacancy chain modelling in engineering has been attempted, but numerous flaws exist in the developed vacancy chain scheduling algorithm. This work addresses the lack of an appropriate vacancy chain cost function by developing a generalizable cost function based on hermit crab shell exchange behavior. The cost function’s purpose is enabling development of realistic engineering experiments and models based on real-world vacancy chain systems.
Urban Consolidation Center Or Peer-To-Peer Platform? The Solution To Urban Last-Mile Delivery, Qiyuan Deng, Xin Fang, Yun Fong Lim
Urban Consolidation Center Or Peer-To-Peer Platform? The Solution To Urban Last-Mile Delivery, Qiyuan Deng, Xin Fang, Yun Fong Lim
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The growing population in cities and booming e-commerce activities create huge demand for urban last-mile delivery, exerting intense pressure on the cities' well-being. To keep congestion and pollution under control, a consolidator can operate an urban consolidation center (UCC) to bundle shipments from multiple carriers before the last-mile delivery. Alternatively, the consolidator can operate a peer-to-peer platform for the carriers to share delivery capacity. We provide guidance for the consolidator to choose between these two business models by comparative analysis. We capture the interactions between the consolidator and carriers using a game-theoretical framework. Under each business model, the consolidator first …
Étude De L’Applicabilité De Haut-Parleurs Paramétriques Au Développement De Nouveaux Concepts D’Alarmes De Recul, Olivier Robin, Alain Berry, Hugues Nélisse
Étude De L’Applicabilité De Haut-Parleurs Paramétriques Au Développement De Nouveaux Concepts D’Alarmes De Recul, Olivier Robin, Alain Berry, Hugues Nélisse
Rapports de recherche scientifique
L’utilisation d’alarmes de recul est obligatoire sur une majorité de véhicules lourds et reste un moyen largement utilisé pour prévenir et alerter les personnes œuvrant à proximité de ces véhicules. Des études antérieures, réalisées par l’IRSST, ont montré les limites d’efficacité des alarmes utilisées en milieu de travail pour minimiser le risque à la sécurité des travailleurs. De plus, les alarmes de recul, par le son de niveau élevé et très typé qu’elles produisent, sont régulièrement une source de nuisance importante pour les travailleurs, et aussi pour les riverains. Ces problèmes de gêne et de perception sonore pour les travailleurs …
To Increasing The Absorption Area Of Column Apparatus With Tubular Lattice Nozzles, Nurmukhamedov Habibulla Sagdullaevich, Batir Babatulaev, Elbek Mavlanov, Samukdjan Nigmadjanov
To Increasing The Absorption Area Of Column Apparatus With Tubular Lattice Nozzles, Nurmukhamedov Habibulla Sagdullaevich, Batir Babatulaev, Elbek Mavlanov, Samukdjan Nigmadjanov
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The problem of creating a compact refrigeration zone for absorbers with tubular-lattice nozzles made of pipes with spiral turbulators is discussed. Research has been carried out on the influence of the groove depth h/D and α/αгл of the step of their placement t/D on the degree of heat transfer intensification α/αо in the transition region of the gas-liquid flow. An intensification of heat transfer has been achieved only by increasing the groove depth from h/D = 0,003 to 0,095 and the optimal pitch of the grooves, the intensity of heat transfer is 2 or more times. Research has …
Mathematical Models Of New Magnetoelastic Sensor For Measure Of Power And Vibration Parameters, Javhar Sulton Ugli Fayzullayev
Mathematical Models Of New Magnetoelastic Sensor For Measure Of Power And Vibration Parameters, Javhar Sulton Ugli Fayzullayev
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
In the paper, the mathematical models of the new magnetoelastic sensor for measuring power and vibration parameters are developed taking into account the aggregation or scattering of the parameters of electromagnetic chains and the characteristics of the magnetization curve of the magnetic conductor material. The analysis of the generated mathematical models and graphs based on them showed that the magnetic chain in which the coils are assembled does not take into account the nonlinearity of the magnetization curve of the magnetic conductive material (electrotechnical steel), the result is 12 ÷ 15% of the experimental results. It varies by 6 ÷ …
Estimating The Bubbling Process Of Ozone-Containing Gases In The Water, M.P. Parpiev, А.А. Simonov, Aleksey Kamardin, Abdulaziz M. Nazarov
Estimating The Bubbling Process Of Ozone-Containing Gases In The Water, M.P. Parpiev, А.А. Simonov, Aleksey Kamardin, Abdulaziz M. Nazarov
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
Theoretical estimates were made and significant factors of dissolution of ozone-containing gases in water during bubbling in tanks were determined. The expediency of using microbubbles for more efficient saturation of water and aqueous solutions with ozone and generation of ozone with maximum concentration is shown. It is shown that when bubbling gas in water, including ozone-containing gas, the most important indicator is the volume gas content, which determines the ratio of the volume of the gas phase to the volume of the gas-liquid mixture in the contact apparatus. In the presence of a set of bubbles in the water, the …
Mathematical Model Of A System For Controlling And Diagnosing The Safety State Of Oil And Gas Territory, Erkin Uljaev, Utkirjon Murodillaevich Ubaydullaev, Gayrat Bakhtiyarovich Tadzhitdinov, Sherzod Kholmuminovich Eshkuvatov
Mathematical Model Of A System For Controlling And Diagnosing The Safety State Of Oil And Gas Territory, Erkin Uljaev, Utkirjon Murodillaevich Ubaydullaev, Gayrat Bakhtiyarovich Tadzhitdinov, Sherzod Kholmuminovich Eshkuvatov
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
In this article, the way of creation mathematical model of a control system and diagnostics of the security status of the oil and gas territory is considered. For performing diagnostics of the safety of a status of the oil and gas territory as a mathematical apparatus it is suggested to use a boolean algebra. The main controlled objects and their technological parameters which define safety, integrity of saving, operational carrying out monitoring status as separate objects and all oil and gas territory, prediction of the expected threats, economic social, and economic damage are selected. For the creation of a mathematical …
Intellectual Educational Technologies Of Coherent Maintenance Of Digital Transformations, Igor Ivanovich Gancherenok, Ulugbek Mannanov, A.G. Davydovsky, Yu.A. Chernyavsky
Intellectual Educational Technologies Of Coherent Maintenance Of Digital Transformations, Igor Ivanovich Gancherenok, Ulugbek Mannanov, A.G. Davydovsky, Yu.A. Chernyavsky
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The problems of forming adequate educational technologies and supporting digital transformations for the formation and development of relevant professional competencies as innovative receptivity are interpreted. The fundamental principles of educational technologies that act as a catalyst for educational innovations in the context of digital transformation of economic and social processes are described. The main modern educational platforms of educational support of professional activity are analyzed. The author's interpretation of the synergetic effects in the education system, as well as loans as an educational cryptocurrency is suggested.
Study Of The Rheological Properties Of The Suspension Formed During The Production Of Caustic Soda By The Lime Method, Aktam Ulashovich Erkaev, Dildora Tursunova
Study Of The Rheological Properties Of The Suspension Formed During The Production Of Caustic Soda By The Lime Method, Aktam Ulashovich Erkaev, Dildora Tursunova
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The process of obtaining sodium hydroxide - caustic soda by conversion of soda ash with lime milk in the presence of natural mirabilite - has been investigated. The influence of temperature, Na2CO3: Na2SO4 ratio, concentration of lime milk and duration of the conversion process on this process was studied by identifying their optimal values. The study of the rheological properties of the reaction pulp showed that it is mobile and well filtered, which makes it possible to obtain rapidly settling large crystals of Na2CO3·2Na2SO4, Na …
Methodology For Determination And Assessment Of Uncertainty Sources Of Textile Materials Total Thermal Resistance, Abdurauf Abdurashidovich Abdukayumov, Ortagoli Sharipovich Hakimov
Methodology For Determination And Assessment Of Uncertainty Sources Of Textile Materials Total Thermal Resistance, Abdurauf Abdurashidovich Abdukayumov, Ortagoli Sharipovich Hakimov
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The problems of improving of methods for determination of the total thermal resistance of textile materials are considered. A comparative analysis of the applied methods based on stationary and non-stationary heat exchange is performed. A higher accuracy of non-stationary methods based on measuring the cooling time of a heat cell with subsequent determination of the cooling rate and the total thermal resistance of the material under study is noted. A method is proposed for estimating the variance of the main values required for calculating the total thermal resistance of materials. The results of the study of the relationship between sources …
Analysis Of Consistency Of Similarity Predicates To Measures Of Similarity And Advantages Of Their Application In Digital Systems For Solving Intellectual Problems, Makhmudjon Abdullaev, Nodira Batirdjanovna Alimova
Analysis Of Consistency Of Similarity Predicates To Measures Of Similarity And Advantages Of Their Application In Digital Systems For Solving Intellectual Problems, Makhmudjon Abdullaev, Nodira Batirdjanovna Alimova
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The results of the analysis of the correspondence of similarity predicates to similarity measures used in various metric methods used for signal classification and the feasibility of using similarity predicates in the construction of digital systems for solving intellectual problems, for which the simplification of computational operations is of no small importance, are presented. Some general and distinctive features of the similarity predicate are considered in comparison with the euclidean metric in relation to one-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, and generalized to the case of n-dimensional metric spaces. The expediency of using methods based on the calculation of similarity predicates, which …
Synthesis Of Control Systems For Multidimensional Dynamic Objects Under Parametric Uncertainty Based On The Invariance Theory, U.F Mamirov
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The problems of synthesis of control systems for multidimensional dynamic objects in the conditions of parametric uncertainty which are based on invariance theory are considered. When constructing stable synthesis algorithms, a recurrent method for determining pseudo-solutions of linear algebraic systems of equations is used. Computational algorithms for the solution based on singular matrix expansions are given. These computational procedures allow us to regularize the problem of synthesis of the considered algorithms for the synthesis of control systems for multidimensional dynamic objects under conditions of parametric uncertainty and improve the quality indicators of control processes.
Development Of A New Technology For Obtaining The Substance Of The Drug Acetamizole, Sarvar Saidov, Asqar Abdurazakov, Rixsibay Karimov, Mavluda Baltabayeva
Development Of A New Technology For Obtaining The Substance Of The Drug Acetamizole, Sarvar Saidov, Asqar Abdurazakov, Rixsibay Karimov, Mavluda Baltabayeva
Chemical Technology, Control and Management
The main goal of this work is to obtain a preparation of acetamizole based on local raw materials by a more convenient method of acylation of 2-methoxycarbonylaminobenzimidazole with glacial acetic acid, this synthesis method is proposed for the first time. On the basis of the conducted experiments, favorable conditions for the reaction were found, the influence of the nature of the acid, the temperature, the duration of the reaction and other factors on the course of the reaction was studied, the technology was developed and implemented at the experimental production of "IHRV AN RUz". Based on experiments conducted by scientists …
Integrated Cyberattack Detection And Handling For Nonlinear Systems With Evolving Process Dynamics Under Lyapunov-Based Economic Model Predictive Control, Keshav Kasturi Rangan, Henrique Oyama, Helen Durand
Integrated Cyberattack Detection And Handling For Nonlinear Systems With Evolving Process Dynamics Under Lyapunov-Based Economic Model Predictive Control, Keshav Kasturi Rangan, Henrique Oyama, Helen Durand
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Faculty Research Publications
Safety-critical processes are becoming increasingly automated and connected. While automation can increase effciency, it brings new challenges associated with guaranteeing safety in the presence of uncertainty especially in the presence of control system cyberattacks. One of the challenges for developing control strategies with guaranteed safety and cybersecurity properties under suffcient conditions is the development of appropriate detection strategies that work with control laws to prevent undetected attacks that have immediate closed-loop stability consequences. Achieving this, in the presence of uncertainty brought about by plant/model mismatch and process dynamics that can change with time, requires a fundamental understanding of the characteristics …
Frequency Coordinated Control Strategy Of Microgrid Based On Fuzzy Prediction, Kunping Zhang, Hao Lin
Frequency Coordinated Control Strategy Of Microgrid Based On Fuzzy Prediction, Kunping Zhang, Hao Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of frequency fluctuation of wind power generation connected to microgrid, a frequency coordinated control strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. In this strategy, the wind turbine and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are included in the frequency control system. The pitch angle of the fan and the charge and discharge of PHEV are controlled to adjust the grid frequency and supplement the frequency modulation resources of microgrid. WTG pitch angle control system and PHEV power control system are modeled, and their control principles are described. In order to prevent excessive use of …
Guaranteed Cost Preview And Repetitive Control For Uncertain Linear Discrete Time-Delay Systems, Yonghong Lan, Jinlin He
Guaranteed Cost Preview And Repetitive Control For Uncertain Linear Discrete Time-Delay Systems, Yonghong Lan, Jinlin He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For a class of uncertain linear discrete time-delay systems, a design method for guaranteed cost preview and repetitive controller is proposed . By introducing a repetitive controller in the forward channel to improve the tracking accuracy of the system, L-order difference operators are used to construct an augmented error system that contains preview information but does not include time delay, and the design problem of guaranteed cost preview and repetitive controller is converted into an output feedback adjustment problem. Using the Lyapunov stability theory and the linear matrix inequality method, the sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of …
Neural Network Optimized Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control System, Lixin Ma, Yongjie Zhu, Leyan Ji
Neural Network Optimized Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Control System, Lixin Ma, Yongjie Zhu, Leyan Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the poor accuracy of the speed and rotor position of permanent magnet synchronous motor caused by sensor, a sensorless control system is proposed to calculate the speed and rotor position of PMSM with extended Kalman filtering algorithm. BP neural network algorithm is used to optimize the covariance matrix Q and R of EKF, which improves the accurate calculation values of rotational speed and rotor position. At the same time, the speed sliding mode controller combined with the current feed-forward decoupling unit are used to improve the stability of the whole control system. The simulation results …
Simulation Of Benefit Distribution In Platform Delivery Mode, Zheng Wen, Chenxi Dou, Zhe Zhang
Simulation Of Benefit Distribution In Platform Delivery Mode, Zheng Wen, Chenxi Dou, Zhe Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the benefit distribution relationship of platform delivery mode(PDM), the multi-agents-based model is applied to construct the benefit distribution of PDM. The Swarm simulation platform is used to explore the trading status changes of the participants under different scales; Considering the cost-profit condition, the sense of relative deprivation is introduced as the index to express the individual perception in exploring the emergency of the co-effective relationship of the individual perception and the benefit distribution in systematic and emergence points. The model and its results can reveal the benefit distribution states of the existing PDM structure and the collective …
Network Traffic Anomaly Detection Method For Imbalanced Data, Shuqin Dong, Bin Zhang
Network Traffic Anomaly Detection Method For Imbalanced Data, Shuqin Dong, Bin Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the poor detection performances caused by the low feature extraction accuracy of rare traffic attacks from scarce samples, a network traffic anomaly detection method for imbalanced data is proposed. A traffic anomaly detection model is designed, in which the traffic features in different feature spaces are learned by alternating activation functions, architectures, corrupted rates and dropout rates of stacked denoising autoencoder (SDA), and the low accuracy in extracting features of rare traffic attacks in a single space is solved. A batch normalization algorithm is designed, and the Adam algorithm is adopted to train parameters of …
Study On Navigation Simulation Method Of Crude Oil Fleet In Bridge Area, Chunhui Zhou, Hongxun Huang, Wanxia Yi, Lijia Chen, Yuanqiao Wen, Linxu Tan
Study On Navigation Simulation Method Of Crude Oil Fleet In Bridge Area, Chunhui Zhou, Hongxun Huang, Wanxia Yi, Lijia Chen, Yuanqiao Wen, Linxu Tan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the safety of over-scale fleet sailing through bridge, the water area of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge is taken as the research area. Numerical simulation of flow field is conducted based on MIKE software to analyze the changes of water flow in different water periods and their effects on ship navigation. On this basis, according to the simulation results of the flow field, several test conditions are set up by using the Large Ship Maneuvering Simulator to carry out the simulation test of over-scale fleet sailing through the bridge. The results show that under the preset wind …
A Survey Of Edge Computing Resource Allocation And Task Scheduling Optimization, Wang Ling, Chuge Wu, Wenhui Fan
A Survey Of Edge Computing Resource Allocation And Task Scheduling Optimization, Wang Ling, Chuge Wu, Wenhui Fan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile terminals, the concept of edge computing arises. By moving the computation and storage capacity to the edge of network, edge computing is able to deal with a large amount of data produced by IoT devices and the responsive request from IoT application. To improve the utility of edge resource, the quality of service and quality of user experience, resource allocation and task scheduling optimization problems under edge computing attract wide attention. It becomes more difficult due to the geographic separated and heterogeneous features of edge computing resource as …
An Improved Social Force Model For Crowd Simulation, Changhua Li, Yang Jing, Zhijie Li
An Improved Social Force Model For Crowd Simulation, Changhua Li, Yang Jing, Zhijie Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the traditional social force model, it is difficult to deal with the problems of single pedestrian trajectory and loose crowd in the process of crowd evacuation, and an improved social force model is proposed. Based on the original social force model, the movement trajectory of the person is changed by considering the choice of the movement direction The intensity of panic and attraction in the process of pedestrian evacuation is considered to reproduce the self-organizing behavior in the process of pedestrian evacuation, and the simulations are performed in individual and group mode. The authenticity of the …
Simulation Analysis Of Impact Of Complex Network On Herd Effect, Li Feng, Wei Ying
Simulation Analysis Of Impact Of Complex Network On Herd Effect, Li Feng, Wei Ying
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Herd behavior is valuable but complicated. The impact of different type complex network on herd effect is analyzed by multi-agent modeling and simulation. In the model, herd behavior of decision-maker is modeled based on the advanced evidences from empirical study. Through simulation, not only the conclusions drawn from traditional mathematical modeling are verified, but also the whole evolving process of herd effect is inspected and the evolving speed related features can be used to evaluate performances of herd effect. More important, simulation results show the network structure of different type complex networks is one of the key factors …
Sar Image Target Recognition Based On Across Convolution Network Feature Fusion, Xinyang Feng, Shao Chao
Sar Image Target Recognition Based On Across Convolution Network Feature Fusion, Xinyang Feng, Shao Chao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks have been widely used in the field of synthetic aperture radar image target recognition. Based on the LeNet-5 neural network model, a SAR image target recognition method are initialized across convolution network feature fusion is proposed. The LeNet-5 network parameters on the basis of MNIST handwritten data. The deep and shallow features of the SAR image are extracted, and the principal component analysis on the shallow features is performed to obtain key category information. Deep features and shallow features are fused and are classified and recognised by sent to collaborative representation. Experimental results show that …
Regional Integrated Energy System Model Based On Seasonal Load Difference, Songzhi Zhang
Regional Integrated Energy System Model Based On Seasonal Load Difference, Songzhi Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to study the coupling of electricity, heat and natural gas in the integrated regional comprehensive energy system, proposes a general energy hub model considering the load difference between winter and summer is proposed. The establishes the coupling matrix under the model is established, combined with, and combines the steady-state calculation method of natural gas network and distribution network, and develops different operation modes are developed to restrain the fluctuation of distribution network voltage and natural gas network pressure. The simulation is carried out on MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results show that the proposed model and calculation …
Comparative Study Of Energy Management Strategy Based On Value Loss Of Tram Hybrid Power System, Guo Ai, Chen Chao, Junjie Shi, Zhengjie Liu, Weirong Chen, Jiayi Liang, Liu Nan
Comparative Study Of Energy Management Strategy Based On Value Loss Of Tram Hybrid Power System, Guo Ai, Chen Chao, Junjie Shi, Zhengjie Liu, Weirong Chen, Jiayi Liang, Liu Nan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to comprehensively evaluate the economy of fuel cell hybrid power system for tram and improve its durability, a value loss function based on the life of fuel cell and lithium battery in hybrid system is proposed. The demanded power in actual conditions is adopted and the value loss function is used to analyze the three energy policies including the state machine, power following, and minimum equivalent hydrogen consumption. The simulation results show that the value loss of state machine strategy is the smallest, and compared with power following and equivalent hydrogen consumption minimization strategies, this method …
Technology Evolution Network Model And Simulation Based On Patent Citation Network, You Ge, Guo Hao, Liu Xiang
Technology Evolution Network Model And Simulation Based On Patent Citation Network, You Ge, Guo Hao, Liu Xiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: On the basis of on the patent citation network and complex networks, a technology evolution network model is constrcucted, which revealed the topology structure, evolution rules and dynamics of the technology evolution network. By introducing time and fitness preferential attachments mechanism, the effect of time factor and selection law of “survival of the fittest” on evolution of network structure during the technology evolution is studied. The results showed that the technology evolution network had the characteristic of scale-free, which is the result of global selection of “survival of the fittest” in the process of technology accumulation; The effect of …