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2019

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Articles 991 - 1020 of 1263

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Implement Objective Motion Cueing Test On The A320 Full Flight Simulator, Yang Yang Jan 2019

Implement Objective Motion Cueing Test On The A320 Full Flight Simulator, Yang Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Pilot’s subjective evaluation has been used for motion cueing tuning and calibration for years, and widely recognized as the major criteria in civil full flight simulator qualification. Due to the diversity of human perception, it is impossible to reproduce the same motion cueing on different simulators. In order to objectively evaluate the A320 full flight simulator motion cueing system performance, an engineering practice has been carried out recently by implementation of the OMCT(Objective Motion Cueing Test)which was published by ICAO in 2015. It aims to measure the signal transport delay between the flight model and motion platform, through analyzing …

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Vibration Simulation And Damping Ratio Optimization Of Seat Suspension System For High-Speed Rail, Changcheng Zhou, Yuewei Yu, Leilei Zhao Jan 2019

Vibration Simulation And Damping Ratio Optimization Of Seat Suspension System For High-Speed Rail, Changcheng Zhou, Yuewei Yu, Leilei Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the 1/4 body-seat vertical vibration model of high-speed rail, an optimal design simulation model for damping ratio of seat suspension was established. An optimal design mathematical model for damping ratio of seat suspension was built with the optimal ride comfort as the target. Taking the track vertical irregularity as input and the seat suspension vertical stroke as constraint condition, an optimization design method for damping ratio of seat suspension based on track excitation was presented. With a practical example, the damping ratio was designed and validated by simulation. The results show that the damping ratio value …

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Channel Modeling And Simulation Of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Based On Magnetic Induction Technology, Zhouzhou Liu, Shen Liang Jan 2019

Channel Modeling And Simulation Of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Based On Magnetic Induction Technology, Zhouzhou Liu, Shen Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of high path loss, huge dynamic changes of channel conditions and large antenna size of the electromagnetic wave communication channel in wireless underground sensor networks ( WUSN), the channel characteristics of magnetic induction (MI) in the process of WUSN transmission are studied and the transmission principle of harmonic source in soil strata is analyzed. The influence of the polarization direction of the coil and the eddy current loss coefficient on the channel model is analyzed by the transmission equivalent circuit diagram, and the influence of the change of the frequency and the distance on the …

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Simulation Of Cyber-Physical Systems Of Systems:Some Research Areas -Computational Understanding, Awareness, And Wisdom, Tuncer Ören Jan 2019

Simulation Of Cyber-Physical Systems Of Systems:Some Research Areas -Computational Understanding, Awareness, And Wisdom, Tuncer Ören

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.

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Design-Model-Oriented Simulation For High-Speed Railway Dynamics, Xie Xing, Tang Zhao, Jiang Jie, Yisheng Zou, Guofu Ding Jan 2019

Design-Model-Oriented Simulation For High-Speed Railway Dynamics, Xie Xing, Tang Zhao, Jiang Jie, Yisheng Zou, Guofu Ding

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The traditional vehicle dynamics focuses more on numerical simulation, which separates from design model. LMS Virtual.Lab Motion - natively integrated in CATIA - is a multi-body dynamics package developed with CAA V5 for mechanical system, which is widely applied in engineering fields, such as aerospace, automotive, etc. But to expand to the dynamics of locomotive vehicle, the bottleneck problem of wheel/rail dynamic interaction should be solved. This paper employs CAA V5 and Motion UDF/UDS functions to create some special force elements which distinguish locomotive vehicles from general multibody system applications, and to integrate wheel/rail interaction solver module which determines …

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Design Of Ground Online Flight Simulation System, Changgui Yu, Hongrui Xiong, Tian Kai, Chuntao Li Jan 2019

Design Of Ground Online Flight Simulation System, Changgui Yu, Hongrui Xiong, Tian Kai, Chuntao Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the high cost and the immovable characteristics of the airplane iron bird test-bed and the semi-physical simulation laboratory, a highly integrated and movable system named as ground online flight is introduced. The dynamics and kinematics of unmanned aerial vehicle, sensors model, engines model and related subsystems are established and integrated into a device; the connections of 1553B, RS422, analog signal, discrete signal, pulse signal, PWM signal and so on are implemented. The wind model and the typical system faults are set up to study the robustness of the UAV, and test the UAV strategy which …

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Spectralwidth Selection And Detectability Analysis Ofstarlight Refraction Sensor, Xianzhong Wang, Liu Yu, Minlan Tang, Limin Zhang Jan 2019

Spectralwidth Selection And Detectability Analysis Ofstarlight Refraction Sensor, Xianzhong Wang, Liu Yu, Minlan Tang, Limin Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the engineering problem of starlight refraction sensor’s ability fordetecting the starlight refracted in atmosphere, the atmospheric attenuation coefficient of the visible and near infrared stellar dueto dispersion, molecular scattering, ozone absorption and so on are analyzed, which determines starlight refraction sensor’s spectral width and the visual magnitude difference equivalent with narrow spectral detection.The starlight refraction sensor’s detection ability and detection probability are estimatedbased on signal to noise ratio calculation and SNRanalysis. The simulation results give the visual magnitude difference equivalent with the atmospheric attenuation to the different atmospheric altitude, and the limiting magnitude of the different temperature …

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Modeling And Analysis Of Operation Benefit For Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station, Weiqing Sun, Shunfeng Chen, Liu Tong, Xiaodong Wu Jan 2019

Modeling And Analysis Of Operation Benefit For Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station, Weiqing Sun, Shunfeng Chen, Liu Tong, Xiaodong Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The operators of electric vehicle battery swapping stations (EVBSS) seek the maximization of benefit by optimizing the modeling. The changes of operating parameters such as battery swapping demand could affect EVBSS benefits. A linear programming model for EVBSS maximum benefit is established. Based on the sensitivity analysis, it is found that the EVBSS benefit is mainly affected by operating parameters such as battery swapping price, battery depreciation cost, electricity price, etc. For power grid, the sensitivity parameters of peak load shifting are charging-pile number and battery number. The optimal quantity of EVBSS internal infrastructure investment is analyzed. The establishment …

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Research On Dynamic Framed Binary Tree Anti-Collision Algorithm For Rfid System, Xiaohong Zhang, Weihui Zhou Jan 2019

Research On Dynamic Framed Binary Tree Anti-Collision Algorithm For Rfid System, Xiaohong Zhang, Weihui Zhou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on dynamic frame-slotted ALOHA algorithm and binary search tree algorithm, a dynamic framed binary tree (DFBT) anti-collision algorithm is presented to solve the problem of multi-tag collision in radio frequency identification (RFID). Vogt algorithm is adopted to estimate tags number, then the dynamic frame-slotted ALOHA (DFSA) algorithm is used to identify tags, and the unidentified tags are extracted and the highest collision bit is judged by readers. The highest collision tags are grouped by the collision bit within the binary search tree (BST) algorithm. Simulation results show that the DFBT algorithm can improve the identification efficiency and stability …

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Relevance Analysis Of Deicing Parameters And Deicing Efficiency Of Aircraft Ground, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang Jan 2019

Relevance Analysis Of Deicing Parameters And Deicing Efficiency Of Aircraft Ground, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aircraft ground freezing could lead to potential danger and delay for flight. To alleviate these problems, the main method is to use the deicing fluids to clean ice or snow on the aircraft body, which lacks of reference of the deicing fluids parameters and efficiency. To study the effect of the deicing fluids parameters on the aircraft deicing efficiency, the deicing mechanism is analyzed.The black box mathematical model of the deicing process is generalized abstractly. The deicing process is divided into two subprocesses to establish the deicing model.The relevance between the deicing fluids parameters and deicing efficiency is studied …

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Rvm Soft Sensing Model Based On Optimized Combined Kernel Function, Yanan Zhang, Huizhong Yang Jan 2019

Rvm Soft Sensing Model Based On Optimized Combined Kernel Function, Yanan Zhang, Huizhong Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An RVM spft sensingmodeling method based onthe optimizedcombined kernel functionis proposed.In order to simultaneously get better prediction and sparsity, a fitness function synthesizing regression accuracy and sparsity is created while constructing a combined kernel functionfor RVM.The genetic algorithm is used to optimize the weights and kernel parametersof the RVMcombined kernel.The proposed method is used totomodela cleavage-recovery unit in the production process of Bisphenol-A.The results show that it can guarantee better sparsity andregression accuracy than the general SVM combinedkernel model andGA-RVM single kernel model.

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Iterative Stochastic Resonance Demodulation Algorithm Of Frequency-Hopping Signal, Haixia Li, Yongfeng Ren, Yuhua Yang, Zhang Baili, Zhumei Tian Jan 2019

Iterative Stochastic Resonance Demodulation Algorithm Of Frequency-Hopping Signal, Haixia Li, Yongfeng Ren, Yuhua Yang, Zhang Baili, Zhumei Tian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the demodulation performance of frequency-hopping signals, this paper proposes a digital receiving algorithm based on the bistable stochastic resonance. With the digital samples sifting, the algorithm processes multiple frequency signals in one stochastic resonance system. The conversion from channel noise to useful signal is improved with multiple iterations of signal system. Finally, the local signal is designed to eliminate the frequency distortion in stochastic resonance system through the relevant calculation. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm can demodulate frequency-hopping signal, and its performance can be improved with the increase of sampling rate. …

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Research On Two-Dimensional Imaging Algorithm Of Tomography For Near-Field Radiation Of Rf Objects, Shaohui Quan, Changtai Shi, Xuwang Cui, Bin Shi Jan 2019

Research On Two-Dimensional Imaging Algorithm Of Tomography For Near-Field Radiation Of Rf Objects, Shaohui Quan, Changtai Shi, Xuwang Cui, Bin Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Two two-dimensional imaging algorithms of tomography are presented for observing different sections of RF objects. Two-dimensional images of the cross and coronal sections of the model are obtained based on the near-field radiation data calculated by FEKO. The effects of different variables on the imaging resolution are studied by changing near field scanning points and distance between the observation plane and RF objects. After the analysis of the simulation results, the proposed algorithms are compared with other imaging algorithms from different aspects. The advantages and limitations are discussed. The change of images and the corresponding solution are studied …

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Simulation Of Missile Head Cover Separation And Landing Locations, Tian Hao, Mu Zhou, Huitong Li, Zhao Yang Jan 2019

Simulation Of Missile Head Cover Separation And Landing Locations, Tian Hao, Mu Zhou, Huitong Li, Zhao Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Some missiles use head cover to protect the internal equipment during the launching process. In order to prevent the head cover from damaging the people or equipment after separation, researchers need to predict the landing position range and take protective measures. This paper designs a separation scheme for a missile head cover separation based on solid propellant gas generator and solid rocket. In this study, we establish a dynamic simulation model of head cover separation and falling procedure. The simulation calculation of the head cover location range considering multiple factors using Monte-Carlo method is developed. And the motional …

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Dynamic Response Analysis Of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Under Grid Fault, Li Bing, Liu Shi, Long Teng, Qiwei Duan Jan 2019

Dynamic Response Analysis Of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Under Grid Fault, Li Bing, Liu Shi, Long Teng, Qiwei Duan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Brushless doubly-fed induction generator has good system reliability due to the cancellation of the brush and slip ringcompared with DFIG.The low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is the key to realize the uninterrupted operation for the wind power generation.In this paper, the LVRT issuefor different grid faults is studied. The dynamic responses of the change of power winding magnetic linkage and the change of control winding voltage are analyzed when grid fault occurswith symmetrical fault and unsymmetrical fault respectively based on mathematical model of BDFIG. Theinstantaneous voltages of control winding are calculated and the dynamic responsesare simulated under different …

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Simulation Research On Generator Sets Of Offshore Drilling Platform, Weiyi Wang, Xiao Lei, Dejun Lin Jan 2019

Simulation Research On Generator Sets Of Offshore Drilling Platform, Weiyi Wang, Xiao Lei, Dejun Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the poor working environment, the complex running conditions and the variety of facilities on offshore drilling platform, the entity experimental research on power system becomes hard and expensive. Based on the background of the offshore drilling platform, the model of eight generator sets is implemented. The simulations of generator sets interconnecting, operation with large load, as well as electric power system’s fault are done. The dynamic processes of each generator sets’ terminal voltage, speed and output power and power grid voltage are shown, which have a certain reference value for the parameter settings and the selection of …

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Adaptive Generation Algorithm Of Tetrahedral Meshes Based On Density Field, Jidong Wang, Lipeng Fan, Mingyong Pang Jan 2019

Adaptive Generation Algorithm Of Tetrahedral Meshes Based On Density Field, Jidong Wang, Lipeng Fan, Mingyong Pang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: We present an algorithm for adaptively generating tetrahedral mesh by constructing the density field of a surface model. A uniform sampled point set is first generated inside the axial bounding box of the surface model. A non-uniform density field is defined according to the surface boundary of the model. Under the control of the density field, the centroidal Voronoi tessellation of the point set is constructed by using iterative method, and the distribution of the point set is optimized adaptively via dynamically adding or deleting points. Taking the points inside the surface model as the insertion points, a tetrahedral …

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Dynamics Simulation Of Breaking Underwater Cable Based On Lumped Mass Method, Zhongxian Zhu, Yin Yong, Helong Shen Jan 2019

Dynamics Simulation Of Breaking Underwater Cable Based On Lumped Mass Method, Zhongxian Zhu, Yin Yong, Helong Shen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to numerically simulate and predict the dynamics behavior of a breaking cable, the dynamics model of the underwater cable is built up based on the lumped mass method, and the classical Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the model. The breaking cable is simulated by exerting appropriate boundary conditions. The dynamics behaviors of immediately and slowly breaking cable are studied. The results indicate that the velocity of the nodes around the breaking point reaches the maximum in a very short time, and then the disturbance propagates outside in form of elastic-wave. Tension and velocity distribute more uniformly …

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Invulnerability Simulation Analysis Of Compound Traffic Network In Urban Agglomeration, Chengbing Li, Wei Lei, Tianwei Lu, Gao Wei Jan 2019

Invulnerability Simulation Analysis Of Compound Traffic Network In Urban Agglomeration, Chengbing Li, Wei Lei, Tianwei Lu, Gao Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To ensure the security operations of urban agglomeration transportation system, the perspective on compound network is used to explore the invulnerability of urban agglomeration traffic network. The site mapping method is used to build the model of weighted compound traffic network in city agglomeration. The traditional invulnerability metrics is revised and the attack strategies are determined according to the structure of the network. Hu-Bao-E city agglomeration is taken as an example to build the weighted compound traffic network model which is composed of road network and rail transit network, simulating the invulnerability and identifying key nodes in the …

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Simulation Of Taxi Passenger Travel Mode Considering The Influence Of Online Booking Taxi, Cao Yi, Yanjin Li, Luo Xia Jan 2019

Simulation Of Taxi Passenger Travel Mode Considering The Influence Of Online Booking Taxi, Cao Yi, Yanjin Li, Luo Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To reflect a systematic account of the impact online booking taxi and cruise taxi under the condition of information, the travelling mode choice of taxi passengers was researched. The influence factors of travelling mode choice of taxi passengers were analyzed and the time values related to passenger’s own characteristics were evaluated. The functions of waiting time of online booking taxi passengers and cruise taxi passengers were formed by investigating the difference of searching behavior. Through using simulation method, the priority for online booking taxi, cruise taxi and private cars was obtained .The results showed that the online booking …

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Linear Design And Simulation Analysis For Harmonic-Distance Rubber Bushing Of Pdm, Tong Hua, Guoyin Chen, Xiaohua Zhu Jan 2019

Linear Design And Simulation Analysis For Harmonic-Distance Rubber Bushing Of Pdm, Tong Hua, Guoyin Chen, Xiaohua Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the problem of fatigue failure in stator rubber bushing of PDM, which reduces motor efficiency and restricts the rate of penetration, a numerical model of PDM’s stator-rotor is established. The thermal coupling problem of rubber bushing working in a well is analyzed. The displacement, temperature and stress distribution of rubber bushing under different conditions and interferences are calculated. A new harmonic-distance rubber bushing was designed based on the structure of rubber bushing, and a finite element simulation on it is taken. The research indicates that the harmonic-distance rubber bushing not only has the advantage of equal-distance rubber bushing, …

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From Situation Cognition Stepped Into Situation Intelligent Cognition, Zhu Feng, Xiaofeng Hu, Wu Lin, Xiaoyuan He, Xuezhi Lü, Liao Ying Jan 2019

From Situation Cognition Stepped Into Situation Intelligent Cognition, Zhu Feng, Xiaofeng Hu, Wu Lin, Xiaoyuan He, Xuezhi Lü, Liao Ying

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aimed at operational situation cognition and some relevant problems under the background of the Joint-Tactical, some deep researches are carried out in this paper. The concept models of combat situation cognition and situation intelligent cognition are proposed respectively, and some related concepts are clarified. The situation intelligent cognition technology framework is proposed, and five key problems which should be solved are analyzed, and the possible technical routes are given. These research contents and achievements build a foundation for stepping into the situation intelligent cognition from combat situation cognition.

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Modeling And Simulation Of Ship Maneuvering Motion Based On Non-Uniform Flow And Shallow Water Effect, Sichen Tong, Xiaoya Tang, Zhang Huan Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Ship Maneuvering Motion Based On Non-Uniform Flow And Shallow Water Effect, Sichen Tong, Xiaoya Tang, Zhang Huan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To reflect and simulate the flow condition and ship attitude in mountainous river, a 3-DOF ship motion mathematical model based on open channel non-uniform flow and shallow water effect is put forward. Analysis of the numerical simulation shows that with the decrease of depth-draft ratio h/d, the ship direct navigation speed decreases, the shallow water effect and the turning diameter increases. Meanwhile, the Z motion fluctuation amplitude and the oscillation period increase with the decrease of h/d, which means the decrease of the rudder effect and maneuverability. Application of the model in a case study shows that the proposed …

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An Improved Cs Algorithm And Its Application In Micro Grid Optimization, Changliang Liu, Pengfei Wang, Liu Shuai, Luo Lei, Zhenqiao Hui Jan 2019

An Improved Cs Algorithm And Its Application In Micro Grid Optimization, Changliang Liu, Pengfei Wang, Liu Shuai, Luo Lei, Zhenqiao Hui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to solve the shortcomings in cuckoo search algorithm, such as slow convergence, low accuracy and easy to fall into the local optimal solution, an improved cuckoo search algorithm is proposed: CS-EO search algorithm. In this search algorithm, the fast convergence speed and global searching advantage of CS algorithm and the strong local search ability of EO algorithm are combined organically. Under the premise of guaranteeing the solving speed, the accuracy of the solution is improved. The results of optimization test functions show that CS- EO algorithm has better optimization performance compared with CS algorithm and PSO …

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Security Evaluation Techniques And Network Performance Simulation Based On Queue Model, Lifang Liu, Lisha Zhao, Xiaogang Qi, Xiong Wei Jan 2019

Security Evaluation Techniques And Network Performance Simulation Based On Queue Model, Lifang Liu, Lisha Zhao, Xiaogang Qi, Xiong Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the booming development of Internet technology, network security threats force every country to pay more and more attention to network security. By analyzing and summarizing the principles of network security threats, three kinds of proactive security threats are proposed in this paper, including saturation security threats, deleting security threats, and tampering security threats. OPNET is employed as the simulation tool to establish multi-service communications network model, in which the node are based on the queuing theory model. In addition, different traffic intensity parameters are designed to simulate the network performance under various running situations. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation …

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Review On Modeling And Simulation Of Cyberspace Operation, Guangya Si, Zhang Yang, Yanzheng Wang Jan 2019

Review On Modeling And Simulation Of Cyberspace Operation, Guangya Si, Zhang Yang, Yanzheng Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is the effective and indispensable method to research cyberspace operation. On the view of joint operation level, the evolution feature of the cyberspace operation M&S is analyzed, which includes the constructions of the cyberspace weapons range, the cyberspace operation concept environment, and the cyberspace operation command information system. The progress of the cyberspace operation M&S is introdeced, including the networked information environment, the entity, the action and the effection. The new challenges of the cyberspace operation M&S are analyzed from the military angle and technology angle.

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Multiple-Attribute Entity Recommendation Based On Classification, Meina Song, Xuejun Zhao, Haihong E Jan 2019

Multiple-Attribute Entity Recommendation Based On Classification, Meina Song, Xuejun Zhao, Haihong E

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the process of exploring entity recommendation, the entity containing diverse attributes has gained more and more attention. Most of the current researchers mainly select one attribute, and embody it in the related algorithms and their extensions even though the entity is combined with multiple attributes in entity recommendation. In this paper, on the basis of the classification method, we delve into physical properties of the recommended entities, divide entity’s attribute information network into multiple sub ones. In sub information network, bounded by the amount of attributes, the single attribute and even multiple attributes can be diverted into diverse …

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High Order Numerical Method For System Of Fractional Differential Equations, Luan Xin, Xin Jia, Dalei Song, Weijia Zhao Jan 2019

High Order Numerical Method For System Of Fractional Differential Equations, Luan Xin, Xin Jia, Dalei Song, Weijia Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A spectral deferred correction method for classical ordinary differential equations is extended and reconstructed to solve a system of fractional differential equations (FDES) by accelerating the convergence of lower order schemes. Based on the residual function and the error equation deduced from Volterra integral equations equivalent to the fractional differential equations, a new high order numerical method for a system of FDES is constructed according to the idea of spectral deferred correction. The proposed method allows that one can use a relatively few nodes to obtain the high accuracy numerical solutions of FDES without the penalty of a …

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Multi Criterion Variable Weight Comprehensive Evaluation Method Of Guidance And Control System, Yuxiao Wang, Songyan Wang, Chao Tao, Yang Ming Jan 2019

Multi Criterion Variable Weight Comprehensive Evaluation Method Of Guidance And Control System, Yuxiao Wang, Songyan Wang, Chao Tao, Yang Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The evaluation of guidance and control system is necessary in the process of vehicle development. In view of lacking of effective comprehensive evaluation methods and the corresponding auxiliary software, the performance evaluation methods of vehicle guidance and control systems are researched, the structure of the system is analyzed, and a hierarchical performance evaluation index system is established. Considering the varying degrees of the data reliability and independence of each index, a variable-weight comprehensive method with multi-criteria is proposed. A performance evaluation example of vehicle guidance and control system is given which shows that the proposed method weights the …

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Multi-Scale Representation Of Battlefield Situation, Yafeng Huang, Xudong Li, Hangfeng Zhang Jan 2019

Multi-Scale Representation Of Battlefield Situation, Yafeng Huang, Xudong Li, Hangfeng Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper studies the multi-scale representation of battlefield situation at the conceptual level in different aspects, such as the concept of situation scale, scale transformation and typical styles of multi-scale representation. The scale of battlefield situation as the Cartesian product of two sets is defined, in which the first set contains space, time, and semantics; the other set contains breadth, granularity, and ratio. The scale transformation is classified into two types: scale downward and scale upward. The scale transformation is decomposed into three basic operations, i.e. breadth transformation, transformation and visualization derivation. The study points out that FIOP, LOD …

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