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University of Dar es Salaam

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Articles 121 - 150 of 264

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Rheological Properties Of Aged Crude Hard Wood Pyrolysis Oil, Divina D. Kaombe Jul 2021

Rheological Properties Of Aged Crude Hard Wood Pyrolysis Oil, Divina D. Kaombe

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Upon storage of the pyrolysis oil, aging reactions may initiate phase separation and change of the rheological properties. These changes lead to unfavourable fuel characteristics in handling, transportation and applications. Efforts have been made for alleviation including methods on how to avoid these aging effects and development of equipment capable of handling aged pyrolysis liquids with unfavourable fuel characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the rheological properties of phase separated pyrolysis liquid fuel. Two batches of a well – stored poplar wood pyrolysis oils were used for the investigation; one batch was diluted with water to …

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Prediction Of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Of Granite Rock Samples Of Lugoba Quarry Using Rebound Hammer Test, Moses Kongola, Karim Baruti Jul 2021

Prediction Of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Of Granite Rock Samples Of Lugoba Quarry Using Rebound Hammer Test, Moses Kongola, Karim Baruti

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Rebound hammer test is widely used as an indirect measure of uniaxial compressive strength for engineering materials such as concrete, soil, and rock in both civil and mining engineering works. In quarries, uniaxial compressive strength is a crucial parameter in the analysis of geotechnical problems involving rock stability and rock blasting design. This study aims at establishing the empirical models of uniaxial compressive strength fits on rebound hammer number that can be used to predict uniaxial compressive strength of granitic rock at Lugoba Quarry. Data for direct uniaxial compressive strength were obtained from uniaxial compressive strength test carried out on …

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Prediction Of Four-Days Soaked California Bearing Ratio (Cbr) Values From Soil Index Properties, Pascal Ambrose, Siya P. Rimoy Dr Jul 2021

Prediction Of Four-Days Soaked California Bearing Ratio (Cbr) Values From Soil Index Properties, Pascal Ambrose, Siya P. Rimoy Dr

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratory testing is the conventional method for determining soaked strengths of pavement subgrades. The test requires careful preparation of soil samples followed by four days of water soaking before penetrating the samples using a standard plunger at prescribed rates to set depths. When the number of samples becomes large the determination of soaked CBR values becomes cumbersome as the test is laborious and time consuming. This study aimed at establishing an alternative way of determining soaked CBR by developing a model that would be used for estimating soaked CBR of fine- and coarse- grained soils without …

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Assessment Of Heavy Metal Concentration In Soils Around Geita The Gold Mine, Tanzania, Mariam G. Mgendi, Mkabwa L. K Manoko, W.J.S. Mwegoha, C. Southway C. Southway Jan 2021

Assessment Of Heavy Metal Concentration In Soils Around Geita The Gold Mine, Tanzania, Mariam G. Mgendi, Mkabwa L. K Manoko, W.J.S. Mwegoha, C. Southway C. Southway

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Health issues related to gold mining cannot be underestimated. Gold mining produce acid mine drainage (AMD), which in turn releases heavy metals into the nearby environment, hence causing environmental pollution. Heavy metals are naturally very toxic, thus pose a great health concern especially when their concentration exceeds the recommended permissible limits. In this study, concentrations of five heavy metals—including Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn—were assessed in the soil around Geita Gold Mine (GGM). A total of 17 sampling sites were established from which the soil samples were collected at 0-15cm and 15-30cm soil depth. The concentration of both total …

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The Potentials Of Faecal Sludge Treatment Using Local Conditioners In Tanzania: A Review, Doglas Benjamin1 Dec 2019

The Potentials Of Faecal Sludge Treatment Using Local Conditioners In Tanzania: A Review, Doglas Benjamin1

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Worldwide, every day human beings generate millions of tons of Faecal Sludge (FS), which is rich in water, nutrients, energy, and organic compounds. Yet FS is not being managed in a way that permits us to derive value from its reuse, while at the same time, millions of farmers struggle with depleted soils and lack of water. In most of the developing countries, energy for cooking is mainly derived from cutting of trees, either as wood or charcoal. Resource recovery and reuse from FS can create livelihoods, enhance food security, support green economies, reduce waste and contribute to cost recovery …

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Reviewing The Potential And Constraints Of Modified Technology Options For Faecal Sludge Management In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Amour Seleman Dec 2019

Reviewing The Potential And Constraints Of Modified Technology Options For Faecal Sludge Management In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Amour Seleman

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Cities in the developing world face the challenge of safe management of faecal sludge because of rapid population growth that overwhelms the sanitation infrastructure and services. In developing countries, only 50% of faecal sludge (FS) generated is safely managed the remaining portion is haphazardly disposed of in the environment risking public health and environment. In response to the urgent need for safely managed sanitation services, technological options for containment, desludging and transportation of FS are being modified. This paper reviewed current desludging practices and the potential of modified technological options for addressing FSM at containment, desludging, and transportation in Dar …

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Material Flow Analysis As A Decision Supporting Tool For Faecal Sludge Resource Recovery: Mathematical Formulation And Quantification, Isabela Thomas Mkude Jun 2019

Material Flow Analysis As A Decision Supporting Tool For Faecal Sludge Resource Recovery: Mathematical Formulation And Quantification, Isabela Thomas Mkude

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

In this work, a conceptual framework for faecal sludge (FS) management and resource recovery in Dar es Salaam city was developed. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) approach was used to assess and quantify the current materials and nutrients to support on decisions for nutrient recovery and minimize environmental pollution in three unplanned settlements of Manzese, Keko and Kipawa in Dar es Salaam city. Nitrogen and Phosphorus were chosen as indicators for the evaluation of the process. The results showed that about 75% of the Dar es Salaam city population relies on pit latrines and 15% connected to septic tanks, translating to …

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Research Methodology Adopted In Developing Tansse-L System, Ellen Kalinga Jun 2019

Research Methodology Adopted In Developing Tansse-L System, Ellen Kalinga

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Research methodology is among the very important part in a research work. It is the heart which describe the activities necessary for the completion of the research work. Research methodology provides a plan of investigation considered to obtain answers to research problems and it depends on the context of application. This paper presents the research methodology adopted when developing Tanzania Secondary Schools e-Learning (TanSSe-L) system, a learning management system (LMS) which was successfully developed through customization of Moodle open source LMS. TanSSe-L system is a context centered platform for secondary schools in Tanzania. TanSSe-L system was developed using a number …

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Linking Quality Management Practices With Performance Of Manufacturing Industries In Tanzania, Mussa Iddi Mgwatu Dr. Jun 2019

Linking Quality Management Practices With Performance Of Manufacturing Industries In Tanzania, Mussa Iddi Mgwatu Dr.

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Local products of manufacturing industries in Tanzania are subjected to intense competition in the markets. Product quality is one of key factors that play a considerable role for manufacturing industries to win the competitive advantage. This paper attempts to analyse the extents of quality management practices (QMP) and manufacturing performance (MP) as well as to examine the linkage between practices and performance. Data was collected from seventy-eight (78) manufacturing industries in Dar es Salaam region using questionnaires comprising of both single-item and multi-item questions. Descriptive statistics was used to quantify the extent of quality management practices and manufacturing performance (MP) …

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Handling Of Syringe Sharps In A Non-Incineration Health Care Waste Disposal, Tito Mwinuka Dec 2017

Handling Of Syringe Sharps In A Non-Incineration Health Care Waste Disposal, Tito Mwinuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

An attempt has been made by the R&D team of the University of Dar es Salaam to design and manufacture two needle cutter prototypes, a manually operated and an automatic needle cutter to be used in rural and urban areas, respectively. This is part of the UNDP and WHO efforts aimed at promoting the non-burn medical waste disposal technologies in developing countries such as Argentina, India, Latvia, Lebanon, Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania and Vietnam. The project also involves designing and manufacturing of the autoclaves for sterilizing of needle cutters and other infectious medical waste. The use of needle cutters in hospitals …

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Ict Adoption And Use In Tanzania Smes, Cuthbert Msuya Jun 2017

Ict Adoption And Use In Tanzania Smes, Cuthbert Msuya

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The purpose of this paper was to establish the status of ICTs adoption and use in Tanzania SMEs. Previously, it was shown that there is a shortage of comprehensive, accurate and up to date data on many aspects of the SMEs sector including the level of ICT adoption and use. This has affected government efforts aimed at development of this important sector in the economic development of the country. Results show that: (i) By year 2014, adoption of ICTs in SMEs had grown from almost non-existence in year 2004 to 80.1% computer technology use, and over 56.6% for use of …

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Design And Manufacture Of A Waste Compactor Prototype: A Step Towards Implementing A Non-Burn Health Care Waste Disposal In Developing Countries, Tito Mwinuka Jun 2017

Design And Manufacture Of A Waste Compactor Prototype: A Step Towards Implementing A Non-Burn Health Care Waste Disposal In Developing Countries, Tito Mwinuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Non-burn technology is the only safe way of handling and disposing infectious healthcare waste. It involves steam treatment of infectious waste at temperatures higher than 121 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes before disposing them just like other municipal waste. Infectious healthcare waste is normally only about 10 25% of all healthcare waste. In this paper, design, manufacturing and testing of a waste compactor for reducing waste volume to facilitate its handling is discussed. Preliminary tests show that the waste volume can be reduced to less than 10% of its original volume using the developed compactor. Waste compactors …

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Assessment Of Quality Stability Of Composite Flours Produced By Dar Es Salaam Smes, Leonard Rweyemamu Dec 2014

Assessment Of Quality Stability Of Composite Flours Produced By Dar Es Salaam Smes, Leonard Rweyemamu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A study was conducted to assess quality stability of cereal flours processed by food processing SMEs in Dar es Salaam. This product is obtained by mixing various cereal grains and is considered as of higher nutritional values in Tanzania. The shelf-life was predicted by determining water activity (aw) and moisture content (MC) levels and plotting the water sorption isotherms (MSI). Ninety per cent of investigated samples (N=78) were found packaged in the materials of various quality conditions. It was found that the packaging materials mostly used is plastic films (63%), paper packets/bags (26%), hard papers (3%), plastic jars (1%) and …

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Properties Of Boards Made From Rice Husk And Portland Cement As Binders And Reinforced With Sisal Fibres, Alex Mrema Dec 2014

Properties Of Boards Made From Rice Husk And Portland Cement As Binders And Reinforced With Sisal Fibres, Alex Mrema

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A research study demonstrated that rice husks can be used to manufacture boards which can be used in low cost housing if bound by Portland limestone cement (CEM II/A-L/ 32.5R) and reinforced with sisal fibers to cater for their brittle behavior and that such boards can provide a substitute for wood panels. Boards made of rice husks and cement in the ratios of 1/3.3, 1/ 3.6 and 1/4 and with sisal fiber reinforcement contents of 0%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.8% were prepared and tested for their physical and mechanical properties. The results were compared with standard requirements for boards made …

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Analysis Of Different Techniques For Improving Performance Of Flat Plate Solar Collectors For Fruits Drying, Godfrey Mbabaye Jun 2014

Analysis Of Different Techniques For Improving Performance Of Flat Plate Solar Collectors For Fruits Drying, Godfrey Mbabaye

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Fruits drying had become a broader technology in fruits and vegetables value addition. The technology is reported to be a promising way of drying without incurring higher cost but its adaptation has not been feasible in rural areas. Solar dryers have been developed but its poor performance limits its applicability. In this study, several techniques for modifications of traditional solar collector were addressed. It was observed that, varying collector designs in different techniques, a range of collector performances can be archived. The research shows that, collector efficiency can be improved by 9.6% when employing double duct counter flow compared to …

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Noise Pollution In Maize Milling Smes, Erasto Elias Jun 2014

Noise Pollution In Maize Milling Smes, Erasto Elias

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Maize milling SMEs emit high levels of noise which can have adverse effects on human beings and therefore require controlling. This paper reports on a study that involved assessment and measurement of noise level in maize milling SMEs in DSM and Morogoro urban, gathering opinions of workers and the neighbouring population on noise problems, and suggesting solutions for noise control. Noise measurements in 41 SMEs were recorded from 89-103 dBA in DSM and 92-103 dBA in Morogoro near the milling machines. These values were higher than the safe level of 85 dBA for 8 hours working shift. Measurement also indicated …

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Lemongrass And Cinnamon Essential Oils As Vitamin C Preservatives And Flavour Enhancers In Jam, Denice Byarushengo Jun 2014

Lemongrass And Cinnamon Essential Oils As Vitamin C Preservatives And Flavour Enhancers In Jam, Denice Byarushengo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Lemongrass and cinnamon essential oils (LEO and CEO) are natural oils with high anti oxidation capacity, pleasant flavour, and various health benefits. Their ability to preserve vitamin C and flavour in jam have not been tested. In this study the performance of two essential oils (EOs) in preserving vitamin C and improving jam flavour were investigated. The EOs were produced by hydro-steam distillation of fresh lemongrasses and cinnamon leaves using a Clevenger apparatus. Jam samples were dosed with various concentrations of either single or mixed EOs and then stored at either room or refrigeration temperature. Samples were analysed for changes …

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Thermolysis And Kinetics Of Scrap Tyre And Bagasse For Energy Utilization, Petro Ndalila Dec 2013

Thermolysis And Kinetics Of Scrap Tyre And Bagasse For Energy Utilization, Petro Ndalila

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The increase of energy demand has brought concern to find alternative fuel that will at least sustain the requirement. Bagasse and scrap tyre are waste generated in our industrial activities, which can be used in energy production to subsidize the demand. This paper, aim to study the decomposition behaviour and kinetics of biomass (bagasse) and scrap tyre as preliminary stage of fuel sample analysis to be considered for energy production in gasification/combustion or pyrolysis facilities. The behaviour demonstrated with thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), shows that all samples have high volatile amount release, 84.21% for bagasse and 85.08% for scrap tyre, which …

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Analysis Of Factors Affecting Technological Innovativeness In Engineering Enterprises In Tanzania, Emanuel Mjema Dec 2013

Analysis Of Factors Affecting Technological Innovativeness In Engineering Enterprises In Tanzania, Emanuel Mjema

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper discusses the technological innovativeness in engineering enterprises in Tanzania and analyses the factors affecting the innovativeness. It starts by analyzing various concepts regarding innovation, then analyzed from documentary review factors affecting innovativeness and then analyzed the innovativeness in Tanzanian enterprises. From the documentary review it was learnt that the following key factors influence technological innovativeness: Existence of innovation management; Existence of market to absorb the products of innovation; Existence of partnership between the universities and the firms; Existence of positive culture and politics towards innovation; The government playing its role to influence innovation; Existence of the right knowledge; …

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Open Source Kiswahili Spell Checker (Sw-Tz), Hashim Twaakyondo Jun 2013

Open Source Kiswahili Spell Checker (Sw-Tz), Hashim Twaakyondo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Different English software products are localized into many native languages spoken around the world, the most popular software products localized so far are word processing software and web browsers. The effort has begun to localize these software products in Kiswahili language which is widely spoken in Tanzania, East and Central Africa. Kiswahili is an official language of Tanzania, and is a national language in Uganda and Kenya. To make these software products useful to Kiswahili speaking community particularly in Tanzania a new Kiswahili spell checker has been developed and, it uses most of the Kiswahili words spoken in Tanzania and …

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Isolation And Characterisation Of Micro-Organisms With Industrial Importance From Sisal Bole Rots, Consolatha Mhaiki Jun 2013

Isolation And Characterisation Of Micro-Organisms With Industrial Importance From Sisal Bole Rots, Consolatha Mhaiki

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Investigation of microorganisms naturally acclimatized to Agave hybrid H 11648 (sisal bole rot) was conducted, with the aim of isolating and characterizing Aspergillus niger strains for industrial use. Microorganism were identified morphologically and then confirmation made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed the existence of four major groups, listed in order of abundances as follows; Aspergilli (36.0±0.8) %, Penicillin (28.0±0.1) %, Yeast (15.0±1.6) %and Fusarium (10.0±0.12) %. The main groups of Aspergilli strains were A. nidulans, A. tamari and A. niger in ratios (3:2:2), respectively. Several endo-spore forming non-enteric gram (-) rods and coccid bacteria identified by API 20 …

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2d Autocad Geometric Data Extraction And Post Processing For Numerical Control, Tito Mwinuka Jun 2013

2d Autocad Geometric Data Extraction And Post Processing For Numerical Control, Tito Mwinuka

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

In this paper, a method of extracting 2D geometric data from AutoCAD drawing and post processing for Numerical Control (NC) is presented. Geometric data already available in the Drawing Interchange Files (DXF) can be utilized to accurately and economically prepare part programs for controlling NC/CNC machine tools. AutoCAD, being general purpose software, stores its geometric data in a form that cannot be directly applied for automatic generation of Numerical Control (NC) codes. The way around the discrepancy between the structure of a drawing database (DXF files) and the information requirement for part programming is addressed in this work. NC programming …

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Improvement Of Hydraulic Press For Vegetable Oil Expression In Rural Areas, I. P. Bateebe Jun 2013

Improvement Of Hydraulic Press For Vegetable Oil Expression In Rural Areas, I. P. Bateebe

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Cultivation of oil producing crops especially Jatropha and croton as source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production is being encouraged in rural areas. To recover oil from seed, manual press is the feasible method in rural areas where there is no electricity. Research was conducted to improve hydraulic oil press machine for rural application. Factors affecting oil recovery were found to be: moisture content of seeds, operating pressure, seed oil content, and the amount of seeds pressed per batch. Percentage oil recovery was improved by reducing diameter of press cylinder, hence increasing expression pressure, and either reducing amount of seed …

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Analysis Of Factors Affecting Technological Innovativeness In Engineering Enterprises In Tanzania, Emanuel Mjema Dec 2010

Analysis Of Factors Affecting Technological Innovativeness In Engineering Enterprises In Tanzania, Emanuel Mjema

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper discusses the technological innovativeness in engineering enterprises in Tanzania and analyses the factors affecting the innovativeness. It starts by analyzing various concepts regarding innovation, then analyzed from documentary review factors affecting innovativeness and then analyzed the innovativeness in Tanzanian enterprises. From the documentary review it was learnt that the following key factors influence technological innovativeness: Existence of innovation management; Existence of market to absorb the products of innovation; Existence of partnership between the universities and the firms; Existence of positive culture and politics towards innovation; The government playing its role to influence innovation; Existence of the right knowledge; …

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Calibration Of Hdm-4 For Use In Pavement Management Systems (Pms), Nurdin Mushule Dec 2009

Calibration Of Hdm-4 For Use In Pavement Management Systems (Pms), Nurdin Mushule

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

One of major problems of road management in developing countries is the lack of decision making tools for preparing road maintenance programmes. This results in poor resource allocation and poor utilisation of existing assets. Pavement management systems (PMS) have been developed around the world in order to assist with the pavement management process in a co-ordinated and systematic manner. Some developed countries have derived pavement performance models that are suited to local conditions by setting up long term pavement performance studies. Conversely, most developing countries do not have the resources required to set up similar large-scale field experiments. However, validation …

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Case Studies: In-Situ Rebuilding Of Damaged Rope Drum Shafts Of Ssg Crane And The Repair Of Circumferential Crack Of Cement Kiln By Welding, Joseph Runyoro Dec 2009

Case Studies: In-Situ Rebuilding Of Damaged Rope Drum Shafts Of Ssg Crane And The Repair Of Circumferential Crack Of Cement Kiln By Welding, Joseph Runyoro

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Material failures in engineering are characterized by unwanted downtime of equipment and require the application of sound engineering principles to rectify the problem so that it does not reoccur. The most widely method for repairing damaged steel structures such as rope drum shaft or cracked cement kiln is by Manual metal arc welding. The equipment mentioned have their main importance that, when they are broken down, they cost a lot of money in lost revenue and affects a lot of people in terms of business and livelihood. The nominal diameter (DN) 240 rope drum shaft was damaged when the roller …

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A Systemic Framework For Implementation Of Tqm Programmes, Emanuel Mjema Dec 2009

A Systemic Framework For Implementation Of Tqm Programmes, Emanuel Mjema

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The purpose of this paper is to present a systemic framework for implementation of TQM program in a manufacturing organisation that produces motor vehicle components in Port Elizabeth - South Africa. The approach used included conceptualisation of the systemic framework and then involvement of the stakeholders in adding scenarios to be considered in the design and implementing the framework in the real field. The findings obtained during the implementation of the systemic framework established that reduction of scrap rate, reduction of production costs, reduction of cycle time and employee motivation could be achieved through the implementation of a Systemic Framework …

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Improving The Design Of Low Volume Sealed Roads In Tanzania, Mfinanga A Dec 2008

Improving The Design Of Low Volume Sealed Roads In Tanzania, Mfinanga A

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The main objective of the study was to identify appropriate road designs for Low Volume Sealed Roads (LVSRs) with the aim of improving the design of such roads in Tanzania. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro regions in Tanzania where data for LVSRs were collected from primary and secondary sources in the two regions. The study found that by using an improved pavement design method specifically meant for LVSRs results in cost savings for LVSRs of up to 51% compared with the conventional method of pavement design in Tanzania. The study recommends that the pavement design …

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The Effect Of Rotation And Temperature On The Inhibition Performance Of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Nut Shell Liquid On Co2 Corrosion Of Carbon Steel, J Mutasingwa Dec 2008

The Effect Of Rotation And Temperature On The Inhibition Performance Of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Nut Shell Liquid On Co2 Corrosion Of Carbon Steel, J Mutasingwa

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A natural extract of cashew nut shells, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) was investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 3% NaCl solutions saturated with CO2 gas using electrochemical techniques (i.e. potentiodynamic polarization and ac-impedance). The investigation was performed at different temperatures under static and dynamic conditions using a Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE). It was found that CNSL reduces the electrochemical processes taking place on carbon steel undergoing corrosion. The percentage inhibitor efficiency increases with increase in CNSL concentration and decreases with rise in temperature. Better performance at low CNSL concentration was registered under dynamic conditions and room …

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Potential Use Of Waterguard As A Disinfectant For Domestic Water Use, Yohana L Dec 2008

Potential Use Of Waterguard As A Disinfectant For Domestic Water Use, Yohana L

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

been identified as an alternative method for treatment of domestic drinking water. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Water Guard in disinfecting drinking water from different sources drawn from Kinondoni district, Dar es Salaam as well as to establish appropriate dosage that can be used during the treatment. Results showed that, a dose of 4.0mL per 20 litrer of water guard is sufficient for disinfection of urban water sources. The above prescribed doses provide 100% disinfection efficiency with residue chlorine of less than 0.3mg/l. Water with turbidity values of 30-35 NTU, chlorine dosage of 8mL/20 …

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