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Articles 2281 - 2310 of 3977

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao Jul 2020

Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to explore the internal relationship between Command Information System (CIS) network and combat system, a layered combat system model was built, including organizational relationship layer, information interaction layer and communication link layer. Conception of the system coupling intensity was defined, which reflected the influence of network architecture to combat system. An optimization model of CIS network architecture aimed at maximizing the ratio of system coupling intensity to cost coefficient was built. A route programming genetic algorithm was designed and applied into simulation of Air Offensive Campaign (AOC) system network. The results show that the model and algorithm …

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Research On Damage Ratio Considering Target-Location Error, Xieen Song, Weidong Song, Ma Qian Jul 2020

Research On Damage Ratio Considering Target-Location Error, Xieen Song, Weidong Song, Ma Qian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Different computing methods for target-location error have much influence on the result of cluster target damage ratio. In order to find a suitable method, based on existing damage ratio analytical method and error combination method, several new ideas, such as error synthesis method, random target method, were proposed. By analyzing specific examples and comparing the results, the accuracy and application conditions for each method were reached. Random target method was proved to be the best on the whole; error combination method was optimal when it could meet the conditions of analytical method and data error combination; target-location …

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Simulation On Spontaneous Combustion Of Goaf Under “U” Type Ventilation And Improvement, Tiejun Cui, Yundong Ma, Laigui Wang Jul 2020

Simulation On Spontaneous Combustion Of Goaf Under “U” Type Ventilation And Improvement, Tiejun Cui, Yundong Ma, Laigui Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To understand the change of temperature and heating area, in different time, in the process of spontaneous combustion of goaf under “U” type ventilation, the model was proposed based on the theory of particle flow. The three basic problems of Oxygen equivalent flow and reaction with the coal were solved, and implemented with FISH. According to the actual working condition, the heating process was simulated, which could be divided into three stages, and the characteristics of the six warming development time were analyzed, finding that the heating area change was related with the oxygen flow in the process of …

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Modeling And Simulation On Influence Of Complex Network Nodes Based On Data Field In, Chenxi Shao, Xiaoqi Chen, Xingfu Wang, Fuyou Miao Jul 2020

Modeling And Simulation On Influence Of Complex Network Nodes Based On Data Field In, Chenxi Shao, Xiaoqi Chen, Xingfu Wang, Fuyou Miao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Research on the influence of complex network nodes is an important part of data mining. Mining the influential nodes in complex networks not only has important academic significance, but also helps to suppress the outbreak of epidemics, control the spread of rumors, and promote e-commercial products and so on. By selecting the Mixed Degree Decomposition (MDD) value of each node as its mass, the complex network is abstracted into a data field, the influential nodes are identified by combining the data field model, and some well-known centralities are compares with. The classical Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model is …

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Foot Measurement Based On Deep Alignment Network, Shi Min, Hanqin Yao, Chunpeng Li, Liangchen Chen Jul 2020

Foot Measurement Based On Deep Alignment Network, Shi Min, Hanqin Yao, Chunpeng Li, Liangchen Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Foot measurement plays an important role in many areas. Limited by equipment and algorithms, three-dimensional foot measurement cannot make a convenient and quick foot measurement. A method is proposed by combining the image measurement with the deep neural network. Based on the physiological structure analysis of foot, key points are extracted and the measurement parameters are defined. During the key point detection of foot, the activation function and loss function of DAN (Deep Alignment Network) model is optimized, and a data acquisition method is defined based on the handheld camera. Foot key points are detected, and main parameters are …

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Mobile-Phone-Oriented Stereoscopic Display And Interaction Framework For Cloud-Based Virtual Reality 3d Scenes, Jiazhe Liu, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Weidong Liang, Qiwei Xing, Huamin Yang Jul 2020

Mobile-Phone-Oriented Stereoscopic Display And Interaction Framework For Cloud-Based Virtual Reality 3d Scenes, Jiazhe Liu, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Weidong Liang, Qiwei Xing, Huamin Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A VR application framework based on cloud computing is proposed to overcome the difficulty of interactively generating high quality 3D scene images on mobile phones. We combine the cloud-based rendering and the VR technology. Our framework uses a mobile browser as a client, transmits the image data by the video block stream, processes the interactive data by the anti-jitter algorithm, and has accomplished the web-based lightweight rendering. The framework reduces the cost of data visualization on mobile phone and avoids the need of installing a plug-in package. The experimental results show that our display rate could be improved to …

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Maintenance Operation Control Of Virtual Human In Collaborative Virtual Maintenance, Liang Feng, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li Jul 2020

Maintenance Operation Control Of Virtual Human In Collaborative Virtual Maintenance, Liang Feng, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the operators being not able to move freely in the limited capture area of optical motion capture devices, the maintenance operation control of virtual human in Collaborative Virtual Maintenance is studied. The lower limb action of operators is captured by the optical motion capture devices, and the wide range motion of the virtual human is controlled according to the real-time recognition results. In order to control the hand motion process of the virtual human in the maintenance operation, the hand interaction of the virtual human is analyzed and an intelligent assistant method for the maintenance operations based …

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Simulation Research On Cooperative Control Of Multi Intelligent Ground Platform Based On Agent Theory, Yunrong Zhang, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Hongguang Wang, Wenpeng Mi, Xiangtong Kong, Pengpeng Liu Jul 2020

Simulation Research On Cooperative Control Of Multi Intelligent Ground Platform Based On Agent Theory, Yunrong Zhang, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Hongguang Wang, Wenpeng Mi, Xiangtong Kong, Pengpeng Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the cooperative control ability of the multi Intelligent ground platform and to adapt to the trend of intelligent war in the new situation, a multi intelligent ground platform cooperative Control simulation system based on jade and world wind Java is constructed. Based on multi-agent theory, the simulation model of intelligent ground platform is build. Based on JADE, the cooperative Control simulation platform is constructed. The task allocation mechanism is optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The simulation results show that the cooperative Control simulation platform has good robustness and flexibility. The optimized task allocation …

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A Survey On Visual Slam Based On Deep Learning, Ruijun Liu, Xiangshang Wang, Zhang Chen, Bohua Zhang Jul 2020

A Survey On Visual Slam Based On Deep Learning, Ruijun Liu, Xiangshang Wang, Zhang Chen, Bohua Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Following the development of computer vision and robotics, visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping becomes a research focus in the field of unmanned systems. The powerful advantages of deep learning in the image processing offer a huge opportunity to the wide combination of the two fields. The outstanding research achievements of deep learning combined with visual odometry, loop closure detection and semantic Simultaneous Localization and Mapping are summarized. A comparison between the traditional algorithm and method based on deep learning is carried out. The development direction of visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping based on deep learning is …

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Visual Tracking And Localization Based On Confidence Evaluation Of Adjacent Targets, Youquan Liu, Pei Xue, Li Wan, Zhengxiong Liu Jul 2020

Visual Tracking And Localization Based On Confidence Evaluation Of Adjacent Targets, Youquan Liu, Pei Xue, Li Wan, Zhengxiong Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In visual target tracking and localization, the target could not be located due to the lack of features or the severe occlusion. Aiming at this, an algorithm based on confidence evaluation of neighboring targets is designed. In the tracking process, by detecting and extracting the marker features of neighboring targets, and combining the Hamming distance of each feature marker and the normalized result with respect to other markers as well as the probability of occurrence of each marker, the final confidence of each marker is obtained. The marker with the maximum confidence is to used determine the target …

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Simulation Of Dongba Art Style Painting, Wenhua Qian, Xu Dan, Xu Jin, He Lei, Zhang Bo Jul 2020

Simulation Of Dongba Art Style Painting, Wenhua Qian, Xu Dan, Xu Jin, He Lei, Zhang Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An interactive technique that can generate the Dongba art paintings from 2D images is proposed. A Dongba painting line drawing system is designed and developed which adopts the interactive selection method to obtain the smooth and continuous line drawings. To produce the foreground image of the Dongba styles, a multi-frequency noise integral convolution algorithm is utilized to simulate the block texture color of the Dongba paintings. Texture synthesis algorithm is used to generate the image of large sizes from samples to simulate the background image. Based on the layer-mapping technique and local color transmission methods, the final artistic style …

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Mrmark: A Machine Performance Evaluation Method For Three-Dimensional Video Fusion, Yifei Sun, Liangliang Cai, Zhou Yi, Zhou Zhong Jul 2020

Mrmark: A Machine Performance Evaluation Method For Three-Dimensional Video Fusion, Yifei Sun, Liangliang Cai, Zhou Yi, Zhou Zhong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The three-dimensional video fusion system needs the calculation of video and graphics, and requires high machine performance. The existing commercial evaluation tools lack the corresponding considerations, which may cause the inconsistency of a machine's performance from the score. A machine performance evaluation method for three-dimensional video fusion is proposed and an evaluation tool MRMark is implemented. Several sets of standard 3D test scenes are designed according to the characteristics of the video fusion system, the statistics on the frame rate, the number of video channels played and the other parameters during the test are collected to calculate the …

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Research On Highway Bim Perception And Engineering Evaluation Based On Virtual Reality, Zhaohui Wu, Zhiqiang Fu, Wang Liang, Dou Fei Jul 2020

Research On Highway Bim Perception And Engineering Evaluation Based On Virtual Reality, Zhaohui Wu, Zhiqiang Fu, Wang Liang, Dou Fei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Virtual reality technology is a new way for the highway BIM to upgrade from 2D to 3D. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of highway engineering and the travel needs of traffic participants, five methods are proposed to perceive highway BIM and evaluate the engineering design results of different road users, including virtual driving, virtual flight, virtual riding, virtual walking and augmented reality. These methods provide technical and tool support for the people-oriented road BIM perception, engineering evaluation, collaborative work, and design optimization. The experiment tests show that virtual reality connects the BIM models with human perception, …

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Icp Optimized B-Spline Non-Rigid Registration For 4d-Ct Images, Wenjie Tang, Ruotong Li, Xuesong Deng, Weixin Si, Wang Qiong Jul 2020

Icp Optimized B-Spline Non-Rigid Registration For 4d-Ct Images, Wenjie Tang, Ruotong Li, Xuesong Deng, Weixin Si, Wang Qiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the accuracy and speed of registration between two groups of 4D-CT images under different physiological activities, based on FFD model of multi-resolution B-spline, a registration algorithm using ICP to optimize the model is proposed. The ICP algorithm is added before the traditional b-spline to realize the point cloud registration between two groups of 4D-CT images: the appropriate model is generated from the two segmented groups of 4D-CT images, then the two groups of point clouds in the model are registered with ICP. The improvement rates of similarity measurement at level 1, level 2 and …

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Simulation Reach On Multi-Generation Digital Product Diffusion Based On Agent, Qiao Jian, Jingwen Xia, Wang Pan Jul 2020

Simulation Reach On Multi-Generation Digital Product Diffusion Based On Agent, Qiao Jian, Jingwen Xia, Wang Pan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Digital products have the characteristics of multi-generation coexistence and diffusion, and the multi-generation product diffusion model is an important tool to study it. The existing models ignores some factors of the product, consumer and environment that significantly affect the diffusion process. A multi-generation digital product diffusion model is proposed by using the ABMS, fuzzy inference, complex network and utility theories. The experiment results show that the model can playback the diffusion process of iPhones, which indicates that the model has a good simulation/prediction capability when the historical data is sufficient, and can be a marketing analysis and decision-making …

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Review On Finite Element Model For Anti-Riot Kinetic Projectile Thorax Blunt Impact, Wang Song, Renjun Zhan Jul 2020

Review On Finite Element Model For Anti-Riot Kinetic Projectile Thorax Blunt Impact, Wang Song, Renjun Zhan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to promote the construction and verification of the finite element models of human thorax and non-lethal projectiles in the field of blunt ballistic impact, the detailed anatomical and analogous structures of the thorax finite element models are combed and five typical of them are compared and verified. The construction and verification methods of the typical non-lethal projectile models are refined and the impact injury assessment methods are summarized. The next research recommendations are given. In order to improve the accuracy and biological fidelity of the thorax model, it is necessary to establish the physical and finite …

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Real-Time Leaf Recognition Method Based On Cnn Network And Multi-Task Loss Function, Xingquan Cai, Yuxin Tu, Yakun Ge, Zhe Yang Jul 2020

Real-Time Leaf Recognition Method Based On Cnn Network And Multi-Task Loss Function, Xingquan Cai, Yuxin Tu, Yakun Ge, Zhe Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problems that the traditional leaf recognition is susceptible to the environmental interference and is difficult to realize the multi-leaf real-time recognition in complex background, a real-time leaf recognition method based on CNN network and multi-task loss function is proposed. The CNN network is used to the extract image feature maps and input them into RPN network to generate regional proposals. On the basis of the feature maps and region proposals, the feature map is proposaled, the leaf classification and bounding box regression are performed respectively, and the leaf classification and position of the leaf prediction box …

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Hyperspectral Image Anomaly Detection Based On Background Reconstruction, Xiaorui Song, Zou Ling, Lingda Wu, Wanpeng Xu Jul 2020

Hyperspectral Image Anomaly Detection Based On Background Reconstruction, Xiaorui Song, Zou Ling, Lingda Wu, Wanpeng Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the anomaly detection of hyperspectral images (HSIs), aiming at the difficulty of distinguishing the abnormal target from the background and the low accuracy of background prediction, a new HSI anomaly detection algorithm based on background sparse reconstruction is proposed. An online dictionary learning method is used to estimate the background spectral dictionary. The estimated background image is sparse reconstructed by the learning dictionary. The estimated background image is subtracted from the origin image to get the residual image. The anomaly detection is achieved by using the local RX detector to traverse the residual image. The effectiveness of the …

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Human Depth Maps Restoration Based On Guided Gan, Jingfang Yin, Dengming Zhu, Shi Min, Zhaoqi Wang Jul 2020

Human Depth Maps Restoration Based On Guided Gan, Jingfang Yin, Dengming Zhu, Shi Min, Zhaoqi Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The depth maps captured by a small depth camera on mobile devices suffer from the problem of severe holes. The Guided Generative Adversarial Network (Guided GAN) based on deep learning is proposed to restore human depth maps with above problems. The high-precision human segmentation features and depth class features are extracted from the monocular RGB image by the guider based on the stacked hourglass network. The holes in the human depth maps are filled by the special generator under the guidance of the extracted human features. In order to get the more realistic results, the discriminator is introduced …

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Modeling And Visualization On Scalar Fields Of Meteorological Data, Shuoben Bi, Yucheng Gong, Mingyue Lu, Zhou Hao, Yuanxiang Mao Jul 2020

Modeling And Visualization On Scalar Fields Of Meteorological Data, Shuoben Bi, Yucheng Gong, Mingyue Lu, Zhou Hao, Yuanxiang Mao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are still many deficiencies in efficiency, interactivity, and accuracy in the visualization of meteorological scalar fields. Aiming at these problems, a display method based on multi-level volume rendering technology is proposed, which processes the spatial field data to form a three-dimensional space grid. Through the dynamic mapping between the scalar values and the color values and transparency, the three-dimensional dynamic visualization effect of the meteorological scalar data is realized. Aiming at the interpolation method for the traditional MC (Marching Cubes) algorithm being not applicable to the meteorological data, and the connection method having ambiguity problem, the improvement method …

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Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia Jul 2020

Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the loading efficiency of large-scale Web3D scene, a mechanism based on DR prediction is proposed. It combines the DR track prediction algorithm and historical path-based interest path clustering algorithm to track the field. The medium path prediction and path clustering in the traffic domain are applied to the virtual scene loading field, and a preloading mechanism of the Web3D scene is proposed. Experiment results show that the preloading mechanism can significantly improve the data transmission efficiency, optimize the loading speed of large-scale Web3D scene, and effectively improve the roaming experience of users in Web3D scene. …

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Learning Expression Recognition Based On Image Sequence, Suqin Wang, Zhang Feng, Yudou Gao, Shi Min Jul 2020

Learning Expression Recognition Based On Image Sequence, Suqin Wang, Zhang Feng, Yudou Gao, Shi Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: By recognizing the facial expressions, the emotional state of learner can be judged and their learning effect can be analyzed. Due to the persistence and timing of facial expressions, the sequence of facial images is adopted as the object of facial expression recognition. The Long Short Term Memory Network (LSTM) and VGGNet are combined into a VGGNET-LSTM model. On this basis, facial expression recognition is carried out, which significantly improves the accuracy of recognition. Based on the transfer learning method, VGGNet is transferred to the learning expression data set after being pre-trained through the basic expression data set CK+ …

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An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang Jul 2020

An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The spatiotemporal consistency of multi-modal haptic and immersive visual feedback, as well as the integration of hardware devices in the existing VR software framework, restricts the rapid development of visuo-haptic fusion scenarios in different industries such as medical, business, and entertainment. In order to tackle this problem, an adaptable VR software framework combining multi-modal haptic and immersive visual display is proposed. To meet the different requirements of visual rendering, haptic rendering and hardware control, the double-layer and three-layer architectures are devised according to the different precision requirements of visuo-haptic fusion feedback. Experimental results show that the framework has the …

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A Survey On Graph Representation And Visualization Techniques, Chen Yi, Menglu Zhang, Yuchai Wan Jul 2020

A Survey On Graph Representation And Visualization Techniques, Chen Yi, Menglu Zhang, Yuchai Wan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A graph consists of nodes and edges, and represents the relationship between two or more entities. Graph-based analysis can help understand the structure and nature of the entity relationships and reveal the implicit relationships in graphs. The representation and visualization methods of graphs play an important role in the graph analysis. In graph visualization research, the accuracy of knowledge transfer and people's mental map, etc. should be considered first, then the graphs beauty, the time requirement, and the computer performance. The graph representation methods, graph layout algorithms, visualization methods based on node-link-graphs, adjacency matrices, and graph embedding are reviewed, …

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Study On Flywheel Automotive-Brake Energy Recovery System, Juhua Huang, Fuzhong Wang, Junping Yang Jul 2020

Study On Flywheel Automotive-Brake Energy Recovery System, Juhua Huang, Fuzhong Wang, Junping Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The generator automotive-braking energy recovery system can only be applied to the new energy vehicles. In order to improve the situation, a kind of flywheel automotive-braking energy recovery system (FAERS) was proposed that could be applied to the traditional vehicles. The structure of the FAERS was designed and its working principle was explained in detail. The working principle of the FAERS and the main structural parameters—the maximum torque of the electromagnetic clutch, the transmission ratio of the energy storage flywheel and the rotational inertia of the energy storage flywheel were simulated in the environment of Matlab-Simulink, which …

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Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong Jul 2020

Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The crowd evacuation problem is a multi-objective optimization problem in large public places under the emergency, but because of the conflict between multiple objectives in multi-objective optimization problem, it is difficult to make the multiple targets achieve the optimal at the same time. The most popular solution is an evolution multi objective optimization algorithm for the characteristics of heuristic search of population and the partial order relation. Cuckoo search algorithm is a new search algorithm which was found in the behavior of cuckoo nest spawning lies, the basic cuckoo search algorithm is lack of vitality, and search is slow. …

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Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai Jul 2020

Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A new approach for wind power forecasting was proposed based on sliding window weighted recursive least squares for the defect of wind power short-term prediction in the traditional prediction methods. The historical data was weighted and the perturbation caused by the historical data was ruled out in this method, which focused on the current data on the result of prediction. This made the model have the adaptability to the change of the environment data. The harmony search algorithm was used to optimize the orders and the parameters of the predict model, which could improve the precision and accuracy of …

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Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu Jul 2020

Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) has been highly concerned since it was proposed. However, the key of creating a good CPS system critically depends on the prophase design of the system model. Currently, it has become the focus and difficulty of research at home and abroad that models a CPS system with comprehensive, robustness, security. According to the previous studies, the CPS system was divided into computing entity, physical entity and control entity. A modeling method of computation entity of CPS was provided, which is DBM-UML (Dynamic behavior modeling-UML). With this method, an analysis of the entire system's structure …

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Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He Jul 2020

Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the security of networks in whole, a method of making strategies for the network security reinforcement based on Generalized Stochastic Colored Petri Net was proposed. The concepts of host node utilization index and host node key degree were introduced, which enabled the vulnerable nodes that needed repairing sorted by the value of host node key degree. On this basis, security level of the target network was increased by the reinforcement according to the principle of maximum node key degree first. The network instance further validates that the proposed method for network security reinforcement is …

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Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He Jul 2020

Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the appearance changing of target object in object tracking, a tracking algorithm was proposed based on superpixel and local sparse representation (SPS). In training process, a discriminative appearance model was constructed by clustering the segmented train images; sparsity-based histogram of target object was calculated to construct generative appearance model. In tracking, superpixel-based confidence map was obtained, and the confidence values of candidates was sampled and calculated; the similarity between sparsity-based histogram of candidates and target template was computed by using local patches. Then motion model and observation model of candidates according to the confidence values and …

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