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Articles 3511 - 3540 of 4777

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

A Hierarchical Integrated Soft Sensing Modeling Method For Gauss Process Regression, Zhao Shuai, Xudong Shi, Weili Xiong Dec 2019

A Hierarchical Integrated Soft Sensing Modeling Method For Gauss Process Regression, Zhao Shuai, Xudong Shi, Weili Xiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Chemical processes are often characterized by nonlinearity and multi-phase, a soft sensor model based on the hierarchical ensemble of Gaussian process regression is proposed. First, the Gaussian mixture model is used to divide the process data into different operation phases. Then, the principal component analysis of each stage is carried out, and the model data are divided into several subspaces, according to the contribution of each auxiliary variable in the principal component space, and the corresponding Gaussian process regression model is built. The subspace model output is fused by means to obtain the first level ensemble output. Finally, the …

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Research On Fuzzy Adaptive Somatosensory Algorithm For Flight Simulator, Wang Hui, Baofeng Zhang Dec 2019

Research On Fuzzy Adaptive Somatosensory Algorithm For Flight Simulator, Wang Hui, Baofeng Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the dynamic fidelity of flight simulator and make full use of the working space, the corresponding improvement scheme of the classical washout algorithm is proposed based on the Stewart motion platform. A two-way fuzzy adaptive elution algorithm is proposed.The algorithm is more in line with the sensory model of the human body by combining the two-way filtering algorithm improvement and the one-dimensional fuzzy adaptive adjustment to compensate the displacement of the high-pass acceleration channel according to the fuzzy rule. The results show that the improved two-way fuzzy adaptive filtering algorithm improves the displacement space from …

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Study On Ecological Compensation Of Three Gorges Basin Based On Evolutionary Game Theory, Guangming Yang, Yanjun Shi Dec 2019

Study On Ecological Compensation Of Three Gorges Basin Based On Evolutionary Game Theory, Guangming Yang, Yanjun Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Under the background of the green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, based on the evolutionary game theory, the game model of the upstream and downstream governments of the Three Gorges Basin and the central ecological compensation behavior are constructed to analyze the interests appeal and compensation behaviors among the three parties, so as to have a complex interest game relationship in the Yangtze River and analyze the cases of ecological compensation in the Three Gorges Basin. The research shows that without the restriction of central government, it is difficult for the upstream and downstream governments in the …

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Research On Vibration Characteristics And Parameters Influence Of A Nonlinear Vibration Absorber, Lilan Liu, Bolin Ren, Guodong Zhu Dec 2019

Research On Vibration Characteristics And Parameters Influence Of A Nonlinear Vibration Absorber, Lilan Liu, Bolin Ren, Guodong Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The bistable nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (BNEVEH) is used as a vibration absorber to absorb harmful vibration and transfer it into useful electric energy. The mechanical model and governing equation of the main system with BNEVEH are established. The effect of Gauss white noise intensity on large amplitude motion is analyzed by simulations. And the effect law of mass ratio and tuning frequency ratio on the vibration reduction of the main system and power generation of bistable vibration absorber under Gauss white noise excitation is analyzed from the point of vibration reduction and vibration energy harvesting. The optimal …

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Low-Complexity Signal Detection Algorithm Based On Pgqsm, Fatang Chen, Yang Kang, Yongli Fu, Mengjie Li Dec 2019

Low-Complexity Signal Detection Algorithm Based On Pgqsm, Fatang Chen, Yang Kang, Yongli Fu, Mengjie Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Pre-coding aided Generalized Quadrature Spatial Modulation (PGQSM) uses the known channel state information to perform pre-coding processing on the in-phase and quadrature signals of the quadrature spatial modulation (QSM), so as to reduce the complexity of the receiver for signal detection. At the same time, an improved Pre-coding aided Generalized Quadrature Spatial Modulation low complexity detection algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of the proposed algorithm’s high complexity at the receiver. The results of analysis and simulation show that the proposed algorithm can achieve almost the same BER performance as the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm with more than …

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Optimized Linear Adrc Control For A Class Of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems, Huang Yu, Xie Tian, Wu Rui Dec 2019

Optimized Linear Adrc Control For A Class Of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems, Huang Yu, Xie Tian, Wu Rui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Linear active disturbance rejection control has many parameters and it is difficult to obtain appropriate parameters. Therefore, a quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on cosine decreasing function is proposed in this article for searching optimal LADRC parameters. In this algorithm, cosine decreasing function and updated equation of quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm are combined. By using the variable characteristic of cosine decreasing function with the increase of iteration times, the original global optimization ability of quantum particle swarm optimization is retained and its poor local optimization ability is overcome. And the simulation results show that the LADRC optimized …

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Gcps Adaptive Scheduling Model Based On Cooperative Executor, Zhang Jing, Chen Yao, Sun Jun, Hongbo Fan Dec 2019

Gcps Adaptive Scheduling Model Based On Cooperative Executor, Zhang Jing, Chen Yao, Sun Jun, Hongbo Fan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the uncertainty of grid cyber physical systems leads to chain failure, an adaptive GCPS dispatching model based on co-actuator is established. First, the constraint conditions of the system are analyzed. A model constraints of GCPS system is presented to describe the constraint conditions of the power system, and it is proved that it meets the consistency of the measure and representing methods. Second, the optimal value of approximation error is solved by PILOT, and the framework of CA-SADM is described. Finally, the performance index, output power accuracy and the influence of fault on the …

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Analysis On The Mission Reliability For Auv Based On Monte Carlo Method, Li Juan, Kunyu Zhang, Haibo Li, Lijuan Yang, Mengdi Wang Dec 2019

Analysis On The Mission Reliability For Auv Based On Monte Carlo Method, Li Juan, Kunyu Zhang, Haibo Li, Lijuan Yang, Mengdi Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The high reliability of AUV is the necessary condition for it to complete the task satisfactorily and efficiently within the specified time. Traditional fault tree is very convenient for describing the reliability model of the system, but for large and complex system, this will significantly increase the computation of reliability parameters, thus the calculation is difficult. Because it to calculate the reliability parameters of complex systems by the traditional fault tree, this paper adopts the method of combining the minimum cut set of fault tree and Monte Carlo method to establish the reliability model for Underwater Autonomous Unmanned Vehicle …

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Dynamic Inventory Routing Optimization Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning, Jianpin Zhou, Shuliu Zhang Dec 2019

Dynamic Inventory Routing Optimization Based On Deep Reinforcement Learning, Jianpin Zhou, Shuliu Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the dynamic stochastic inventory routing problem with periodic fluctuation of demand, a novel simulation optimization approach based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed to achieving periodic steady strategy. Firstly a dynamic combinatorial optimization model is constructed. Then, by deep reinforcement learning and setting heuristic rules, the replenishment nodes set selection and the replenishment batch allocation weights in each period are determined. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the average profit of a cycle by about 2.7% and 3.9% in low fluctuating demand case and by about 8.2% and 7.1% in high fluctuating …

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Corner Localization In Digital Images Based On Radon Transform, Xuguang Wang, Zhang Qin, Su Jie Dec 2019

Corner Localization In Digital Images Based On Radon Transform, Xuguang Wang, Zhang Qin, Su Jie

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Location accuracy is one of the key indexes of measuring the performance of feature point.. High location accuracy feature point detection has important implications for the applications such as 3D reconstruction, motion estimation, target tracking and recognition, image registration, etc. A corner location algorithm based on Radon transform is proposed.Edge binary images are obtained with traditional method first, ideal straight lines and curves are extracted then, potential corner locations are calculated next, fake corners are rejected finally. Experimental results on both simulation and real images show that, this method performs better than the existing methods on interest point localization …

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Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm For Solving Fuzzy Multi-Objective Bed Allocation Model, Abdulhakeem Luqman Hasan Dec 2019

Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm For Solving Fuzzy Multi-Objective Bed Allocation Model, Abdulhakeem Luqman Hasan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

With the improvement of the medical services frameworks rivalry, hospitals face more and more challenges. In the interim, allotment of resource has a crucial influence on performing competitive benefits in a hospitals. To choose the suitable beds number is one of the most essential tasks in hospital administration. Anyway, in true condition, bed allotment choice is a multiple-side problem with weakness and haphazardness of the information available. It is so sophisticated. Therefore, the research about bed allotment difficulty is comparatively rare under considering multiple departments, nursing hours, and stochastic information about arrival and service of patients. In this paper, we …

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Evaluating The Resiliency Of Industrial Internet Of Things Process Control Using Protocol Agnostic Attacks, Hector L. Roldan Dec 2019

Evaluating The Resiliency Of Industrial Internet Of Things Process Control Using Protocol Agnostic Attacks, Hector L. Roldan

Theses and Dissertations

Improving and defending our nation's critical infrastructure has been a challenge for quite some time. A malfunctioning or stoppage of any one of these systems could result in hazardous conditions on its supporting populace leading to widespread damage, injury, and even death. The protection of such systems has been mandated by the Office of the President of the United States of America in Presidential Policy Directive Order 21. Current research now focuses on securing and improving the management and efficiency of Industrial Control Systems (ICS). IIoT promises a solution in enhancement of efficiency in ICS. However, the presence of IIoT …

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Shared Or Dedicated Infrastructures: On The Impact Of Reprovisioning Ability, Roch A. Guérin, Kartik Hosanagar, Xinxin Li, Soumya Sen Dec 2019

Shared Or Dedicated Infrastructures: On The Impact Of Reprovisioning Ability, Roch A. Guérin, Kartik Hosanagar, Xinxin Li, Soumya Sen

Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Research

New technologies, such as virtualization, are transforming the way in which software and services are deployed and delivered to their users. They are behind the emergence of IT offerings such as cloud computing and converged networks, and manifest themselves through two important trends: (1) lower the cost of sharing a common infrastructure across multiple services with disparate resource requirements, and (2) dynamic provi- sioning of capacity in response to demand. Conventional wisdom is that both of these capabilities are synergistic, with greater provisioning flexibility improving the benefits derived from sharing computing or network resources. Consequently, a service operator should now …

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A Mathematical Programming Model For The Green Mixed Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem With Realistic Energy Consumption And Partial Recharges, Vincent F. Yu, Panca Jodiwan, Aldy Gunawan, Audrey Tedja Widjaja Dec 2019

A Mathematical Programming Model For The Green Mixed Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem With Realistic Energy Consumption And Partial Recharges, Vincent F. Yu, Panca Jodiwan, Aldy Gunawan, Audrey Tedja Widjaja

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

A green mixed fleet vehicle routing with realistic energy consumption and partial recharges problem (GMFVRP-REC-PR) is addressed in this paper. This problem involves a fixed number of electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles to serve a set of customers. The realistic energy consumption which depends on several variables is utilized to calculate the electricity consumption of an electric vehicle and fuel consumption of an internal combustion vehicle. Partial recharging policy is included into the problem to represent the real life scenario. The objective of this problem is to minimize the total travelled distance and the total emission produced by internal …

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Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song Nov 2019

Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: VoIP (Voice over IP) is a kind of voice communication technology based on UDP/IP protocols, so packet loss will inevitably happen when the channel environment deteriorates. Besides that, stego VoIP data flows are real-time and have no head or tail, which pose more challenges to accurately extract the secret messages. This paper proposes a robust and self-synchronous VoIP steganography method, which solves the above two problems under the premise of maintaining good imperceptibility. In this method, low density parity check (LDPC) codes are introduced to preprocess the secret data, and the encoded data are embedded into voice …

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No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming Nov 2019

No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In just a few decades, China’s curling accomplished splendid work. But it’s scientific research falling behind a lot. Applying computer simulation technology in sports training can effectively help the athletes to understand the problems that exist in the training. When curling stone slides on the ice, it can be regarded as two-dimensional motion of rigid body, which can be decomposed into two parts: translation of the center of mass and rotation of a fixed axis around the center of mass. Using computer simulation technology to simulate the curling trajectory, and with the help of this system, the athletes can …

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Ground Coverage Stitching Simulation Algorithm For Remote Sensing Satellite, Shuhao Liu, Wang Tong, Zhang Yue Nov 2019

Ground Coverage Stitching Simulation Algorithm For Remote Sensing Satellite, Shuhao Liu, Wang Tong, Zhang Yue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Ground coverage stitching is the base of remote sensing satellite mission simulation. A coverage stitching simulation algorithm is proposed, considering big time step and attitude maneuver simulation. Transient coverage region is computed by light of view intersection and tangent searching methods. Transient coverage boundaries of different simulation times are stitched by two-dimension convex hull algorithm. Between points of the stitched region polygon edges, new vertexes are interpolated. With the method proposed, limb coverage problem and coverage fusion when time step is large can be solved. Computer simulation results show that the algorithm achieves a fine accuracy and …

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Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding Nov 2019

Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper proposes a locally weighted learning control law for a manipulator with state and input constraints and modeling uncertainties. By visualizing the control input as an extended state, the control problem is converted into control design for a state-constraint uncertain nonlinear system. Barrier Lyapunov functions are introduced into a backstepping procedure and a locally weighted learning control is designed, which ensures the exponential convergence of the barrier functions to a small neighborhood of zero and then guarantees satisfaction of system constraints and the tracking error convergence. The control feasibility and effectiveness is validated by theoretical analysis and …

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Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu Nov 2019

Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the issue of distribution regularity of field strength in vehicle cab under excitation of vehicle-borne high-power VHF antenna, a method of numerical simulation combining with extreme value theory to predict maximum field strength is proposed, which minimizes sample collecting difficulty and fitting deviation. CST simulation software is applied to get field strength sample in vehicle cab, and generalized extreme value (GEV) is used to fitting entire field strength distribution. peak over threshold (POT) model based on Generalized Pareto distribution is used to research high field strength value sample statistical characteristics. Resultsshow that under antenna excitation of 92.5 …

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Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang Nov 2019

Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Multiple robots path planning problem in dynamic environment is one of the significant and basic problems of cluster robot perception and coordination. The planning problem is decomposed into two modules: the path planning and the conflict coordination. By introducing time-cost function, the Time Integrated A* algorithm (TI-A*) is introduced. Variable speed is employed simultaneously to coordinate the motion and hereby to avoid the deadlock and conflict. By adjusting the timing when the coordination phase is involved, two different coordination TI-A* algorithms are presented, including the speed-changing algorithm and path-changing algorithm. The two algorithms are compared and the respective …

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Travel Time Reliability Of Inside Area Of Roundabouts, Yuzhou Duan, Tingting Chai, Jian Jie Nov 2019

Travel Time Reliability Of Inside Area Of Roundabouts, Yuzhou Duan, Tingting Chai, Jian Jie

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the travel time reliability, this paper analyzes the traffic states in the inside area of the roundabout. The travel time reliability model is established from three aspects: route path, entrance and system, and the practicability of the model is verified by the VISSIM simulation. On this basis, the correlation analysis is made on between the adjacent paths of the same entrance and adjacent paths of the adjacent entrances, and the fitting equations are obtained. Taking the number of lanes, traffic volumes, proportion of left-turns and the rate of heavy vehicles as variables, a sensitivity analysis …

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Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li Nov 2019

Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: We have a study on hard shoulder running (HSR) combined with speed harmonization. The breakdown events were screened out during the study period from massive detector data. The impact of hard shoulder volume on breakdown probabilities was analyzed. The nonparametric breakdown probabilities distribution model and logistic regression model were put forward based on highway mainline traffic volume, hard shoulder volume and ramp volume from the study case which was divided into three factors-basic segment, on-ramp merging segment and off-ramp diverging segment. The speed harmonization and HSR were optimized through reducing the traffic breakdown probabilities of a congested traffic network. …

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Dynamic Interference Detection Algorithm For Bearing With Scar, Jinyuan Jia, Naihao Zheng Nov 2019

Dynamic Interference Detection Algorithm For Bearing With Scar, Jinyuan Jia, Naihao Zheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the dynamic interference detection problem of scar bearing in visual assembly, an efficient dynamic interference inspection algorithm for scar bearing is proposed. The first step is to perform vertex management on the 3D reconstructed scar bearing model through the quad-tree; the second step is to select the appropriate algorithm for the calculation of the maximum interference distance by considering bearing shape and its motion characteristics. The research shows that the algorithm can quickly and efficiently test the dynamic interference and calculate the interference distance for the bearing with scar, which can effectively improve the efficiency of bearing …

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Optimal Compensation Control Strategy For Four-Axle Vehicle With All-Wheel Steering System, Baohua Wang, Yu Chao Nov 2019

Optimal Compensation Control Strategy For Four-Axle Vehicle With All-Wheel Steering System, Baohua Wang, Yu Chao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of poor stability of traditional multi-axle commercial vehicles, an optimal control strategy for multi-axle steering wheel is proposed. Through the establishment of the four-axis vehicle model, the wheel angle proportional feed-forward control algorithm and the yaw rate feedback control algorithm are studied. The optimal compensating control algorithm of the wheel angle proportional feed-forward and yaw rate feedback is proposed, and the control strategy is also verified through joint simulation. The results show that the full-wheel steering optimal compensation control strategy can keep the center-of-mass skew angle close to zero at all vehicle speeds, …

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Simulation Estimation On Directional Green-Wave Traffic Control In Nanning City, Yiman Du, Hongfan Su, Chen Yu, Longfei Liu, Jianping Wu Nov 2019

Simulation Estimation On Directional Green-Wave Traffic Control In Nanning City, Yiman Du, Hongfan Su, Chen Yu, Longfei Liu, Jianping Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the noticeable development of Nanning city, traffic congestion has become a serious problem, especially during the peak hours along the Binhu road. The development of Nanning city is restricted by the imbalance distribution of traffic flow. In order to ease the overload burden of traffic along the Binhu road during the peak hours, the current problems are analyzed and some solutions with directional green-wave traffic control are proposed. Traffic microscopic simulation software is used to estimate the improvement between before and after implementations of the solutions.

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Novel Star Map Identification Algorithm Using Improved Radial Features, Junyang Zhao, Zhili Zhang, Dianjian Liu, Zhaofa Zhou, Zhenjun Chang Nov 2019

Novel Star Map Identification Algorithm Using Improved Radial Features, Junyang Zhao, Zhili Zhang, Dianjian Liu, Zhaofa Zhou, Zhenjun Chang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the star map identification efficiency and insure the identification veracity, the radial feature is ameliorated by cyclic feature, and a new star map identification method based on the ameliorative radial feature matching is proposed. The star map data are processed according to quadrant order to establish the database of new radial feature. The radial feature matching between the observation stars in the matching star map and the reference star in the feature database is carried out in the order of circumferential quadrant. The star with the largest count in the star database is the final …

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Study On The Matching Mediation Method Between Virtual Maintenance Personnel And Work Steps, Yunrong Zhang, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Weichang Xu, Kuixia Han, Li Liang Nov 2019

Study On The Matching Mediation Method Between Virtual Maintenance Personnel And Work Steps, Yunrong Zhang, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Weichang Xu, Kuixia Han, Li Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that each maintenance worker cannot play a full role in dealing with the concurrent conflict of maintenance steps, this paper puts forward a matching mechanism between maintenance steps and maintenance workers according to the level of authority, expounds the status information of maintenance workers, divides the difficulty level of maintenance steps, and gives the matching process between maintenance workers and maintenance steps. The matching process is modeled and simulated by using colored Petri nets and CPN tools. The simulation results show that the matching mechanism can solve the problem that the role of …

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Two-Machine Co-Simulation Based On Mobile Augmented Reality, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang Nov 2019

Two-Machine Co-Simulation Based On Mobile Augmented Reality, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problems that virtual training system was not convenient and was only performed in a single operation at present, a dual-machine collaborative system based on mobile augmented reality was designed. A portable augmented reality system was developed on the Unity3D platform with Tango technology. The photon server and LAN architecture were built on the basis. The client was built on the mobile platform of Lenovo PHAB2 Pro, and the co-simulation on dual-machine was implemented. Resultof the simulation proved the feasibility of combining augmented reality with photon server, and provided a set of practical development solutions for …

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Numerical Simulation For Airflow Field Around Car Wheels, Haibo Huang, Xudong Yu, Qingguo Liu, Zhang Tao, Jianan Dong Nov 2019

Numerical Simulation For Airflow Field Around Car Wheels, Haibo Huang, Xudong Yu, Qingguo Liu, Zhang Tao, Jianan Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The airflow field characteristics around the wheels have great influence on the flying of road dust and tire wear particles. Using the rotating wall boundary technology, an aerodynamic model of the vehicle-tire was built and verified. The airflow field around the wheels was obtained. The results show that the two airflows between the wheel and the wheel guard meet leading to the vortex. The airflows mainly overflow near the intersection. Due to the significant pumping effects, the airflow tends to fly to outside and upward near the front and rear wheels, respectively. In the …

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Multi-Agent Modeling And Simulation On China's Marine Energy Channel Security, Yongchen Guo, Shen Yang Nov 2019

Multi-Agent Modeling And Simulation On China's Marine Energy Channel Security, Yongchen Guo, Shen Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Security factors influencing China's offshore energy channel are analyzed, and the actual situation of China's oil import and transportation is described. Based on multi-agent modeling and simulation method, and starting at the micro level, the energy transport process is simulated and a multi-agent model of China's offshore energy channel (middle east lines) is built; and the simulation program on the NetLogo platform is conducted. The results show that the quantity of China’s VLCC is far from enough; the security impact of tropical cyclones is more serious than that of pirates; the increase proportion of carrier’s quantity is usually lower …

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