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Articles 1531 - 1560 of 4777
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Research And Application Of Simulation Support Platform For System-Of-Systems Combat, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie, Li Ni, Xuefeng Yan, Yali Zhao
Research And Application Of Simulation Support Platform For System-Of-Systems Combat, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie, Li Ni, Xuefeng Yan, Yali Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the requirement of developing high-precision, high-reliability, and high-fidelity SoS (System-of-Systems) combat simulation system efficiently, the overall structure of SoS combat simulation platform is designed with the implementation process of the SoS simulation development as the starting point. The key methods such as the parameterized & serviced SoS simulation framework, SoS combat oriented multi-view collaborative modeling, extensible high-performance distributed parallel simulation, and intelligent simulation evaluation based on large data & deep learning are emphatically put forward and implemented. A simulation platform is developed to support the weapon equipment SoS combat simulation deduction and evaluation in complex environment. Applications …
The Research And Implementation Of Film Virtual Photography Harware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Baihong Lu, Jianjun Zhao, Gesan Liu
The Research And Implementation Of Film Virtual Photography Harware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Baihong Lu, Jianjun Zhao, Gesan Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Film virtual photography is an important part of the film virtual Previs. Aiming at the problems of high cost, poor user experience, and bad simulation of existing virtual photography, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for film virtual photography is proposed. It uses a hardware-in-the-loop simulation virtual photography module that is consistent with the operation method of the film creator in real shooting for virtual photography, which solves the problems of difficult virtual photography operations and not in line with the real operating habits in the past. It provides a virtual photography method that is more in line with movie …
Two-Point Joint Cpa Attacks Against Aes And Its Simulation, Tong Yu, Jingwen Cai
Two-Point Joint Cpa Attacks Against Aes And Its Simulation, Tong Yu, Jingwen Cai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems of large sampling amount and low utilization rate of attack information in single-point power analysis attack, a method of two-point joint power analysis attack for AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is proposed. This method selects two power leakage points for power analysis according to the correlation between the power leakage points and the key in the AES. By constructing a power leakage model of intermediate variables, an intermediate value joint function is established which means, the method can be used to recover the key of AES. The simulation results demonstrate that the attack time of …
Passenger Flow Sensitivity Analysis Of Evacuation Time For Standard Subway Station, Guoao Zhang, Ma Si, Wang Lin
Passenger Flow Sensitivity Analysis Of Evacuation Time For Standard Subway Station, Guoao Zhang, Ma Si, Wang Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Underground two-level island platform stations widely existed in urban rail transit system. In order to analyze the relationship between the evacuation time and the character of passenger flow, the capacity of main evacuation facilities and the evacuation bottleneck of stations are studied, and groups of sensitivity analysis experiment are designed. The variability of the evacuation process is analyzed by comparing the output of each simulation model in a group and between groups. The simulation result shows that the station evacuation time increases within a certain limit at peak hour. And the station evacuation time is mainly affected by the …
Credit Assignment In Multiagent Reinforcement Learning For Large Agent Population, Arambam James Singh
Credit Assignment In Multiagent Reinforcement Learning For Large Agent Population, Arambam James Singh
Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)
In the current age, rapid growth in sectors like finance, transportation etc., involve fast digitization of industrial processes. This creates a huge opportunity for next-generation artificial intelligence system with multiple agents operating at scale. Multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is the field of study that addresses problems in the multiagent systems. In this thesis, we develop and evaluate novel MARL methodologies that address the challenges in large scale multiagent system with cooperative setting. One of the key challenge in cooperative MARL is the problem of credit assignment. Many of the previous approaches to the problem relies on agent's individual trajectory which …
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Many real world systems involve interaction among large number of agents to achieve a common goal, for example, air traffic control. Several model-free RL algorithms have been proposed for such settings. A key limitation is that the empirical reward signal in model-free case is not very effective in addressing the multiagent credit assignment problem, which determines an agent's contribution to the team's success. This results in lower solution quality and high sample complexity. To address this, we contribute (a) an approach to learn a differentiable reward model for both continuous and discrete action setting by exploiting the collective nature of …
High-Density Parking For Autonomous Vehicles., Parag J. Siddique
High-Density Parking For Autonomous Vehicles., Parag J. Siddique
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In a common parking lot, much of the space is devoted to lanes. Lanes must not be blocked for one simple reason: a blocked car might need to leave before the car that blocks it. However, the advent of autonomous vehicles gives us an opportunity to overcome this constraint, and to achieve a higher storage capacity of cars. Taking advantage of self-parking and intelligent communication systems of autonomous vehicles, we propose puzzle-based parking, a high-density design for a parking lot. We introduce a novel method of vehicle parking, which leads to maximum parking density. We then propose a heuristic method …
Vehicle Routing: Review Of Benchmark Datasets, Aldy Gunawan, Graham Kendall, Barry Mccollum, Hsin-Vonn Seow, Lai Soon Lee
Vehicle Routing: Review Of Benchmark Datasets, Aldy Gunawan, Graham Kendall, Barry Mccollum, Hsin-Vonn Seow, Lai Soon Lee
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) was formally presented to the scientific literature in 1959 by Dantzig and Ramser (DOI:10.1287/mnsc.6.1.80). Sixty years on, the problem is still heavily researched, with hundreds of papers having been published addressing this problem and the many variants that now exist. Many datasets have been proposed to enable researchers to compare their algorithms using the same problem instances where either the best known solution is known or, in some cases, the optimal solution is known. In this survey paper, we provide a list of Vehicle Routing Problem datasets, categorized to enable researchers to have easy access …
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Many real world systems involve interaction among large number of agents to achieve a common goal, for example, air traffic control. Several model-free RL algorithms have been proposed for such settings. A key limitation is that the empirical reward signal in model-free case is not very effective in addressing the multiagent credit assignment problem, which determines an agent's contribution to the team's success. This results in lower solution quality and high sample complexity. To address this, we contribute (a) an approach to learn a differentiable reward model for both continuous and discrete action setting by exploiting the collective nature of …
Simulation Of Cooperative Control Process For Multiple Uavs Based On Local Information Connection, Xiangyang Li, Zhili Zhang, Zhang Ning, Gui Yi, Li Jia
Simulation Of Cooperative Control Process For Multiple Uavs Based On Local Information Connection, Xiangyang Li, Zhili Zhang, Zhang Ning, Gui Yi, Li Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the requirements of cooperative control for multiple UAVs based on local information connection, the distributed architecture of Multi-UAV system is established on the basis of multilayer structure. The communication network topology, state control information model and intelligent Ad-Hoc network mechanism are proposed to ensure the reliable interactive communication among multiple UAVs under local information connection. The cooperative collision avoidance strategy with local state prediction and distributed iterative optimization, combined with the cooperative on-line track planning and threat avoidance control methods, are applied to realize the cooperative control of Multi-UAV's task execution process. Simulation experiments verify the …
Fast Maritime Simulator Scene Modeling Method Based On Aerial Images, Lijia Chen, Wang Kai, Shigang Li, Yanfei Tian
Fast Maritime Simulator Scene Modeling Method Based On Aerial Images, Lijia Chen, Wang Kai, Shigang Li, Yanfei Tian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Artificial Modeling using Computer Aid Design software are frequently applied in maritime simulator scene modeling,but with low accuracy, low efficiency and complicate workflow. It's not the ideal method of modeling a large-scale area. A modeling method is proposed based on aerial images in combination with tilt photography modeling, procedural modeling and image semantic segmentation method. It's a fast and highly automated modeling method specially for the maritime simulator. A water area near Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge is chosen as the model. Experiment results show that the proposed method is of fast speed, high precision, high degree of automation, …
Research On Performance Modeling And Simulation Method Based On Dense Crowd, Yihao Li, Tianyu Huang, Li Peng, Gangyi Ding
Research On Performance Modeling And Simulation Method Based On Dense Crowd, Yihao Li, Tianyu Huang, Li Peng, Gangyi Ding
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Due to the high complexity of crowd organization and the difficulty of abstracting the performance, the performance simulation of dense crowds relies heavily on manual work, and it is difficult to establish a highly automated simulation model. In order to reduce the sensitivity of creative modification and design risks, a performance model based on dense crowd is proposed. Through the strategy of time dimension slicing and spatial layering, a highly automated crowd performance simulation method that could meet the director's creativity is realized. Through the construction of simulation experiments, the generation effect and calculation efficiency of the crowd …
Design And Engine Implementation Of Submarine Combat System Simulation Based On Lvc, Jinping Wu, Minghua Lu, Changyou Xue
Design And Engine Implementation Of Submarine Combat System Simulation Based On Lvc, Jinping Wu, Minghua Lu, Changyou Xue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Submarine combat system simulation is one of the key and most important content in submarine combat simulation. On the basis of LVC simulation technology, practicing simulation-as-a-service idea, the LVC integration simulation method of submarine combat system is proposed and the LVC integration simulation environment is constructed. The composition and relationship of LVC simulation system are researched. The compositional structure of LVC simulation engine was designed. Based on the component design and development specifications in Java/EJB technological infrastructure, in use of software component technology, the simulation engine components are designed and implemented. The LVC integration simulation of submarine combat system …
Networked Simulation And It's Development Trend, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu
Networked Simulation And It's Development Trend, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Carrying out simulating whenever and wherever possible as well as the large-scale trend of simulation lead to the demand of networked simulation.. Through the changes of range, from model interconnection, experimental collaboration and domain simulation collaboration, three layers of meanings of networked simulation are analyzed; The characteristics of networked simulation are summarized from five aspects, pattern, application, target, focus, and morphology. The idea that the networked simulation will bring changes to the simulation application of the activity scope and method, resource construction, resource verification, organizational structure, and so on is proposed. By sorting out the development process …
Study On Universal Characteristics Of Insect Population Ecological Network, Guilan Luo, Hongjun Hao, Wang Xiao, Zhang Mei
Study On Universal Characteristics Of Insect Population Ecological Network, Guilan Luo, Hongjun Hao, Wang Xiao, Zhang Mei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to evaluate the current state of insect ecological development in Erhai wetland, complex network theory is used to construct a topological structure model of insect ecological network with insect populations as network nodes and correlations as edges. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of the model, it is concluded that the insect ecological network conforms to the characteristics of small world and scale-free network, and the node degree distribution obeys the power law distribution. The method of destroying the topology is used to simulate the dynamic evolution of the network ecology. The study shows that the disappearance of …
Study On Task Allocation Of Uav Swarm Based On Cognitive Control, Ruixuan Wei, Zichen Wu
Study On Task Allocation Of Uav Swarm Based On Cognitive Control, Ruixuan Wei, Zichen Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A centralized allocation method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm real-time task allocation is proposed. Based on the real-time battlefield situation, this method relies on the coordination scheduling layer to make allocation decisions, generates the strike order according to the strike efficiency ratio, and makes rolling optimization for real-time battlefield situation, so that the allocation results can always maintain the balance between optimization and efficiency within the current cognitive range. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to solve the task assignment problem. In particular, a 2-D particle 0-1 coding and correction method for nonstandard particles is designed. The simulation …
Study On Interior Space Pedestrian Evacuation Model Elite Chaos Search Strategy, Wei Juan, Zhongyu Li, You Lei, Yangyong Guo, Zhihai Tang, Zhouyi Hu
Study On Interior Space Pedestrian Evacuation Model Elite Chaos Search Strategy, Wei Juan, Zhongyu Li, You Lei, Yangyong Guo, Zhihai Tang, Zhouyi Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve traditional field model of easily falling into the queue problem during simulating the evacuation of dense crowds, an improved pedestrian evacuation model in interior space is proposed based on the elite chaos search strategy. The pedestrian mobile income at each moment is calculated in combination with the field value, capacity and average speed, and a field model for pedestrian evacuation is presented. On this basis, the objective optimization function of the minimum evacuation time and minimum queue length is given, and the elite chaos search strategy is used to achieve the above objective function solution, …
Fast Alignment Of Bim Products Based On Structure Matching, Xiaojun Liu, Changyan He, Liu Chang, Jinyuan Jia
Fast Alignment Of Bim Products Based On Structure Matching, Xiaojun Liu, Changyan He, Liu Chang, Jinyuan Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The fast alignment of BIM products based on structure matching is realized. An Item-based Structure Graph (ISG) is proposed as the structure-aware shape descriptor for BIM products. An improved graph matching algorithm upon Factorized Graph Matching (FGM) is implemented in ISG matching, in which the mismatch caused by symmetry switching is avoided. Further extension is made to support the alignment under partial matching for BIM products from the same family. The experiment result shows that ISG can meet the characteristics of BIM products, improve the efficiency and accuracy, and can be applied in dealing with products alignment, BIM data …
Position And Attitude Estimation Based On Combination Matching In Calibration Area, Cai Peng, Chaoping Shen, Hongyan Li
Position And Attitude Estimation Based On Combination Matching In Calibration Area, Cai Peng, Chaoping Shen, Hongyan Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Vision navigation technology of scene matching needs hardware to measure the distance and attitude of the camera. A method of position and attitude estimation based on the combination of feature points in the calibration area is proposed. The software can get the camera position and attitude of the real-time image by selecting the best set of Scale-Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT) feature matching points of the reference image calibration area of the real-time image, and calculating the local coordinates of the ground of SIFT feature matching points based on the triangle internal linear interpolation method, using space resection, avoids the defect …
Numerical Simulation Of Aerodynamic Characteristics For Double-All-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based On Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory, Kuizhi Yue, Zhang Yuan, Liangliang Cheng, Dazhao Yu
Numerical Simulation Of Aerodynamic Characteristics For Double-All-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based On Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory, Kuizhi Yue, Zhang Yuan, Liangliang Cheng, Dazhao Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Follow the rapid progress of the nation's blue ocean strategic projection capability of sea power, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with double-all-wing configuration is studied to match the trend. The UAV is conceptually designed by CATIA software, the aerodynamic characteristic of the model is numerically simulated by computational fluid dynamics (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) theory, and the performance of the UAV to take off from the aircraft carrier is also analyzed. The lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift-drag ratio of the double-all-wing UAV model with a angle of attack of 0 can reach 0.596 2, 0.037 6 and 15.824 …
High Adaptability Vehicle Network Communication Protocol Based On Aodv, Wang Tong, Gao Shan, Tianshu Dai
High Adaptability Vehicle Network Communication Protocol Based On Aodv, Wang Tong, Gao Shan, Tianshu Dai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Routing protocol is an essential part of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). According to the characteristics of frequent changes of vehicle node location in urban environment, an AODV routing protocol based on Network Topology Changes (NTCAODV) is proposed. According to the speed and relative position information, by calculating the stability coefficient of nodes, the link connection is established on the basis of principle of "optimal stability", and the idea of extended loop is improved according to recorded the link establishment time. Simulation results show that NTCAODV routing protocol has good performance in various urban environments, improves …
Evaluation Method On Multi-Stage Bayes Information Fusion For Scatters Hwil Simulation, Yecheng Wang, Ma Jing, Congjun Jin, Jie Li, Bin Shi
Evaluation Method On Multi-Stage Bayes Information Fusion For Scatters Hwil Simulation, Yecheng Wang, Ma Jing, Congjun Jin, Jie Li, Bin Shi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to simulate the complex 3D target in the RF HWIL (hardware in the loop simulation) system, the equivalence framework of multiple scattering centers of complex 3D target for three stages of outfield test data, mathematics simulation data and HWIL data are introduced. Using the pre-test information as each stage for transmission, evaluation method is designed by multi-stage Bayes information fusion for HWIL simulation. Based on prior information of outfield test data and mathematics simulation data, by using Bayes information fusion theory, the average data reconstruction of each stage is obtained and compared and high reliability …
Collaborative Optimization Of Ship Stowage Plan And Yard Container Unloading For Container Terminal, Zhixiong Liu, Hanwen Qian, Jialan Yan
Collaborative Optimization Of Ship Stowage Plan And Yard Container Unloading For Container Terminal, Zhixiong Liu, Hanwen Qian, Jialan Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Stowage plan is an important component of the operation production for the container terminal, which directly affects the handling efficiency and shipping safety. The aim is minimizing the total reloading numbers of both the yard and the ship bay, in view of the constraint of ship heeling moment and loading for light upon heavy, the model is employed for collaborative optimization of stowage plan and yard unloading for multiple destination ports and multiple bays. The hybrid evolutionary strategy algorithm is adopted with the local search algorithm. As to ship stowage play for multiple bays, a heuristic rule for the …
Simulation Evaluation For Service Facilities Distribution And Flow Lines Optimization On Urban Rail Transfer Station, Liu Feng, Chunfu Shao, Hongfei Jia, Chunjiao Dong
Simulation Evaluation For Service Facilities Distribution And Flow Lines Optimization On Urban Rail Transfer Station, Liu Feng, Chunfu Shao, Hongfei Jia, Chunjiao Dong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The rationality of passenger flow lines design and service facilities distribution inside urban rail transfer station directly affects the passenger's transfer efficiency. The Simulation technology are used to evaluate the station's transfer efficiency, and the optimal plan can be proposed, which can not only avoid the crowded passenger flow, but also improve the efficiency. The features of peak passenger flow are considered, the service level of the passenger's stay time is given, the change of congested area's passenger flow density is expressed in the form of time-varying chart. Combined with the overall chart of the average passenger flow density, …
Research On A Dynamically Perceptive Connectivity Restoration Method, Hua Xiang, Baohua Li, Hongjuan Yao, Wang Zhao, Jiaxian Zuo
Research On A Dynamically Perceptive Connectivity Restoration Method, Hua Xiang, Baohua Li, Hongjuan Yao, Wang Zhao, Jiaxian Zuo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The cluster communication network has the characteristics of time-varying topology, strong node mobility, and unstable link status, etc. It is difficult to maintain a stable topology. The network is divided into disconnected subgroups. In order to solve the communication problem between different groups, the cooperative relay node is introduced and a dynamic-sensing connection recovery method is proposed. A cooperative communication model is built and the mathematical expression of link quality indicators is deduced, which designs a multi-objective link evaluation function and achieves the optimal relay location planning through a multi-objective connectivity recovery algorithm. Simulation results show that the …
Research On Generating Technology For Equipment Standard Set Based On Uaf Modeling, Shuofang Zheng, Ruiheng He, Wenming Ren
Research On Generating Technology For Equipment Standard Set Based On Uaf Modeling, Shuofang Zheng, Ruiheng He, Wenming Ren
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to meet the requirements of equipment standardization work of top-down design of current era, the modeling principles and methods of Unified Architecture Frame (UAF) are studied. Focus on the construction of four standard view models specified by UAF, Standards taxonomy, Standards structure, Standards roadmap, Standards traceability, the correlation model of operation perspective, requirement perspective and resource perspective are analyzed to form the requirement-driven equipment standard set generation technology. A new standard generation mechanism oriented to use scenarios and closely related to equipment development needs is established, and a new entry point for equipment standardization is proposed. The …
Research On Active Suspension Control Of High-Speed Train Based On Fuzzy Compound Strategy, Jianjun Meng, Zhongjun Wang, Ruxun Xu, Decang Li
Research On Active Suspension Control Of High-Speed Train Based On Fuzzy Compound Strategy, Jianjun Meng, Zhongjun Wang, Ruxun Xu, Decang Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the running stability of high-speed train, a semi-vertical six-degree-of- freedom state space model is established based on the active suspension system. Based on fuzzy control theory, the fuzzy controllers and fuzzy PID controllers are designed. Aiming at the defects of strong subjectivity of fuzzy PID control which needs manual adjustment, particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the initial parameters of the controller to make the suspension system be more correspond with the objective reality. In order to verify the advance of this strategy, with the sky-hook damping strategy for comparison, the controller model …
Simulation And Optimization Of Supersonic Drag Characteristics Of Blunt Cone Ascender, Xiazhen Liu, Yuan Wu, Li Qi, Zhao Rui, Zhang Jian, Zhonghua Lu
Simulation And Optimization Of Supersonic Drag Characteristics Of Blunt Cone Ascender, Xiazhen Liu, Yuan Wu, Li Qi, Zhao Rui, Zhang Jian, Zhonghua Lu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Reducing shock drag is an important objective of the aerodynamic optimization of Mars ascenders. The CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) method is used to study the supersonic drag characteristics of a typical blunt cone ascender. Under the design constraints of slenderness ratio of 0.42, 13 groups busbar shape set of zero-lift drag are compared, and the longitudinal static and dynamic stability are discussed. The research results show that, under the design constraints, the blunt shape with large bulbous and a gently sloped conical surface has low drag characteristics. The reason is that, after passing through the bulbous, the supersonic airflow …
Uniform Experimental Design Of Constrained Region Based On Evolutionary Algorithm, Jianing Wei, Hao Hao, Qutong Chang, Lin Tao, Zhang Hu
Uniform Experimental Design Of Constrained Region Based On Evolutionary Algorithm, Jianing Wei, Hao Hao, Qutong Chang, Lin Tao, Zhang Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The parameters of a simulation system are usually generated by the experimental design. Aiming at high design difficulty and computational cost of the uniform experimental design, of the constraint region, a two-stage differential evolutionary algorithm is further improved. The design is modeled as a constrained optimization problem. A strategy combining distribution estimation algorithm (EDA) and differential evolution (DE) is adopted. A point-deletion method is proposed to reduce the time complexity of optimizing the population uniformity. To demonstrate the advantages, the test instances and engineering applications are used in experimental analysis. The experimental results show that the performance, stability, and …
Research On Agile Reentry Method For Maneuvering Vehicle, Lin Yue, Yingmin Jia, Songtao Fan
Research On Agile Reentry Method For Maneuvering Vehicle, Lin Yue, Yingmin Jia, Songtao Fan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Alarge-scale orbit maneuver method is proposed and analyzed for hypersonic space reentry vehicles, and the air assisted methods are adopted to conduct space orbit maneuvers by complying with the energy balance strategy of the aircraft. By the L/D ratio of aircraft, the efficiency of the propellant use during orbital maneuvers is elevated, and the maneuverability is also enhanced, while the risk of aircraft being tracked in space can be reduced. Aero-assisted guidance technology is applied based on full-coefficient adaptive prediction-correction technology which significantly simplifies the computation of the GNC computer, while such application ensures the convergence and enhances the …