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Articles 1111 - 1140 of 4209
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Design And Realization Of 6-Dof Parachuting Simulation Training System, Xiaoguang Zhou, Peng Zhu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Huan Lu, Yuan Zhou
Design And Realization Of 6-Dof Parachuting Simulation Training System, Xiaoguang Zhou, Peng Zhu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Huan Lu, Yuan Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at restoring the 6-DOF motion process of each stage during parachuting, a 6-DOF parachuting simulation training system is designed and implemented. The architecture of the simulator is designed, and the realization of the sub-systems such as the motion calculation, 6-DOF motion platform, control loading system, virtual reality scene, somatosensory system and management console is explained. Compared with the same type of parachute simulator, this system has introduced a 6-DOF motion platform which can drive the trainees to simulate the various postures of parachuting. It can also help the trainees master the control methods of parachute and enhance the …
A High Spectral-Efficiency Maritime Very-High-Frequency Communication Technology And Simulation, Xinyu Dou, Xiaohui Chen, Dequn Liang, Bin Lin
A High Spectral-Efficiency Maritime Very-High-Frequency Communication Technology And Simulation, Xinyu Dou, Xiaohui Chen, Dequn Liang, Bin Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Marine communications cannot follow the development route on land of developing high frequency resources and high spectral-efficiency modulation technologies in 5G and 6G high-speed communication. The data rate and spectral-efficiency of maritime communications are low and are difficult to be improved. A high spectral-efficiency maritime very-high-frequency (VHF) communication technology based on multi-carrier time-delay overlapping modulation (MC-TDOP) is proposed. The core is delaying the subcarriers in turn and directly overlapping them in time domain. The orthogonality between the subcarriers can be neglected, thus the spectral-efficiency can be further enhanced from the fundamental information modulations. The results show that the proposed …
Simulation Method Of Virtual Human Pose Optimization Based On Vr Peripherals, Muqing Wang, Lei Zhang, Xiumin Fan, Xiaomeng Luo, Wenmin Zhu
Simulation Method Of Virtual Human Pose Optimization Based On Vr Peripherals, Muqing Wang, Lei Zhang, Xiumin Fan, Xiaomeng Luo, Wenmin Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The commonly used VR peripheral is the position tracker worn on the operator body and is not very convenient. Focus on the problem, a visual sensor combination-based scheme is proposed to realize the simple and real-time unmarked virtual human driven simulation. On the basis of the parameterized human model SMPL, by minimizing the objective function of multiple error terms, the driven accuracy of the virtual human is improved, and the fitted human body model conforming to the operator form and posture is calculated and the ergonomic evaluation is realized. The module is verified by a case of evaluation in …
Multi-Person Interactive Globe System Based On Ar Technology, Yiling Sun, Yi Chen, Guihua Shan, Xiaoxing Li
Multi-Person Interactive Globe System Based On Ar Technology, Yiling Sun, Yi Chen, Guihua Shan, Xiaoxing Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The characteristic of multi-source, high-dimensional, time-varying and massive of the Earth big data is difficult to be understood and analyzed. Aiming at this problem and for the science popularization needs, an AR-based multi-person interactive globe system is proposed and implemented. A system architecture integrating AR technology is proposed to realize the seamless overlay combination effect of the virtual information and the physical globe. A data visualization display scheme is designed to realize the visualization of the Earth big data in three-dimensional space. A lightweight multi-person multi-terminal collaboration mechanism is proposed to improve the practicality and interestingness of the system. …
Multi-Agent Simulation For Online Fresh Food Autonomous Delivery, Miaojia Lu, Chengyuan Huang, Jing Teng
Multi-Agent Simulation For Online Fresh Food Autonomous Delivery, Miaojia Lu, Chengyuan Huang, Jing Teng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Autonomous delivery can solve the last-mile delivery problems of low efficiency, high manual cost, and potential safety hazard. The autonomous delivery of the online fresh food in urban communities is discussed and a data-driven agent-based platform with the actual spatial-temporal demand is built. Three kinds of agents including the autonomous vehicles, customers, and distribution center and the simulation environment based on the actual road network are construct. To achieve the objectives of the minimum total operating costs and maximum customer satisfaction, the different static and dynamic order dispatch strategies and the route planning strategies with the principle of …
Denoising Algorithm Based On Multi-Feature Non-Local Mean Filtering For Monte Carlo Rendered Images, Kai Yang, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Haiyang Yu
Denoising Algorithm Based On Multi-Feature Non-Local Mean Filtering For Monte Carlo Rendered Images, Kai Yang, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Haiyang Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the rendering noise in Monte Carlo synthesized images induced by the low light-path sampling rate, a denoising algorithm based on the multi-feature non-local-mean filtering is proposed. The gradient image of the scene's albedo information is calculatedwith the canny operator, and a guided filter together with the said gradient image is employed to prefilter the normal vector image. The structural similarity of the sub-blocks in the prefiltered normal vector image is calculated and the improved weights of the non-local mean filter are computed according to the logarithmic value of the reciprocal of the structural similarity. The improved …
Multi-Uavs 3d Path Planning Method Based On Random Strategy Search, Sen Zhang, Mengyan Zhang, Jingping Shao, Jiexin Pu
Multi-Uavs 3d Path Planning Method Based On Random Strategy Search, Sen Zhang, Mengyan Zhang, Jingping Shao, Jiexin Pu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the difficulty of the traditional path planning method without energy consumption constraints to meet the emergency rescue requirements in the complex mountain operation environment, a three-dimensional path planning algorithm for multi-UAVs is proposed based on LSTM-DPPO(long short-term memory-distributed proximal policy optimization) framework. The LSTM long and short-term memory neural network is used to extract the important characteristic state information sequence of the multiple unmanned aerial vehicles in their respective flight process. After repeated iteration and updating, an optimal network parameter model is obtained. Combined with the energy consumption, the optimal 3D detection path is generated. …
Simulation Of Multi-Layer Ship Evacuation System Based On Improved A* Algorithm, Dun Meng, Zhuo Hu, Huajun Zhang
Simulation Of Multi-Layer Ship Evacuation System Based On Improved A* Algorithm, Dun Meng, Zhuo Hu, Huajun Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the low efficiency of emergency evacuation at sea, an emergency evacuation system based on improved A* algorithm is proposed. Based on the network flow model, the traversal mode of the adjacency node is used to complete the path search, and the influence of the path personnel density and path obstacles is added to the calculation of the cost, which makes the algorithm more practical. In order to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, the node optimization of the network is carried out, and a multi-path optimal scheme is proposed in the case of single layer with multiple …
Image Center Layout Optimization Method Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Zhijie Li, Haoqi Shi, Changhua Li, Jie Zhang
Image Center Layout Optimization Method Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Zhijie Li, Haoqi Shi, Changhua Li, Jie Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the layout optimization methods of image center being influenced by the subjective factors and low level of automation, a method of combining systematic layout planning(SLP) with the improved genetic algorithm is proposed. The layout scheme generated by SLP improves the initial population of the genetic algorithm and increases the diversity of the initial population. In order to improve the efficiency of optimization, the improved algorithm updates the crossover probability and mutation probability adaptively according to the evolution stages and the fitness value of the individuals. On the basis of the layout area model and multi-objective optimization mathematical …
Airport Flight Transit Support Time Collaborative Planning Modeling Based On Stn, Bin Chen, Yue Liu, Yalei Yang
Airport Flight Transit Support Time Collaborative Planning Modeling Based On Stn, Bin Chen, Yue Liu, Yalei Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the constraint of resources, the collaborative planning of airport flight transit support time is one of the effective methods to improve airport operation efficiency. Based on Simple Temporal Network (STN), a planning model of flight transit support time is established. Based on the temporal decoupling, the shortest path matrix simplification, and the distance graph solving of STN task model considering resources, the method of collaborative planning of flight transit support time for airport considering resources is obtained. The comparison results of the simulation and the actual data show that STN task model considering resources can optimize the airport …
Vehicle Detection Method Based On Multi Scale Feature Fusion, Yin Wang, Feixiang Wang, Qianlai Sun
Vehicle Detection Method Based On Multi Scale Feature Fusion, Yin Wang, Feixiang Wang, Qianlai Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Vehicle detection is the important research content and hotspot in the intelligent transportation. Aiming at the low detection accuracy and poor small-scale recognition effect of the traditional vehicle detection algorithm, an improved detection method based on YOLOv4(you only look once v4) is proposed to improve the detection performance of small target vehicles in traffic scenes. By redesigning the YOLOv4 network, the MobileNetv2 deep separable convolution module is used to replace the traditional convolution, and the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) attention module is integrated into the feature extraction network to ensure the detection accuracy of the model and reduce …
A Hybrid Algorithm Based On Seeker Optimization Algorithm And Salp Swarm Algorithm For Pid Parameters Optimization, Shaomi Duan, Huilong Luo, Haipeng Liu
A Hybrid Algorithm Based On Seeker Optimization Algorithm And Salp Swarm Algorithm For Pid Parameters Optimization, Shaomi Duan, Huilong Luo, Haipeng Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the premature convergence of seeker optimization algorithm(SOA) during optimizing the global problems, a new SOA-SSA hybrid algorithm based on seeker optimization algorithm and salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is proposed.The SOA-SSA algorithm is based on a double population evolution strategy, in which some individuals of the population are evolved by seeker optimization algorithm and the rest are evolved from salp swarm algorithm. The individuals in SOA and SSA both employ an information sharing mechanism to realize the coevolution. These strategies increase the diversity of the population and avoid the premature convergence. The experimental results show that …
Application Of Improved Q Learning Algorithm In Job Shop Scheduling Problem, Yejian Zhao, Yanhong Wang, Jun Zhang, Hongxia Yu, Zhongda Tian
Application Of Improved Q Learning Algorithm In Job Shop Scheduling Problem, Yejian Zhao, Yanhong Wang, Jun Zhang, Hongxia Yu, Zhongda Tian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the job shop scheduling in a dynamic environment, a dynamic scheduling algorithm based on an improved Q learning algorithm and dispatching rules is proposed. The state space of the dynamic scheduling algorithm is described with the concept of "the urgency of remaining tasks" and a reward function with the purpose of "the higher the slack, the higher the penalty" is disigned. In view of the problem that the greedy strategy will select the sub-optimal actions in the later stage of learning, the traditional Q learning algorithm is improved by introducing an action selection strategy based on the …
Visual Inspection Model Of Uav Cluster Based On Improved Pigeon Flock Hierarchy, Qi Chen, Haoyang Cui
Visual Inspection Model Of Uav Cluster Based On Improved Pigeon Flock Hierarchy, Qi Chen, Haoyang Cui
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aim at UAV being vulnerable to the environmental interference and the low efficiency of the traditional single-person-UAV model in the transmission line inspection, a visual inspection model for the power line by UAV is proposed based on the improved pigeon flock hierarchy. The initial landmark point of the UAV is generated based on GPS coordinates of the aircraft-carrying vehicle and the tower to be inspected, and the movement trajectory is planned. The return point of the UAV is used to update the initial landmark of onward UAV, which realizes the dynamic handover between the work-exchanging UAV, and the landmark …
Design Of Interactive Simulated Water Gun Fire Fighting Training System Based On Steam Vr, Cheng Lu, Xuesheng Jin
Design Of Interactive Simulated Water Gun Fire Fighting Training System Based On Steam Vr, Cheng Lu, Xuesheng Jin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to save the fire fighting training resources and increase the immersion and experience of VR training, an interactive simulated water gun fire fighting training system based on Steam VR is designed. By using the Hall sensors and signal conversion circuit boards to collect and transmit the signal of the simulated water gun, and by using the Unity3D engine combined with the VIVE head-mounted display to build and present VR fire scene. The gun is controlled through C# programming to complete the interaction with the virtual fire scene. The system is evaluated by a post-questionnaire survey …
Application Of Observability In Performance Evaluation Of Photosynthesis Model, Hongnai Gao, Lijiang Fu, Qian Xia, Ya Guo
Application Of Observability In Performance Evaluation Of Photosynthesis Model, Hongnai Gao, Lijiang Fu, Qian Xia, Ya Guo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The photochemical reaction of photosynthesis involves a variety of physiological substances that cannot be directly measured. By modeling the control system, the state of these physiological substances can be es-timated based on the chlorophyll fluorescence, but the reliability of the state estimation is not given in all the reference documents. In response to this problem, based on the photochemical reaction kinetic model, the observability of the nonlinear system is introduced to evaluate the reliability of the state estimation. Aiming at the existing observability methods lacking the direct comparability due to the different dimensions of the components of different states, …
Fuzzy Super-Twisting Second Order Sliding Mode Trajectory Tracking Control For Robotic Manipulator, Baolin Du, Dachang Zhu, Yihua Pan
Fuzzy Super-Twisting Second Order Sliding Mode Trajectory Tracking Control For Robotic Manipulator, Baolin Du, Dachang Zhu, Yihua Pan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A fuzzy super-twisting second order sliding mode control method is proposed for the uncertainties of the model error and external disturbance on the trajectory tracking accuracy of robotic manipulator. Based on the dynamic model of the robotic, a new non-singular terminal sliding mode manifold is designed, and an improved super-twisting algorithm is used to design the second order sliding mode controller. In order to solve the problem that the matching disturbance can only be compensated under the condition of the known disturbance boundary in the sliding mode control, the fuzzy logic algorithm is used to carryout the online compensation …
Research On Fire Emergency Evacuation Simulation Based On Cooperative Deep Reinforcement Learning, Lingjia Ni, Xiaoxia Huang, Hongga Li, Zibo Zhang
Research On Fire Emergency Evacuation Simulation Based On Cooperative Deep Reinforcement Learning, Lingjia Ni, Xiaoxia Huang, Hongga Li, Zibo Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The fire accident is a major threat to the public safety, in which the high temperature, toxic and harmful gases seriously interfer the selection of the evacuation routes. Deep reinforcement learning is introduced into the research of emergency evacuation simulation, and a cooperative double deep Q network algorithm is proposed for the multi-agent environment. A fire scene model that changes dynamically over time is established to provide the real-time information on the distribution of the dangerous areas for the evacuation. The independent agent neural networks are integrated and the multi-agent unified deep neural network is established to realize the …
Smartphone Control Of Rc Cars, Weston R. Fitzgerald
Smartphone Control Of Rc Cars, Weston R. Fitzgerald
Electrical Engineering
The smartphone-controlled RC (remote-controlled) car is an inexpensive remote-controlled car designed to be fast and portable. Instead of manufacturing, packaging, and shipping a separate controller, the remote control is implemented in a phone application, which saves time and money in both the design process and the manufacturing process. Utilizing the user’s smartphone is more cost-effective since mobile devices are a common recurrence, and packaging fewer devices results in overall better portability of the product.
This smartphone-controlled car is speedy and intuitive to learn for typical smartphone users. The user can change the car’s speed and direction wirelessly using their phone; …
Collaborative Design And Simulation Integrated Method Of Civil Aircraft Take-Off Scenarios Based On X Language, Pengfei Gu, Lin Zhang, Zhen Chen, Junjie Ye
Collaborative Design And Simulation Integrated Method Of Civil Aircraft Take-Off Scenarios Based On X Language, Pengfei Gu, Lin Zhang, Zhen Chen, Junjie Ye
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For the large and complex products, the current traditional model-based systems engineering (MBSE) method of the integrated implementation of multiple modeling and simulation languages and platforms for system design and simulation verification can not ensure the efficient and accurate feedback of system design to realize the quick design optimization. X language, a new generation of integrated modeling and simulation language based on complex systems and supporting MBSE, is used to realize the integrated modeling and simulation on cross-domain subsystems of civil aircraft for the take-off scenarios. From the demand analysis of the take-off process of civil aircraft, the system-level …
Cross Level Switching Technology For Multi-Resolution Model Of Complex Products, Wei Li, Wenjia Zhang, Heming Zhang
Cross Level Switching Technology For Multi-Resolution Model Of Complex Products, Wei Li, Wenjia Zhang, Heming Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the R&D of complex products, different design stages have different design goals and different simulation tasks, which need different resolution complex products simulation models. The models and interfaces for the multi-resolution characteristics are defined and thus the resolution control mechanism is studied. The description mechanisms for the system structure status and model resolution state are established separately, the control mechanism for the system resolution is proposed, and a cross level switching technology is sorted out. The experimental results show that the method can effectively solve the problem of model resolution switching, which ensures the simulation accuracy, improves …
A Cyber-Physical Integrated Modeling Method Oriented For Motion Simulation Of Complex Systems, Wenzheng Liu, Heming Zhang
A Cyber-Physical Integrated Modeling Method Oriented For Motion Simulation Of Complex Systems, Wenzheng Liu, Heming Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The traditional virtual modeling of motion simulation lacks the dynamic modeling of cyber subsystems and physical subsystems in complex systems. The advantages of the traditional kinematic virtual modeling and cyber calculation are combined, and aiming at the problem that the accuracy and real-time property of motion simulation cannot meet the actual industrial manufacturing requirements, a cyber physical integrated modeling method for the motion simulation of complex systems is proposed. The inconsistency between real robotic driving and virtual robot motion is solved, which is verified by a case study of mechanical arm motion control. A virtuality-reality mapping platform for complex …
Uav Formation Recovery And Consistency Simulation Based On Improved Potential Field, Ning Wang, Jiyang Dai, Jin Ying
Uav Formation Recovery And Consistency Simulation Based On Improved Potential Field, Ning Wang, Jiyang Dai, Jin Ying
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems of multi-UAV formation collision avoidance, formation recovery and the consistency of position and velocity convergence, a distributed cooperative formation control algorithm based on the improved potential field principle and consistency theory is proposed. The static obstacle model, UAV particle model and the second-order system dynamic model are established; the coordination potential field function with coordination factors and communication weights is defined, which can achieve the control objectives of collision avoidance and formation recovery; on the basic consistency protocol, the formation center reference vector, expected speed and speed stabilization items are introduced to achieve the convergence …
Multi-Objective Optimization Configuration Of Agv System Based On Response Surface And Nsga-Ii, Jianlin Fu, Guofu Ding, Jian Zhang, Haifan Jiang, Peipei Guo
Multi-Objective Optimization Configuration Of Agv System Based On Response Surface And Nsga-Ii, Jianlin Fu, Guofu Ding, Jian Zhang, Haifan Jiang, Peipei Guo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Automated guided vehicle(AGV) system plays an important role in the production flexibility and efficiency in manufacturing systems. Due to the dynamic and stochastic characteristics of AGV system with many variables, its optimal configuration is relatively complex. A method combining system simulation, mathematical analysis and multi-objective optimization is proposed to optimize the configuration of AGV system. The discrete event simulation is used to simulate the operation of AGV system, the sensitivity analysis is used to separate design variables, the factorial experiments and response surface methods are used to build the fitting multi-objective optimization mathematical model, and the non-dominated sorting genetic …
Study On The Scale Characteristics Of Permeability Of Tpms Porous Materials, Tong Wu, Qinghui Wang, Zhijia Xu
Study On The Scale Characteristics Of Permeability Of Tpms Porous Materials, Tong Wu, Qinghui Wang, Zhijia Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) has been widely used in the design of porous materials, however, there is insufficient research on the scale characteristics of permeability. Four commonly used TPMS units are chosen as the research object, based on the introduction of their mathematical models and porosity control methods, a numerical simulation model based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics) is established; TPMS units and cubic porous structures with different porosities are analyzed, the quantitative correlation between their scales and permeability is clarified, i.e., within the selected scale range, the permeability of various TPMS units and cubic porous structures is …
Triangular Mesh Boolean Operation Method For Finite Element Analysis, Yufei Guo, Kang Zhao, Yongqing Hai
Triangular Mesh Boolean Operation Method For Finite Element Analysis, Yufei Guo, Kang Zhao, Yongqing Hai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To shorten the cycle of finite element analysis (FEA), an adaptive triangular mesh Boolean operation method for finite element analysis is proposed. The ADT (alternating digital tree) data structure is applied to the intersection calculation of triangular meshes, which improves the efficiency of the intersection calculation of Boolean operations. A sphere packing algorithm and a node addition/deletion algorithm are used to remesh some remeshing regions, which ensures the efficiency of the method and the high-quality of remeshed meshes. An improved octree background grid is used to record and smooth the size field, which can generate size-adaptive meshes. The size …
Cellular Automata Model Of Mixed Traffic Flow Composed Of Intelligent Connected Vehicles’ Platoon, Yangsheng Jiang, Sichen Wang, Kuan Gao, Meng Liu, Zhihong Yao
Cellular Automata Model Of Mixed Traffic Flow Composed Of Intelligent Connected Vehicles’ Platoon, Yangsheng Jiang, Sichen Wang, Kuan Gao, Meng Liu, Zhihong Yao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the existing cellular automata model of automatic-manual driving that does not consider the behavior of vehicle platoon, a cellular automata model of mixed traffic flow with the intelligent connected vehicles platoon is proposed, and the characteristics of mixed traffic flow are analyzed. The existing car-following behaviors in mixed traffic flow are analyzed. Based on the characteristics of the car-following behaviors, the cellular automata rules of human-driven vehicles (HDV), adaptive cruise control (ACC), and cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) are developed, respectively. Based on the numerical simulation experiments, the mixed traffic flow characteristics and congestion conditions are analyzed …
Water Body Extraction From High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based On Fused Visual Word Bags, Xin Wang, Mingjun Xu, Jian Xiao, Lizhong Xu
Water Body Extraction From High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based On Fused Visual Word Bags, Xin Wang, Mingjun Xu, Jian Xiao, Lizhong Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem that water body extraction is easily influenced by shadow or light in high resolution remote sensing images, an improved algorithm based on fusion of visual word bags is proposed. Based on the deep analysis of the characteristics of remote sensing water body targets, a spectral feature extraction approach is designed. To enhance the description ability of water body targets, a novel visual word bag fusion model based on local binary pattern and spectral feature is constructed. Based on the proposed visual word bag fusion model, a water body target classifier is presented. …
Study On Building Fire Evacuation Path Planning Based On Improved Ant Colony Algorithm, Jiangtao Liang, Huiqin Wang
Study On Building Fire Evacuation Path Planning Based On Improved Ant Colony Algorithm, Jiangtao Liang, Huiqin Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of dynamic planning of evacuation paths in comprehensive building fires, with the shortest escape time required for evacuees as the goal, considering the impact of fire products and crowd density on the evacuation speed of personnel, an evacuation path planning model based on improved ant colony algorithm is constructed. A evacuation network data model composed of an obstacle vertex grid is established, the inspiration function of the ant colony algorithm and the deadlock processing strategy are improved, the explosion operator in the fireworks algorithm is introduced to optimize the ant path, and a comprehensive building …
Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm For Permutation Flowshop Scheduling, Qiwen Zhang, Bin Zhang
Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm For Permutation Flowshop Scheduling, Qiwen Zhang, Bin Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A multi-classes teaching-learning-based optimization (MCTLBO) algorithm is proposed for the permutation flowshop scheduling problem (PFSP) by combining continuous algorithm with discrete strategy. An improved nawaz enscore ham (NEH) population initialization method based on permutation mutation is adopted, which takes into account the quality and diversity of initial solutions. In the teaching stage, discrete adaptive teaching with duplicate removal is introduced to avoid meaningless teaching processes. A new self-learning strategy based on Levy flight is added, and the self-learning in discrete stage is simulated by variable neighborhood search. Learner phase and class communication are combined to improve the efficiency of …