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Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons™
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Articles 1351 - 1380 of 4243
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Game Analysis Of Government Procurement Contract Financing Based On Blockchain Technology, Haitao Huang, Qinming Liu, Chunming Ye, Chen Xiang
Game Analysis Of Government Procurement Contract Financing Based On Blockchain Technology, Haitao Huang, Qinming Liu, Chunming Ye, Chen Xiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Abstract: In view of the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprise and the existing credit problems of financial supply chain, the block chain technology is applied to the financing mode of government procurement contract of the Ministry of Finance. From the supply chain business aspect, the tripartite game model of government procurement departments, small and medium-sized enterprises and banks is built, and the decision of the main body is analyzed. From the block chain technology, the evolutionary game model is built and the selection of chain node is analyzed. By MATLAB, the simulation experiments are carried out to …
Residential Demand Response Scheduling Optimization And Simulation Based On An Improved Pso Algorithm, Huazhen Li, Youquan Liu, Jiawei Zhu, Liao Qiang
Residential Demand Response Scheduling Optimization And Simulation Based On An Improved Pso Algorithm, Huazhen Li, Youquan Liu, Jiawei Zhu, Liao Qiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems of low utilization rate of household load energy and the potential damage to the power grid caused by the lack of systematic and efficient management of household power consumption, the power consumption characteristics of controllable equipment and the energy storage characteristics of electric vehicles are modeled respectively, and the scheduling optimization objective function of household equipment under time of use price is established, and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. Through the example simulation, the residential power dispatching under various scenarios is analyzed. The experimental results show that the …
Self-Learning-Based Multiple Spacecraft Evasion Decision Making Simulation Under Sparse Reward Condition, Zhao Yu, Jifeng Guo, Yan Peng, Chengchao Bai
Self-Learning-Based Multiple Spacecraft Evasion Decision Making Simulation Under Sparse Reward Condition, Zhao Yu, Jifeng Guo, Yan Peng, Chengchao Bai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the ability of spacecraft formation to evade multiple interceptors, aiming at the low success rate of traditional procedural maneuver evasion, a multi-agent cooperative autonomous decision-making algorithm, which is based on deep reinforcement learning method, is proposed. Based on the actor-critic architecture, a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm is designed, in which a weighted linear fitting method is proposed to solve the reliability allocation problem of the self-learning system. To solve the sparse reward problem in task scenario, a sparse reward reinforcement learning method based on inverse value method is proposed. According to the task scenario, …
Hybrid System Simulation Method Based On Quantized State, Zhihua Li, Jiang De, Hanwu Shen, Zhihua Fan
Hybrid System Simulation Method Based On Quantized State, Zhihua Li, Jiang De, Hanwu Shen, Zhihua Fan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Hybrid system simulation and discontinuity processing have always been the difficulties of the time-discretized integration methods, while Quantized State System (QSS) is a new numerical integration method based on state variable discretization. Aiming at the hybrid systems simulation, a method of QSS+DEVS is proposed. The discrete part of hybrid system is represented as DEVS model, and the continuous part of hybrid system is discretized by QSS, which can also be represented as DEVS model. The simulation model of the whole hybrid system is obtained by coupling the two DEVS models. The accuracy, efficiency and simplicity of the QSS+DEVS method …
Modeling On Anti-Uav System-Of-Systems Combat Ooda Loop Based On Netlogo, Zhao Zhu, Wang Yi, Ruifeng Fan, Liya Li, Qi Meng
Modeling On Anti-Uav System-Of-Systems Combat Ooda Loop Based On Netlogo, Zhao Zhu, Wang Yi, Ruifeng Fan, Liya Li, Qi Meng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the threats from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or swarm, as well as the difficult problems of systems confrontation modeling, overall process design, and operational effectiveness evaluation in anti-UAV system-of-systems, the structure and operational process both of the UAV and anti-UAV systems are analyzed respectively, and the anti-UAV Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) system-of-systems combat model which based on multi-agent modeling platform NetLogo is proposed. Utilizing the emergence of agent role in this simulation model, the influence exerted by OODA on anti-UAV is studied by the multi-agent simulation. The results show that the OODA loop is one …
Application Of Trust Driven Adaptive Cooperative Control Algorithm, Xindong Gui, Hongjiang Ji, Lingling Fan, Shida Liu
Application Of Trust Driven Adaptive Cooperative Control Algorithm, Xindong Gui, Hongjiang Ji, Lingling Fan, Shida Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: When a multi-manipulator performs cooperative task, it's end position is difficult to accurately track the target and ensure the consistency influenced by the nonlinear factors such as working environment, assembly condition and system disturbances, resulting in large errors during collaborative work. To solve multi-manipulators position coordinated control problem, a multi-agent based adaptive position coordination control algorithm is proposed by researching on the novel trust mechanism, including adaptive update mechanism of trust value (self-trust and mutual-trust) and Fisher information weighted (covariance) update mechanism. In automated collaborative assembly tasks, the precise consensus positioning of end-effector is achieved with improvements in the …
Simulation Analysis Of Assessment Method For Missile Accuracy, Shuqing Li, Zhili Zhang, Yumiao Wei, Haitao Wang
Simulation Analysis Of Assessment Method For Missile Accuracy, Shuqing Li, Zhili Zhang, Yumiao Wei, Haitao Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The missile accuracy of the falling points is one of the important performance indexes of missile systems, so the assessment method is very important. An improved algorithm for missile accuracy assessment is proposed. Accuracy assessment problem is simplified as a hypothesis check for probability circle, and the accuracy difference coefficients are defined to describe the accuracy difference between the real falling points and the expected situation. Based on the probability circle method, an improved risk assessment method is put forward to balance and minimize producer's risk and consumer's risk. According to sequential check method, this risk assessment …
Cloud Model Pid Control Of Pmsm Based On Svm Inverse System, Li Hui, Yun Hao, Hongli Yue
Cloud Model Pid Control Of Pmsm Based On Svm Inverse System, Li Hui, Yun Hao, Hongli Yue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of multivariable, nonlinearity and strong coupling of the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM), a strategy of inverse system identification which is independent of precise mathematical model and parameters based on support vector machines(SVM) is proposed. The dynamic decoupling control of PMSM is researched based on multivariable nonlinear control inverse system theory. To deal with direct inverse control open-loop system with poor robustness and inverse modeling error of SVM, a parameter self-tuning PID(Proportional Integral Differential) closed-loop controller based on cloud model rule inference is designed. The simulation results confirm that the cloud model PID control based on …
Combination Weighting-Based Comprehensive Evaluation For Discrete Workshop Production Plan, Zhangzhen Luo, Haifan Jiang, Jianlin Fu, Guofu Ding
Combination Weighting-Based Comprehensive Evaluation For Discrete Workshop Production Plan, Zhangzhen Luo, Haifan Jiang, Jianlin Fu, Guofu Ding
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the lack of a general evaluation index system and a comprehensive evaluation method combining qualitative and quantitative for discrete workshop production planning, an evaluation index system is constructed from the economy, timeliness and adaptability and a combination weighting-based comprehensive evaluation method is proposed. A combination weight of subjective and objective significance is obtained by combining the extension of analytic hierarchy process, entropy value method and improved CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method, which improves the scientific evaluation of discrete workshop production planning. The verification results of examples show that the method is more sensitive to the …
Actuator Fault Status Evaluation Based On Two-Class Nmf Network, Yinsong Wang, Tianshu Sun
Actuator Fault Status Evaluation Based On Two-Class Nmf Network, Yinsong Wang, Tianshu Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the feedback control loop, the adjustment ability of controller covers up the performance degradation of the actuator to some degree. A fault state evaluation algorithm based on a two-class non-negative matrix network is proposed to implement online fault state monitoring of the actuator, including fault classification and degradation assessment. The local static features of the samples are extracted, and a classifier model is established to form a network. The similarity is introduced to describe the dynamic characteristics between samples. To fulfill the actuator fault status assessment, the static distance and dynamic changes of the network output are merged …
Small-Data Driven Modeling And Simulation Of High-Speed Train Running Time Under Limited Speeds, Xu Peng, Guoqi Feng, Xuewu Dai, Dongliang Cui, Qilong Wei, Baoxu Li, Jianming Li
Small-Data Driven Modeling And Simulation Of High-Speed Train Running Time Under Limited Speeds, Xu Peng, Guoqi Feng, Xuewu Dai, Dongliang Cui, Qilong Wei, Baoxu Li, Jianming Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to provide data support and evaluate the feasibility of high-speed train group scheduling optimization algorithm, a method of combining the mechanism model with the small-data drive is proposed. The train segment fitting model under speed limit is constructed and parameterized to reduce the number of parameters to be identified: In order to avoid the improper fitting, a parameter fitting algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization and the least square is proposed. “Location-Time-Speed” model for temporary speed limits together are proposed. The model is demonstrated on the simulation platform, and the train running time is simulated accurately …
Research And Application Of Simulation Support Platform For System-Of-Systems Combat, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie, Li Ni, Xuefeng Yan, Yali Zhao
Research And Application Of Simulation Support Platform For System-Of-Systems Combat, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie, Li Ni, Xuefeng Yan, Yali Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the requirement of developing high-precision, high-reliability, and high-fidelity SoS (System-of-Systems) combat simulation system efficiently, the overall structure of SoS combat simulation platform is designed with the implementation process of the SoS simulation development as the starting point. The key methods such as the parameterized & serviced SoS simulation framework, SoS combat oriented multi-view collaborative modeling, extensible high-performance distributed parallel simulation, and intelligent simulation evaluation based on large data & deep learning are emphatically put forward and implemented. A simulation platform is developed to support the weapon equipment SoS combat simulation deduction and evaluation in complex environment. Applications …
The Research And Implementation Of Film Virtual Photography Harware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Baihong Lu, Jianjun Zhao, Gesan Liu
The Research And Implementation Of Film Virtual Photography Harware-In-The-Loop Simulation, Baihong Lu, Jianjun Zhao, Gesan Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Film virtual photography is an important part of the film virtual Previs. Aiming at the problems of high cost, poor user experience, and bad simulation of existing virtual photography, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for film virtual photography is proposed. It uses a hardware-in-the-loop simulation virtual photography module that is consistent with the operation method of the film creator in real shooting for virtual photography, which solves the problems of difficult virtual photography operations and not in line with the real operating habits in the past. It provides a virtual photography method that is more in line with movie …
Two-Point Joint Cpa Attacks Against Aes And Its Simulation, Tong Yu, Jingwen Cai
Two-Point Joint Cpa Attacks Against Aes And Its Simulation, Tong Yu, Jingwen Cai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems of large sampling amount and low utilization rate of attack information in single-point power analysis attack, a method of two-point joint power analysis attack for AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is proposed. This method selects two power leakage points for power analysis according to the correlation between the power leakage points and the key in the AES. By constructing a power leakage model of intermediate variables, an intermediate value joint function is established which means, the method can be used to recover the key of AES. The simulation results demonstrate that the attack time of …
Passenger Flow Sensitivity Analysis Of Evacuation Time For Standard Subway Station, Guoao Zhang, Ma Si, Wang Lin
Passenger Flow Sensitivity Analysis Of Evacuation Time For Standard Subway Station, Guoao Zhang, Ma Si, Wang Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Underground two-level island platform stations widely existed in urban rail transit system. In order to analyze the relationship between the evacuation time and the character of passenger flow, the capacity of main evacuation facilities and the evacuation bottleneck of stations are studied, and groups of sensitivity analysis experiment are designed. The variability of the evacuation process is analyzed by comparing the output of each simulation model in a group and between groups. The simulation result shows that the station evacuation time increases within a certain limit at peak hour. And the station evacuation time is mainly affected by the …
Credit Assignment In Multiagent Reinforcement Learning For Large Agent Population, Arambam James Singh
Credit Assignment In Multiagent Reinforcement Learning For Large Agent Population, Arambam James Singh
Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)
In the current age, rapid growth in sectors like finance, transportation etc., involve fast digitization of industrial processes. This creates a huge opportunity for next-generation artificial intelligence system with multiple agents operating at scale. Multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is the field of study that addresses problems in the multiagent systems. In this thesis, we develop and evaluate novel MARL methodologies that address the challenges in large scale multiagent system with cooperative setting. One of the key challenge in cooperative MARL is the problem of credit assignment. Many of the previous approaches to the problem relies on agent's individual trajectory which …
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Many real world systems involve interaction among large number of agents to achieve a common goal, for example, air traffic control. Several model-free RL algorithms have been proposed for such settings. A key limitation is that the empirical reward signal in model-free case is not very effective in addressing the multiagent credit assignment problem, which determines an agent's contribution to the team's success. This results in lower solution quality and high sample complexity. To address this, we contribute (a) an approach to learn a differentiable reward model for both continuous and discrete action setting by exploiting the collective nature of …
High-Density Parking For Autonomous Vehicles., Parag J. Siddique
High-Density Parking For Autonomous Vehicles., Parag J. Siddique
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In a common parking lot, much of the space is devoted to lanes. Lanes must not be blocked for one simple reason: a blocked car might need to leave before the car that blocks it. However, the advent of autonomous vehicles gives us an opportunity to overcome this constraint, and to achieve a higher storage capacity of cars. Taking advantage of self-parking and intelligent communication systems of autonomous vehicles, we propose puzzle-based parking, a high-density design for a parking lot. We introduce a novel method of vehicle parking, which leads to maximum parking density. We then propose a heuristic method …
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Learning And Exploiting Shaped Reward Models For Large Scale Multiagent Rl, Arambam James Singh, Akshat Kumar, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Many real world systems involve interaction among large number of agents to achieve a common goal, for example, air traffic control. Several model-free RL algorithms have been proposed for such settings. A key limitation is that the empirical reward signal in model-free case is not very effective in addressing the multiagent credit assignment problem, which determines an agent's contribution to the team's success. This results in lower solution quality and high sample complexity. To address this, we contribute (a) an approach to learn a differentiable reward model for both continuous and discrete action setting by exploiting the collective nature of …
Simulation Of Cooperative Control Process For Multiple Uavs Based On Local Information Connection, Xiangyang Li, Zhili Zhang, Zhang Ning, Gui Yi, Li Jia
Simulation Of Cooperative Control Process For Multiple Uavs Based On Local Information Connection, Xiangyang Li, Zhili Zhang, Zhang Ning, Gui Yi, Li Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the requirements of cooperative control for multiple UAVs based on local information connection, the distributed architecture of Multi-UAV system is established on the basis of multilayer structure. The communication network topology, state control information model and intelligent Ad-Hoc network mechanism are proposed to ensure the reliable interactive communication among multiple UAVs under local information connection. The cooperative collision avoidance strategy with local state prediction and distributed iterative optimization, combined with the cooperative on-line track planning and threat avoidance control methods, are applied to realize the cooperative control of Multi-UAV's task execution process. Simulation experiments verify the …
Fast Maritime Simulator Scene Modeling Method Based On Aerial Images, Lijia Chen, Wang Kai, Shigang Li, Yanfei Tian
Fast Maritime Simulator Scene Modeling Method Based On Aerial Images, Lijia Chen, Wang Kai, Shigang Li, Yanfei Tian
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Artificial Modeling using Computer Aid Design software are frequently applied in maritime simulator scene modeling,but with low accuracy, low efficiency and complicate workflow. It's not the ideal method of modeling a large-scale area. A modeling method is proposed based on aerial images in combination with tilt photography modeling, procedural modeling and image semantic segmentation method. It's a fast and highly automated modeling method specially for the maritime simulator. A water area near Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge is chosen as the model. Experiment results show that the proposed method is of fast speed, high precision, high degree of automation, …
Research On Performance Modeling And Simulation Method Based On Dense Crowd, Yihao Li, Tianyu Huang, Li Peng, Gangyi Ding
Research On Performance Modeling And Simulation Method Based On Dense Crowd, Yihao Li, Tianyu Huang, Li Peng, Gangyi Ding
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Due to the high complexity of crowd organization and the difficulty of abstracting the performance, the performance simulation of dense crowds relies heavily on manual work, and it is difficult to establish a highly automated simulation model. In order to reduce the sensitivity of creative modification and design risks, a performance model based on dense crowd is proposed. Through the strategy of time dimension slicing and spatial layering, a highly automated crowd performance simulation method that could meet the director's creativity is realized. Through the construction of simulation experiments, the generation effect and calculation efficiency of the crowd …
Design And Engine Implementation Of Submarine Combat System Simulation Based On Lvc, Jinping Wu, Minghua Lu, Changyou Xue
Design And Engine Implementation Of Submarine Combat System Simulation Based On Lvc, Jinping Wu, Minghua Lu, Changyou Xue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Submarine combat system simulation is one of the key and most important content in submarine combat simulation. On the basis of LVC simulation technology, practicing simulation-as-a-service idea, the LVC integration simulation method of submarine combat system is proposed and the LVC integration simulation environment is constructed. The composition and relationship of LVC simulation system are researched. The compositional structure of LVC simulation engine was designed. Based on the component design and development specifications in Java/EJB technological infrastructure, in use of software component technology, the simulation engine components are designed and implemented. The LVC integration simulation of submarine combat system …
Networked Simulation And It's Development Trend, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu
Networked Simulation And It's Development Trend, Duan Hong, Xiaogang Qiu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Carrying out simulating whenever and wherever possible as well as the large-scale trend of simulation lead to the demand of networked simulation.. Through the changes of range, from model interconnection, experimental collaboration and domain simulation collaboration, three layers of meanings of networked simulation are analyzed; The characteristics of networked simulation are summarized from five aspects, pattern, application, target, focus, and morphology. The idea that the networked simulation will bring changes to the simulation application of the activity scope and method, resource construction, resource verification, organizational structure, and so on is proposed. By sorting out the development process …
Study On Universal Characteristics Of Insect Population Ecological Network, Guilan Luo, Hongjun Hao, Wang Xiao, Zhang Mei
Study On Universal Characteristics Of Insect Population Ecological Network, Guilan Luo, Hongjun Hao, Wang Xiao, Zhang Mei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to evaluate the current state of insect ecological development in Erhai wetland, complex network theory is used to construct a topological structure model of insect ecological network with insect populations as network nodes and correlations as edges. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of the model, it is concluded that the insect ecological network conforms to the characteristics of small world and scale-free network, and the node degree distribution obeys the power law distribution. The method of destroying the topology is used to simulate the dynamic evolution of the network ecology. The study shows that the disappearance of …
Study On Task Allocation Of Uav Swarm Based On Cognitive Control, Ruixuan Wei, Zichen Wu
Study On Task Allocation Of Uav Swarm Based On Cognitive Control, Ruixuan Wei, Zichen Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A centralized allocation method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm real-time task allocation is proposed. Based on the real-time battlefield situation, this method relies on the coordination scheduling layer to make allocation decisions, generates the strike order according to the strike efficiency ratio, and makes rolling optimization for real-time battlefield situation, so that the allocation results can always maintain the balance between optimization and efficiency within the current cognitive range. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to solve the task assignment problem. In particular, a 2-D particle 0-1 coding and correction method for nonstandard particles is designed. The simulation …
Study On Interior Space Pedestrian Evacuation Model Elite Chaos Search Strategy, Wei Juan, Zhongyu Li, You Lei, Yangyong Guo, Zhihai Tang, Zhouyi Hu
Study On Interior Space Pedestrian Evacuation Model Elite Chaos Search Strategy, Wei Juan, Zhongyu Li, You Lei, Yangyong Guo, Zhihai Tang, Zhouyi Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve traditional field model of easily falling into the queue problem during simulating the evacuation of dense crowds, an improved pedestrian evacuation model in interior space is proposed based on the elite chaos search strategy. The pedestrian mobile income at each moment is calculated in combination with the field value, capacity and average speed, and a field model for pedestrian evacuation is presented. On this basis, the objective optimization function of the minimum evacuation time and minimum queue length is given, and the elite chaos search strategy is used to achieve the above objective function solution, …
Fast Alignment Of Bim Products Based On Structure Matching, Xiaojun Liu, Changyan He, Liu Chang, Jinyuan Jia
Fast Alignment Of Bim Products Based On Structure Matching, Xiaojun Liu, Changyan He, Liu Chang, Jinyuan Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The fast alignment of BIM products based on structure matching is realized. An Item-based Structure Graph (ISG) is proposed as the structure-aware shape descriptor for BIM products. An improved graph matching algorithm upon Factorized Graph Matching (FGM) is implemented in ISG matching, in which the mismatch caused by symmetry switching is avoided. Further extension is made to support the alignment under partial matching for BIM products from the same family. The experiment result shows that ISG can meet the characteristics of BIM products, improve the efficiency and accuracy, and can be applied in dealing with products alignment, BIM data …
Position And Attitude Estimation Based On Combination Matching In Calibration Area, Cai Peng, Chaoping Shen, Hongyan Li
Position And Attitude Estimation Based On Combination Matching In Calibration Area, Cai Peng, Chaoping Shen, Hongyan Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Vision navigation technology of scene matching needs hardware to measure the distance and attitude of the camera. A method of position and attitude estimation based on the combination of feature points in the calibration area is proposed. The software can get the camera position and attitude of the real-time image by selecting the best set of Scale-Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT) feature matching points of the reference image calibration area of the real-time image, and calculating the local coordinates of the ground of SIFT feature matching points based on the triangle internal linear interpolation method, using space resection, avoids the defect …
Numerical Simulation Of Aerodynamic Characteristics For Double-All-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based On Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory, Kuizhi Yue, Zhang Yuan, Liangliang Cheng, Dazhao Yu
Numerical Simulation Of Aerodynamic Characteristics For Double-All-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based On Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory, Kuizhi Yue, Zhang Yuan, Liangliang Cheng, Dazhao Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Follow the rapid progress of the nation's blue ocean strategic projection capability of sea power, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with double-all-wing configuration is studied to match the trend. The UAV is conceptually designed by CATIA software, the aerodynamic characteristic of the model is numerically simulated by computational fluid dynamics (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) theory, and the performance of the UAV to take off from the aircraft carrier is also analyzed. The lift coefficient, drag coefficient and lift-drag ratio of the double-all-wing UAV model with a angle of attack of 0 can reach 0.596 2, 0.037 6 and 15.824 …