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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering
Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies
Pallet Racking Using Cold-Reduced Steel, J. S. Cowen, J. Michael Davies
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Codes of practice for the design of cold-formed sections have generally included a requirement for the coil material to possess a specified amount of ductility prior to forming. The scientific basis for such ductility requirements is shrouded in historical mystery but code drafting committees have been reluctant to remove these requirements in the absence of good reason. However, very low ductility steels have been used for the manufacture of cold-formed steel components for many years by the two leading UK manufacturers of storage racks without this lack of ductility giving rise to any problems during either manufacture or service. This …
Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
Experiments On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of tests were conducted on lipped channel flexural members to study the behavior of edge stiffened elements. The details and the results of these tests as well as tests by others are discussed in this paper. All the test results are compared with those predicted by the AISI Specification.
Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
Finite Element Studies On Lipped Channel Flexural Members, Maria E. Moreyra, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper is second in a series of three papers describing the research sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute. Physical test results described in the first paper combined with the finite element solution parametric studies described in this paper were used in the third paper to develop improved design procedures for edge stiffened elements.
Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew
Strength Of Stiffened Plates With Openings, Mahen Mahendran, N. E. Shanmugam, J. Y. Richard Liew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The load-deflection and ultimate strength behaviour of longitudinally stiffened plates with openings was studied using a second-order elastic post-buckling analysis and a rigid-plastic analysis. The ultimate strength was predicted from the intersection point of elastic and rigid-plastic curves and the Perry strut formula. Comparison with experimental results shows that satisfactory prediction of ultimate strength can be obtained by this simple method. Effects of the size of opening, the initial geometrical imperfections and the plate slenderness ratio on the strength of perforated stiffened plates were also studied.
The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider
The Compressional Behaviour Of Perforated Elements, J. Rhodes, Falk D. Schneider
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The behaviour of stub columns with a series of different perforation patterns is examined on the basis of tests. The tests concentrate on plain channel cross sections with perforation layouts systematically varied to examine the effects of perforation position, dimensions and number on the section performance. The application of existing cold formed steel design codes to perforated members is examined on the basis of comparison with the tests, and various modifications to the design codes are considered to take perforations into account These are described and the comparison with test results is illustrated.
Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien
Residual Stresses In Cold Formed Steel Sections, G. Roy, Dimos Polyzois, M. A. Mohamedien
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Initial or residual stresses are considered one of the major factors that affect the design of the cold-formed steel sections, since they could reach 50% of the yield stress of the material. As part of a comprehensive experimental program on the use of cold-formed steel sections in transmission towers, an investigation on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections was undertaken. The study involved 83 tests using two nondestructive methods, and two destructive methods, to determine the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. The paper summarizes the results from this investigation and outlines a number of …
The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies
The Analysis Of Restrained Purlins Using Generalised Beam Theory, C. Jiang, Philip Leach, J. Michael Davies
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A paper presented at the Eleventh Speciality Conference in 1992(1) introduced the Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) and illustrated its use. It was used in ftrst-order analyses t0 calculate the stress distribution in a cross section takeing account of cross section distortion, and in second-order bifurcation problems to calculate the critical buckling load of a free cross section subject to axial load. Subsequent papers(2,3) have given more detailed information on the basis of GBT and used its second-order facilities to investigate the buckling of sections under both uniform and non-uniform bending moment. This paper extends the use of GBT to consider …
Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu
Bending And Shear Behavior Of Web Elements With Openings, Roger A. Laboube, Ming-Yang Shan, Wei-Wen Yu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel C-sections are frequently used as wall studs and floor joists in both commercial and residential construction. To facilitate installation of ancillary systems such as electrical wiring and plumbing, the C-section is manufactured with a web opening. Although the opening offers construction advantages, it may degrade the structural integrity of the member. To quantify the degrading effect of a web opening, a study has been conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). The UMR study included the loading conditions of bending, shear, web crippling and the combinations thereof. This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of the …
Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster
Multiple Stiffened Deck Profiles, M. Sommerstein, R. P. Papazian, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
CAN/CSA-S136-M89 and the AISI Specification on Cold Formed Steel Design use different methods to determine the effective width of multiple stiffened compressive elements when no local buckling in the sub-elements occurs. Both methods replace the multiple stiffened element with a flat plate element centered at the neutral axis of the multiple stiffened element. The methods differ in assigning an equivalent thickness to the straight line element. The AISI method provides sufficient thickness to match the moment of inertia of the multiple stiffened element, while the S136 method makes use of orthotropic plate theory, however, dealing only with the elastic buckling …
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Shs Beam-Columns, Raef M. Sully, Gregory J. Hancock
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Shs Beam-Columns, Raef M. Sully, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a test programme conducted into the behaviour of cold-formed, compact square hollow section beam columns. The tests were conducted in a purpose built test rig capable of applying load and moment in a constant ratio. The test specimens were pin-ended specimens loaded, with varying load/moment ratios, at two different ratios of end moment. The results of the tests were simulated using a finite element programme. This finite element programme was used to find maximum second order elastic moments, for the section tested, at varying ratios of end moment. The results of this numerical investigation are compared with …
Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo
Buckling Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Members By Spline Finite Strip Analysis, Joachim Lindner, Y. L. Guo
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Local,distortional and overall buckling (including overall flexural buckling and overall flexural-torsional buckling) behaviour of cold-formed thin-walled columns is presented which is based on an inelastic spline finite strip analysis. The columns are loaded centrally at the ends. The increment of yield stresses in the corner area due to cold-forming work, together with a more real stress-strain curve of material, that exhibits continuous strain hardening for the stress above the proportional limit of material, are involved in the analysis. The cold-formed section is divided into two different types of strips, one is a flat plate strip on the central part of …
Elastoplastic Large Deflection Analysis Of Cold-Formed Members Using Spline Finite Strip Method, Shi-Lin Chen, Shao-Fu Li, Shan-Feng Fang
Elastoplastic Large Deflection Analysis Of Cold-Formed Members Using Spline Finite Strip Method, Shi-Lin Chen, Shao-Fu Li, Shan-Feng Fang
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The elastoplastic large deflection behaviour of cold-formed members is analysed by a nonlinear spline finite strip method. The method is developed using the principle of virtual work, based on the total Lagrangian description. It is used to deal with problems of geometric and material nonlinearity. The displacement function of a strip is expressed as the product of transverse interpolation polynomials and longitudinal B3-splines. The effect of arbitrary initial imperfections is taken into consideration. The influence of cold-bending residual stress on the local and overall behaviour of cold-formed lipped angle columns is investigated especially. The numeric examples show that the method …
Behavior And Failure Mechanism Of Composite Slabs, J. J. Roger Cheng, Michael C. H. Yam, E. B. Davison
Behavior And Failure Mechanism Of Composite Slabs, J. J. Roger Cheng, Michael C. H. Yam, E. B. Davison
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The behavior of a composite slab using a 636 deck profIle was investigated experimentally. Twenty-three one-way slab tests and twenty-four pull-out tests were performed. It was found that the behavior and shear bond load of the composite slab were significantly affected by the depth of the embossment shear key. The average shear stress from the pull-out tests was generally lower than that of the one-way slab tests due to a lack of the transverse load effects which influenced the frictional resistance between the concrete slab and the steel deck.
Further Studies Of Composite Slab Strength, Angela S. Terry, Samuel W. Easterling
Further Studies Of Composite Slab Strength, Angela S. Terry, Samuel W. Easterling
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The results to date of a research program focusing on the strength of composite slabs are described. Full-scale experimental slab tests are compared to strengths calculated using the Steel Deck Institute Composite Deck Design Handbook. Based on the comparisons, recommendations are made for modifications to the calculation procedures.
Review Of Concepts Concerning Bond Of Steel Decking, Mark Patrick, Russell Q. Bridge
Review Of Concepts Concerning Bond Of Steel Decking, Mark Patrick, Russell Q. Bridge
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
It is well established that bond between deformed reinforcing bars and concrete is produced by three distinct actions: chemical adhesion; friction; and mechanical interlock. However, researchers of composite slab behaviour do not generally agree on the actions which produce bond between steel decking and concrete, and the concepts they have developed in this regard are reviewed.
Local Buckling Of Filled Sections, Howard D. Wright
Local Buckling Of Filled Sections, Howard D. Wright
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The buckling capacity of plates in contact with a rigid medium is greater than that for free plates. Such plates occur in sections filled with a suitably stiff material. Classical analysis is used to compare restrained and free plates.
Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge
Tests Of Thin-Walled Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes, Martin D. O'Shea, Russell Q. Bridge
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Concrete filled tubes are likely to be economical with the use of very high strength concretes and thin-walled steel tubes. The strength of the steel tube is affected by local buckling effects which may also influence the confinement to the concrete infill. Very high strength concretes exhibit rapid unloading in the post-ultimate region. The strength of the composite column is not a simple superposition of strengths of the individual steel and concrete components. This paper describes the initial tests of an experimental program to determine the effects of local buckling on concrete filled tubes. Tubes with a diameter to wall …
Design Of A Purlin System, C. Jiang, D. St. Quinton
Design Of A Purlin System, C. Jiang, D. St. Quinton
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper is concerned with the design of cold-formed steel structural members which span between the frames of a building and carry cladding which is usually either single- or double-skin profiled metal sheeting or a sandwich panel. The cladding is fIxed to these purlins or sheeting rails at regular intervals and the performance in service, and therefore the design, is strongly influenced by interaction with the sheeting. The connection between the purlins and the supporting structure also has a significant influence on performance so that, historically, the emphasis has tended to be on empirical methods of design rather than detailed …
Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr.
Light-Gauge Engineering In Today's Marketplace - The Challenges, Gene Farach, Robert C. Grupe Jr.
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Light-gauge has tremendous potential in the construction industry. It is a material which affords more carrying capacity per less weight. Thus less material needs to be used which leads to a reduction in labor and subsequent reduction in cost, light-gauge is a durable, recyclable product, environmentally friendly in keeping with today's concern for the world around us. It is resistant to insects such as termites, mold mildew, rotting, drying out, warping and non combustible. However the reality remains that if research and development is not undertaken soon, the window of current demand may be short lived. We must accept that …
Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock
Comparison Of A Non-Linear Purlin Model With Tests, Catherine J. Rousch, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A non-linear elastic analysis has been developed for determining the lateral deflections of, and stresses in, the unconnected flanges of simply-supported and continuous channel and Z-section purlins screw-fastened to sheeting and subject to either wind uplift or gravity loading. The analysis incorporates a model, based on a combination of those developed by Pekoz and Soroushian, and Thomasson, which depicts the unconnected purlin flange as a beam-column. The restraint against lateral deflection is provided primarily by the sheeting, and is represented by a linear extensional spring of stiffness k located at the level of the unconnected purlin flange. To verify the …
Reference Section Method For Local Web Buckling, T. K. Sooi, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
Reference Section Method For Local Web Buckling, T. K. Sooi, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The present AISI effective width approach for determining flexural section capacities of sections with slender webs requires an iterative approach. A simplified method, called the Reference Section Method or RSM, which eliminates the need for iteration is presented and discussed. The reference section is defined as one that is similar to the actual section except for the web height. This simplified method is based on the premise that the flexural capacity of a section with slender webs is proportional to that of a reference section with compact web. The ratio of the web height of the actual section to that …
Flexural Capacity Of Continuous Span Standing Seam Panels: Gravity Load, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
Flexural Capacity Of Continuous Span Standing Seam Panels: Gravity Load, Reynaud Serrette, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The standing seam panel is one of the most practical and economical roofing systems developed in recent years. Construction of the roof system requires that the panel legs be overlapped and crimped. Under gravity load, the crimped outstanding leg of the connected panels may be subject to distortional buckling. A design method was previously suggested for estimating the distortional buckling strength of the outstanding leg of a single simply supported standing seam panel. In this paper, an approximate method is present for estimating the capacity of a system of interconnected continuous span standing seam panels. Experimental results for three full-scale …
Cold-Formed Steel Sections For Transmission Towers, David Odaisky, Dimos Polyzios, Glenn Morris
Cold-Formed Steel Sections For Transmission Towers, David Odaisky, Dimos Polyzios, Glenn Morris
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Hydro-electric transmission towers are traditionally built using hot-rolled angles. However cold formed angles are becoming more popular as replacements for hot-rolled angles, especially in the smaller angle sizes. In addition to conventional 90° angles, a wide range of shapes can be produced, in sizes to suit individual project requirements. In particular, cold-forming can be used to provide stiffening lips to prevent local buckling of thin wide elements, to optimize shapes so that longer unbraced lengths can be used, and to create shapes such as 60° angles for triangular towers. A research project was carried out at the University of Manitoba …
Tests Of Purlins With Concealed Fixed Sheeting, Michael Celeban, Chris Healy, Gregory J. Hancock
Tests Of Purlins With Concealed Fixed Sheeting, Michael Celeban, Chris Healy, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A test program on purlin-sheeting systems with concealed fasteners has been performed at the University of Sydney in a vacuum test rig. The test rig used a conventional vacuum box to simulate wind uplift. Z-section purlins were tested in three span lapped configurations, and as simple spans. The test purlins were supported by a range of bracing (bridging) members ranging from zero to two braces per span. In addition, a range of section slenderness values was used so as to precipitate both local buckling and yielding failures in the section. The purpose of the paper is to compare the test …
Axial Load Capacity Of Sheeted C And Z Members, Richard C. Kaehler, James M. Fisher, Neil J. Glaser
Axial Load Capacity Of Sheeted C And Z Members, Richard C. Kaehler, James M. Fisher, Neil J. Glaser
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An equation is developed for calculating the axial load capacity of C and Z shaped members used in roof or wall systems. The equations were determined to be valid for through fastened metal decking but not standing seam roof decking.
Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Circular Hollow Sections, Anthony S. Hasham, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Circular Hollow Sections, Anthony S. Hasham, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes a test program on welded stainless steel X- and K-joints fabricated from circular hollow section brace members and chords. The X-joints were tested in compression and tension using three different ratios of brace diameter to chord diameter. The K-joints were tested using three different ratios of brace diameter to chord diameter and three different angles between chord and brace members. A total of 15 tests were performed. Design rules are proposed for X- and K-joints by adopting the rules of the CIDECT Recommendations for carbon steel tubular structures and replacing the yield stress in these recommendations by …
Slip And Separation At Interface Of Composite Slabs, Li An, Krister Cederwall
Slip And Separation At Interface Of Composite Slabs, Li An, Krister Cederwall
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Resistance of composite elements at the sheet-concrete interface was determined from a small-scale test. The influence of resistance at the interface, especially the vertical resistance, on the behavior of composite slabs was studied by a finite element method. The results showed that the horizontal shear resistance affected greatly on the capacity of the composite slabs. However, the vertical resistance did not influence much on the capacity and it can be neglected in the analysis.
An Innovative Cold-Formed Floor System, John R. Hillman, Thomas M. Murray
An Innovative Cold-Formed Floor System, John R. Hillman, Thomas M. Murray
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Optimizing the use of building materials has always been one of the primary goals of engineers. It is a constant challenge to seek innovative methods to build lighter weight structures. Sometimes this is achieved through the development of new building materials, other times it can be accomplished by creating entirely new types of structural systems. Often lightweight structures can be more asthetically pleasing because of their stream-lined appearance. However, in general the motivating factor in building lightweight structures is to reduce the overall cost. One portion of a structure which offers tremendous potential for weight reduction is the floor system. …
Analysis And Design Of Continuous Sandwich Beams, Paavo Hassinen, Lassi Martikainen
Analysis And Design Of Continuous Sandwich Beams, Paavo Hassinen, Lassi Martikainen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Sandwich panels are composed of two thin face layers and a lightweight core between them. Panels are used to carry large bending moments and axial forces, which capacity is reduced, if imperfections, for example initial deflections or transverse loads, appear in the face layers. At intermediate supports the panel is stressed by a high bending moment and, in addition, by a concentrated lateral support reaction. The strength against the simultaneous bending moment and support reaction depends on the bending stiffness and on the bending and buckling strength of the face and on the compressive strength of the core. The paper …
Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Square Hollow Sections, Ben Young, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
Stainless Steel Tubular Joints - Tests And Design Of X- And K-Joints In Square Hollow Sections, Ben Young, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes a test program on welded stainless steel X- and K-joints fabricated from square hollow section brace members and chords. The X-joints were tested in compression and tension using different ratios of brace width to chord width. The K-joints were tested by varying the ratio of brace width to chord width, the angle between chord and brace members, and the preload applied to the chord. A total of 23 tests were performed. Design rules are proposed for X- and K-joints by adopting the rules of the CIDECT Recommendations for carbon steel tubular structures and replacing the yield stress …