Engineering Commons^™

From Prosumer To Flexumer: Case Study On The Value Of Flexibility In Decarbonizing The Multi-Energy System Of A Manufacturing Company, Markus Fleschutz, Markus Bohlayer, Marco Braun, Michael B. Murphy

Publications

Digitalization and sector coupling enable companies to turn into flexumers. By using the flexibility of their multi-energy system (MES), they reduce costs and carbon emissions while balancing the electricity grid. However, to identify the necessary investments in energy conversion and storage technologies to leverage demand response (DR) potentials, companies need to assess the value of flexibility. Therefore, this study quantifies the flexibility value of a production company’s MES by optimizing the synthesis, design, and operation of a decarbonizing MES considering self-consumption optimization, peak shaving, and integrated DR based on hourly prices and carbon emission factors (CEFs). The detailed case study …

Development Of Two Stage Optimization-Based Demand Response Technique For Smart Homes Under Real Time Pricing, Govind Rai Goyal, Shelly Vadhera

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Residential load management deals with two major objectives viz. minimizing the cost of monthly electricity bill and peak demand of power consumption. Both objectives can be achieved by effective operational scheduling of smart home appliances. These two objectives are conflicting in nature because rescheduling of appliances in order to minimize one objective may result in the rise of another. To achieve both objectives concurrently, an algorithm is suggested in this paper based on artificial intelligent techniques like cuckoo search, hybrid GA-PSO, and adaptive cuckoo search. The proposed algorithm is tested successfully on seven households of different monthly power consumption and …

Examining Direct Load Control Within Demand Response Programs, Maria Bonina Zimath

Honors Undergraduate Theses

The power system is a complex entity with unique plant designs, control systems, and market strategies. For many years, engineers have developed advanced technology to keep the grid efficient and balanced. With the rise of renewable sources, some new technology and programs must be developed to keep the quality of the power system. Unlike traditional power plants, renewable energy is highly dependent on environmental factors, such as sunlight and wind, meaning the generation depends on an unpredictable source of fuel. As the grid moves to more sustainable sources, the power market faces a growing challenge of less control over the …

Decentralized Resource Allocation Through Constrained Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations, Bhagyashri Telsang

Doctoral Dissertations

The advancements in the fields of microelectronics facilitate incorporating team elements like coordination into engineering systems through advanced computing power. Such incorporation is useful since many engineering systems can be characterized as a collection of interacting subsystems each having access to local information, making local decisions, interacting with neighbors, and seeking to optimize local objectives that may well conflict with other subsystems, while also trying to optimize certain global objective. In this dissertation, we take advantage of such technological advancements to explore the problem of resource allocation through different aspects of the decentralized architecture like information structure in a team. …

Application Of Load Shifting For Commercial Hvac-R Systems Via Static And Dynamic Event Automated Demand Response, Justin Anthony Martinez

Masters Theses

Life in the modern era is inextricably tied to energy and the unending, ever-growing need for more. The technologies that drive society, in fields such as communication, infrastructure, and heavy industry, are dependent on that electrical energy being reliable and readily available. This places an extreme importance on the power generation sector as a function of meeting the demand required for stability. However, as seen with increased climate volatility due to misused or otherwise mismanaged resources in the heavy industry, and the uncertain and variable renewable energy generation; there must also be ecological as well as economic consideration when discussing …

Advancing Industrial Participation In Demand Response Within National Electricity Grids Through Systematic Asset Selection, Risk Assessment And Modelling Approaches, Alexander Brem

Theses

Increasing the flexible capacity on national electricity grids will be key to maintain reliable control as the levels of renewables continue to increase annually. The industrial sector has been identified as being capable of contributing and potentially offering flexible capacities, following appropriate investigation. The aim of this thesis is to develop the knowledge, advance the engagement and encourage additional participation in national demand response programmes from the industrial sector to provide this flexibility. The potential within this sector, facilitated by the smart grid and demand response concepts is outlined, specifically detailing their benefits, driving factors and potential barriers as part …

Optimal Dispatch Of Integrated Energy System Considering Ladder-Type Carbon Trading, Liying Wang, Jialin Lin, Houqi Dong, Ming Zeng, Yuqing Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the development of the electricity market and carbon market,the introduction of demand response and carbon trading mechanisms into the operation and dispatch of integrated energy systems will help guide users and system operators to optimize electricity consumption and dispatch plans.The comprehensive incentive measures such as time-of-use electricity prices and demand response incentive subsidies are used to guide users to participate in demand response.A two-layer stochastic optimal scheduling model for a comprehensive energy system considering the ladder-type carbon trading mechanism and demand response is constructed based on IGDT (information gap decision theory) theory.The two-layer model is converted …

Home Energy Management System Considering Effective Demand Response Strategies And Uncertainties, Marcos Tostado-Véliz, Paul Arévalo, Salah Kamel, Hossam Zawbaa, Francisco Jurado

Articles

Nowadays, load serving entities require more active participation from consumers. In this context, demand response programs and home energy management systems play a crucial role in achieving multiple goals such as peak clipping. However, the adoption of demand response initiatives typically has a negative impact on the monetary expenditures of the users. This way, a demand response program should be as effective as possible to make the different goals more easily achievable without compromising the financial requirements of the users. This paper develops a home energy management system that incorporates three novel effective demand response strategies. The effectiveness of the …

Artificial Intelligence Method For The Forecast And Separation Of Total And Hvac Loads With Application To Energy Management Of Smart And Nze Homes, Rosemary E. Alden, Huangjie Gong, Evan S. Jones, Cristinel Ababei, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Separating the HVAC energy use from the total residential load can be used to improve energy usage monitoring and to enhance the house energy management systems (HEMS) for existing houses that do not have dedicated HVAC circuits. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to separate the HVAC dominant load component from the house load. The proposed method utilizes deep learning techniques and the physical relationship between HVAC energy use and weather. It employs novel long short-term memory (LSTM) encoder-decoder machine learning (ML) models, which are developed based on future weather data input in place of weather forecasts. In …

Equivalent Electric And Heat-Pump Water Heater Models For Aggregated Community-Level Demand Response Virtual Power Plant Controls, Huangjie Gong, Tim Rooney, Oluwaseun M. Akeyo, Brian T. Branecky, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Advanced control techniques may be used to establish a virtual power plant to regulate the operation of electric water heaters, which may be regarded as a “uni-directional battery” and a major component of a hybrid residential energy storage system. In order to estimate the potential of regulating water heaters at the aggregated level, factors including user behavior, number of water heaters, and types of water heaters must be considered. This study develops generic water heater load curves based on the data retrieved from large experimental projects for resistive electric water heaters (EWHs) and heat pump water heaters (HPWHs). A community-level …

Demand Response For Electric Vehicles Using Options, Hui Yang

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Electricity spot prices in emerging electricity markets exhibit high volatilities and occasional distinctive price spikes due to the non-storable nature of electricity. Furthermore, the inherent variability and uncertainty of renewable energy generation require balancing supply and demand all the time for electric power systems. In the context of reliable electricity service, demand response (DR) programs allow end-users to adapt their electricity usage to changes in the price of electricity over time. DR programs include price-based and incentive-based DR programs. Real-time pricing (RTP) is a price-based DR program, which charges customers electricity rates based on the utility’s real-time production costs. Electric …

Residential Demand Response Scheduling Optimization And Simulation Based On An Improved Pso Algorithm, Huazhen Li, Youquan Liu, Jiawei Zhu, Liao Qiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problems of low utilization rate of household load energy and the potential damage to the power grid caused by the lack of systematic and efficient management of household power consumption, the power consumption characteristics of controllable equipment and the energy storage characteristics of electric vehicles are modeled respectively, and the scheduling optimization objective function of household equipment under time of use price is established, and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. Through the example simulation, the residential power dispatching under various scenarios is analyzed. The experimental results show that the …

Decentralized And Centralized Optimal Control Of Hvac Systems, Ryan S. Montrose

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Utility service providers are often challenged with the synchronization of thermostatically controlled loads. Load synchronization, resulting from naturally occurring or demand response events, can damage power distribution equipment and reduce the grid's efficiency. Because thermostatically controlled loads constitute most of the power consumed by the grid at any given time, the proper control of such devices can lead to significant energy savings and improved grid stability. The contribution of this thesis is developing optimal control algorithms for both single-stage and variable-speed heat pump HVAC systems. Our control architecture allows for regulating home temperatures through selective peer-to-peer communication while simultaneously minimizing …

Centralized And Decentralized Optimal Control Of Variable Speed Heat Pumps, Ryan S. Montrose, John F. Gardner, Aykut C. Satici

Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Utility service providers are often challenged with the synchronization of thermostatically controlled loads. Load synchronization, as a result of naturally occurring and demand-response events, has the potential to damage power distribution equipment. Because thermostatically controlled loads constitute most of the power consumed by the grid at any given time, the proper control of such devices can lead to significant energy savings and improved grid stability. The contribution of this paper is the development of an optimal control algorithm for commonly used variable speed heat pumps. By means of selective peer-to-peer communication, our control architecture allows for the regulation of home …

Peak Reduction And Long Term Load Forecasting For Large Residential Communities Including Smart Homes With Energy Storage, Huangjie Gong, Vandana Rallabandi, Michael L. Mcintyre, Eklas Hossain, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Domestic load profiles in the residential sectors are being modified with the adoption of smart home management systems and solar generation. In addition, houses with rooftop PV behave like local generators, contributing to the growth of the penetration of PV energy. Hence, the demand for power is declining day by day. However, the increasing PV penetration causes technical challenges for the power system, such as the “duck curve”. This can be addressed through home energy management (HEM) techniques including peak shaving, load shifting with smart home devices. In this regard, electric water heaters (EWH), with high thermal mass and being …

Analysis Of Power Quality Constrained Consumer-Friendly Demand Response In Low Voltage Distributions Network, Chittesh Veni Chandran

Dissertations

Load management using demand response (DR) in a low voltage distribution network (LVDN) offers an economically profitable business platform with peak load management. However, the inconvenience caused to the consumer in depriving their devices and the low levels of associated incentive have contributed to lower consumer acceptance for DR programs in the community. However, with the increasing number of controllable consumer loads, a residential-level DR program is highly plausible in the short to medium term. Further, additional DR capabilities (including ancillary services) are likely to improve the remuneration potential for participants in DR. Considering the perspective of a distribution network …

Exploring Iot-Based Applications In Power Systems Monitoring, Demand Side Management And Protection, Long Zhao

Electrical Engineering Dissertations

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) concept allows objects to share data through wired or wireless connections for communication purposes. Currently, IoT has been involved with the development of smart grids in many applications. In this article-based dissertation, IoT applications in power systems are presented in 7 published research papers. In the first three papers, the developments of the IoT-based monitoring system are presented. Power substation monitoring for the petrochemical facility is discussed in the first paper. Internal design and detection mechanisms are emphasized in this research. The second paper presents the communication and task allocations for a generic power substation monitoring system. …

Joint Optimization Control Of Energy Storage System Management And Demand Response, Xueying Gao, Tang Hao, Gangzhong Miao, Zhaowu Ping

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The joint optimization problem of energy management and demand response were studied in order to reduce the long-run cost of electricity users equipped with energy storage unit and smart applications, and to increase their benefits meanwhile. The goals were achieved by controlling both the energy storage unit (charging, discharging, or idle) and the load service (access or delay). Based on the random nature of solar photovoltaic, load demand electricity and electricity price, the joint optimization problem was modeled as infinite-horizon Markov decision process model, and Q-learning algorithm was proposed to find the optimal solution. Simulation results show that the …

Optimal Sizing Design And Operation Of Electrical And Thermal Energy Storage Systems In Smart Buildings, Ali Baniasadi, Daryoush Habibi, Waleed Al-Saedi, Mohammad A. S. Masoum, Choton K. Das, Navid Mousavi

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Photovoltaic (PV) systems in residential buildings require energy storage to enhance their productivity; however, in present technology, battery storage systems (BSSs) are not the most cost-effective solutions. Comparatively, thermal storage systems (TSSs) can provide opportunities to enhance PV self-consumption while reducing life cycle costs. This paper proposes a new framework for optimal sizing design and real-time operation of energy storage systems in a residential building equipped with a PV system, heat pump (HP), thermal and electrical energy storage systems. For simultaneous optimal sizing of BSS and TSS, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to minimize daily electricity and …

Peak Shaving And Technical Loss Minimization In Distribution Grids: Atime-Of-Use-Based Pricing Approach For Distribution Service Tariffs, Osman Bülent Tör, Mahmut Erkut Cebeci̇, Mehmet Koç, Saaed Teimourzadeh, Deren Atli, Simona Vasilica Oprea, Adela Bara

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Deployment of time-of-use (ToU)-based retail energy tariffs (i.e. tariff for energy consumption- not the tariff for distribution service) is a common practice to incentivize consumers to use more energy at off-peak times. Distribution service tariffs (DSTs) are usually time-independent, which results in insensitivity of load to the distribution service cost. However, DST can also be time-dependent, which is studied in this paper. This study presents a methodology to address the effect of ToU pricing (i.e. time-dependent) of DSTs on peak shaving and technical loss minimization in power distribution grids. Here, the main focus is to assess the level of consumers' …

Application Of Demand Response To Improve Voltage Regulation With High Dg Penetration, Chittesh Veni Chandran, Malabika Bassu, Keith Sunderland, Shivananda Pukhrem, João Catalão

Articles

The ability of a consumer friendly demand response based voltage control (DR-VC) program to improve the voltage regulation in a low voltage distribution network (LVDN) with high penetration of DG is investigated. The use of active and reactive power management to regulate the nodal voltage in a distribution network with simple incremental reduction algorithm, in conjunction with DR, is proposed as a solution for over voltage and undervoltage issues in the LVDN. The algorithm micromanages the load and generation in the network enabling the operator to utilize grid resources economically and efficiently while maintaining fairness between consumers with minimum inconvenience. …

Electrification Of Domestic Hot Water To Aid The Integration Of Renewable Energy In The California Grid, Alejandro Cervantes

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Water heating in residential buildings, also known as domestic hot water (DHW), is the third largest use of energy after appliances and space conditioning. About 90% of the residential buildings in the state use natural gas fueled water heaters, 6% use electricity, and a small percent use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or solar water heaters. The current energy use associated with residential water heating is small relative to the total amount of energy consumption in the residential building sector, but it is still a contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Improving hot water systems can be beneficial for bill customer …

Application Of Heat Pumps And Thermal Storage Systems For Improved Control And Performance Of Microgrids, Ali Baniasadi

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular, the rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in power systems, causes rapid ramps in power generation to supply load during peak-load periods. Residential and commercial buildings have considerable potential for providing load exibility by exploiting energy-e_cient devices like ground source heat pump (GSHP). The proper integration of PV systems with the GSHP could reduce power demand from demand-side. This research provides a practical attempt to integrate PV systems and GSHPs e_ectively into buildings and the grid. The multi-directional approach in this work requires an optimal control strategy to reduce energy cost and …

Swarm Behavior To Mitigate Rebound In Air Conditioning Demand Response Events, Jason Yasuto Kuwada

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) have shown great potential for Demand Response (DR) events. However, it has been commonly seen that DR events using TCLs may cause demand rebound, especially in homogeneous populations. To further explore the potential for DR events, as well as the negative effects, a stability and resilience analysis were performed on multiple populations and verified with agent based modeling simulations.

At the core of this study is an added thermostat criterion created from the combination of a proportional gain and the average compressor operating state of neighboring TCLs. Where DR events in TCLs are commonly controlled by …

Demand Response And Consumer Inconvenience, Chittesh Veni Chandran, Malabika Basu, Keith Sunderland

Conference papers

Balancing the energy demand and generation using the latest load management technologies is considered as an immediate requirement for peak demand management and to improve the operation of electrical distribution networks. However, load management technologies depriving consumers of utilizing their personal resources could be perceived as a consumer right violation by many consumers, and thus, the success of the program is significantly dependent on consumer satisfaction. This paper probes consumer engagement plans through an algorithm to minimize the consumer inconvenience caused by the load management/demand response (DR) program. Four different consumer engagement plans are proposed for consumers with different tolerance …

Impact Of Consumer Profiles On A Consumer Convenience Prioritised Demand Response, Chittesh Veni Chandran, Keith Sunderland, Malabika Basu

Conference papers

Distribution network (DN) load flexibility has simultaneously created challenges and opportunities. The major challenge is to meet the demand-supply balance while maintaining a positive profit-loss ratio. Further, Government enforced climate change policies attract low carbon technology (LCT) distributed energy resources (DER), which further complicate matters. Along with DN, the domestic appliance industry has undergone drastic modernization leading to appliances with advanced control and power efficient technologies as well as automation capabilities. This paper proposes a demand response (DR) program that facilitates these advancements while micromanaging the domestic load consumption pattern so as to manage peak demand in the network. This …

Optimal Dispatch Of Uncertain Energy Resources, Mahraz Amini

Graduate College Dissertations and Theses

The future of the electric grid requires advanced control technologies to reliably integrate high level of renewable generation and residential and small commercial distributed energy resources (DERs). Flexible loads are known as a vital component of future power systems with the potential to boost the overall system efficiency. Recent work has expanded the role of flexible and controllable energy resources, such as energy storage and dispatchable demand, to regulate power imbalances and stabilize grid frequency. This leads to the DER aggregators to develop concepts such as the virtual energy storage system (VESS). VESSs aggregate the flexible loads and energy resources …

Energy Optimization And Coordination Frameworks For Smart Homes Considering Incentives From Discomfort And Market Analysis, Priti Paudyal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The electricity demand is increasing with the growing use of electricity-based appliances in today’s world. The residential sector’s electricity consumption share is also increasing. Demand response (DR) is a typical way to schedule consumers’ energy consumption and help utility to reduce the peak load demand. Residential demand management can contribute to reduce peak electric demand, decrease electricity costs, and maintain grid reliability. Though the demand management has benefits to the utility and the consumers, controlling the consumers electricity consumption provides inconvenience to the consumers. The challenge here is to properly address the customers’ inconvenience to encourage them to participate and …

Coordinated Smart Home Thermal And Energy Management System Using A Co-Simulation Framework, Prateek Munankarmi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The increasing demand for electricity especially during the peak hours threaten the grid reliability. Demand response (DR), changing the load pattern of the consumer in response to system conditions, can decrease energy consumption during periods of high wholesale market price and also maintain system reliability. Residential homes consume 38% of the total electric energy in the U.S., making them promising for DR participation. Consumers can be motivated to participate in DR programs by providing incentives (incentive-based DR), or by introducing a time-varying tariff for electricity consumption (price-based DR). A home energy management system (HEMS), an automated system which can alter …

Integration Of A Commercial Smart Thermostat To The Aggregated Load Control Simulation Framework, Jee Won Choi

Mechanical Engineering ETDs

As part of an effort to achieve a better balance between the power demand and supply, load (demand) control simulation framework is previously developed. In the framework, HVAC load is used as a control resource, driven by the thermostat logic modeled within the framework. However, it has not been proved, whether a com- mercial thermostat is able to perform modeled thermostat’s features. Therefore, it is desired to integrate a commercial thermostat to the framework, to verify its capabil- ity of participating and performing the Demand Response (DR) scheme developed. A ‘Nest Learning Thermostat’ is selected as a commercial thermostat. Nest …