Engineering Commons^™

Penetration Lag Of Chloride Diffusion Through Concrete Plate Based On Advancing Model, Chih-Hsing Wang, Cho-Liang Tsai, Ching-Chang Lin

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The solution, based on Neumann's theory, for the content distribution of a diffusion material in a semi-infinite medium is applicable for the case in which a diffusion material diffuses from one side of a plate medium to the other side. After the diffusion material reaches the other side, the penetration rate of the diffusion material is solved using Fick's diffusion law. In this study, concrete plates are manufactured and submerged individually in special containers with saltwater on one side and freshwater on the other side, and no electric charge is applied. The amount of chloride penetrating the plate is monitored. …

Biodeterioration Of Coastal Concrete Structures By Macro Algae - Ulva Fasciata, Stri Hari Babu Jayakumar, Rama Saravanane, Thirumalai Sundararajan

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Puducherry is a coastal region in India where the growth of Ulva fasciata (Delile) is very abundant on all marine structures. Though the detrimental effect of this macro algae U. fasciata is a secondary one, its effect has to be investigated. To know its effect, the basic mechanism by which U. fasciata deteriorates concrete structures has been highlighted. To ascertain its detrimental effect on coastal concrete structures, M20 grade concrete cubes were casted and immersed in the coastal area where there is abundant growth of U. fasciata. In addition laboratory simulation has been carried out. Concrete samples collected from the …

Analysis Of Selected Factors Affecting Concrete Cover Measurements On Bridge Decks, Jeffrey Ryan Hoki

Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of selected parameters on the accuracy of concrete cover measurements on bridge decks. This research involved three full-factorial laboratory experiments each designed to investigate one of three primary variables. These primary variables included distance to a parallel adjacent bar, distance to a reinforcement intersection, and incorrect bar size input for the cover meter. Each experiment also involved four secondary variables known to affect cover readings. These secondary variables included actual cover depth, meter brand, antenna type, and bar size. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the significance of each factor. …

Modeling Of Cfrp-Concrete Interface Subjected To Coupled Pull-Out And Push-Off Actions, Tayyebeh Mohammadi, Baolin Wan, Jian-Guo Dai

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

This paper presents a finite element (FE) modeling method for predicting the IC debonding failure when the FRP/concrete interface is subjected to coupled pull-out (shear) and push-off (dowel) actions. Damaged plasticity model was used to simulate the behavior of concrete close to FRP/concrete interface. A thin damage band exposed to mixed-mode loading condition was modeled separately along the FRP-concrete interface. Cohesive elements were used to model the FRP/concrete interface. A sensitivity analysis was performed to find the appropriate damaged band dimensions, bending stiffness of FRP, and tensile strength of concrete for the model. The numerical results were validated by the …

Improved Joining Method For Segmental Prestressed Structures, Ralph Warren Jensen

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation addresses the need for more robust and materially efficient structures, specifically structures that absorb higher levels of energy, can self-erect and which have variable reaction capabilities. These structures can take much higher levels of strain and loading compared to current technologies in reinforced concrete and carbon fiber composites. These structures are made using a novel method of joining segmental elements. A great advantage with this segmental structural system is it's survivability under overloaded conditions. During an impact, or concentrated pressure load, the structure will wrap around the impact zone thereby widely distributing the contact stresses. This function or …

Electrochemical Detection For The Corrosion Of Reinforcing Steel In Concrete During Immersion And Drying Cycles, Bing-Li Jia, Fa-He Cao, An-Na Chen, Jian-Qing Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in concrete under dry-wet cycle condition has been studied by electrochemical noise(EN) compared with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),SEM micrographs and EDS.The statistical method has been employed to analyze the EN data of reinforcing steel in concrete,which revealed three different corrosion stages of reinforcing steel in concrete,including the dissolution of the passive film,the active corrosion and the cumulation of corrosion product.The wavelet transform has also been employed,which indicated that steel in concrete with pH 1 is associated with uniform corrosion,while steel in concrete with pH 3 and pH 7 are associated with localized corrosion,such as …

The Influence Of Different European Cements On The Transport And Early-Age Properties Of Concrete In The Cover-Zone, Niall Holmes, L. Basheer, S. Nanukuttan, Pam. Basheer, W. J. Carter, T. M. Chrisp, G. Starrs

Conference papers

The use of in situ tests for performance based specification would require demonstration of their suitability to distinguish the quality of concrete. With the introduction of new European Standards for cements, this would mean concretes produced with these new cements should be classified for their quality using the performance tests. It is generally believed that transport properties of concrete are related to their durability and hence the measurement of these properties can form the basis of performance based specifications. This paper reports data indicating that transport properties measured at 28-days for concretes manufactured with different European cements and water-binder ratios …

Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Permeability Performance, Javier Castro, Robert Spragg, Phil Kompare, W. Jason Weiss

JTRP Technical Reports

The objective of this project was to evaluate the transport properties of concrete pavement in the state of Indiana using common testing procedures. Specifically this work evaluated the absorption of water, the absorption of deicing solutions, and electrical conductivity. A series of concrete paving mixtures were tested to provide a range of values that were typical for the state of Indiana. While similar mixture proportions were used for the mixtures in Indiana differences in the magnitude of water absorbed occurred. A series of mortars were tested to illustrate the effect of curing conditions, water to cement ratio, and paste volume. …

Performance Evaluation Of Open Graded Base Course With Doweled And Non-Doweled Transverse Joints, Robert Schmitt, Samuel Owusu-Ababio, James Crovetti

Transportation Reports with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

The objectives of this study were to investigate the performance of 20-year old doweled/non-doweled and dense-graded/permeable base test sections on three concrete pavement segments in Wisconsin: USH 18/151 in Iowa and Dane counties, STH 29 in Brown County, and USH 151 in Columbia and Dane Counties. Five pavement bases were placed including: dense graded, asphalt-stabilized permeable, cement-stabilized permeable, and untreated permeable having two gradation sizes.

USH 18/151 test sections had similar performance (PDI) for doweled unsealed pavement on dense and permeable base. Distresses common to all segments included slight to moderate distressed joints/cracks and slight transverse faulting. Asphalt-stabilized permeable base …

Developments In Intelligent Monitoring Of Concrete Structures, T. M. Chrisp, G. Starrs, W. J. Mccarter, E. H. Owens, S. V. Nanukuttan, Niall Holmes, L. Basheer

Conference papers

Deterioration in concrete comprises an initiation period and a propagation period. The initiation period is characterised by changes that occur within the concrete in response to the exposure environment and continues until a stage is reached when damage begins to propagate. The propagation period begins at a point in time defined when a particular event occurs (e.g. loss of steel passivity due to chloride ingress) and continues until a specified limit state is reached. The initiation and propagation stages of a deterioration process result from a complex interaction of physical, chemical and electrochemical phenomena. Prediction of the field performance of …

Final Design Report: Vibration Table For Cvbt- Vt4 Design Team, Thomas Bevan, Matthew Laurino

Mechanical Engineering

CVBT (Center for Vocational Building Technology) teaches villagers in Northeastern Thailand how to make various concrete products. Many of these products require the use of a vibration table in order to remove air and water trapped within the concrete. Removal of these voids improves the outside surface of the molded concrete, and also allows the use of a lower water to cement ratio, allowing a much stronger finished product. The currently used vibration table (VT3) has several disadvantages associated with it, which the new table (VT4) eliminates. Compared with the VT3, the VT4 has a more rigid tabletop and improved …

Affordable Lightweight High Performance Concrete (Alwhpc): Expanding The Envelope Of Concrete Mix Design, Kevin J. Simons

Department of Construction Engineering and Management: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

One way to reduce excess material would be to lighten the load on a structure with the use of affordable lightweight high performance concrete (ALWHPC). Most or all lightweight high performance concrete mixes used today include lightweight aggregates as the coarse aggregate and sand for the fine aggregate. ALWHPC mix designs contain all lightweight aggregates and cementitious materials that are readily available throughout the United States. Instead of 115 – 120 pcf, ALWHPC mix designs range from 88 – 100 pcf and strengths from 2,700 – 8,700 psi compressive strength. This research will explore the use of local lightweight aggregates …

High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks: A Fast-Track Implementation Study Volume 2: Materials, Mateusz Radlinski, Jan Olek

JTRP Technical Reports

The purpose of this research was to examine the applicability of ternary binder systems containing ordinary portland cement (OPC), class C fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) for bridge deck concrete. This was accomplished in two parts, the laboratory part and a field application part.

During the laboratory studies, four ternary mixtures, each containing either 20% or 30% FA and either 5% or 7% SF were subjected to four different curing regimes (air drying, 7 days curing compound application and 3 or 7 days wet burlap curing). In general, all four ternary mixtures exhibited very good water and chloride …

Studied Corrosion Behaviors Of Reinforcing Steel In Concrete By A Single-Dimensional Array Electrode, Lan-Qiang Li, Shi-Gang Dong, Rong-Gui Du, Chang-Jian Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

A single-dimensional array electrode was developed as a new electrochemical technique to image corrosion potential,galvanic current and polarization curves of reinforcing steel in concrete during corrosion process.Combining with the polarization behavior for each micro-electrode,the interactions between corrosion macrocell and corrosion microcell of the steel in concrete were evaluated.It was noticed that the corrosion macrocell and microcell occurred independently in difference regions at the initial stage of corrosion.The corrosion macrocell current can be in situ followed by corrosion potential imaging.The corrosion propagation of steel in concrete is closely related to the interactions between corrosion macrocell and corrosion microcell.

The Use Of Novel Non-Destructive Methods For Quality Control And Performance Evaluation Of Concrete Structures, Sree Nanukuttan, Niall Holmes, Sudarsan Srininvasan, Lulu Basheer, Muhammed Basheer, John Mccarter, Gerry Starrs

Conference papers

Concrete cover provides the first line of defense against the ingress of many deleterious substances into the concrete. Therefore, a measure of its transport properties is vital in assessing its long term performance in a given exposure condition. In new structures the rate of ingress of the deleterious substances could be monitored using array of electrical sensors that are embedded in the cover concrete. For structures that are currently in service, tests can be performed by removing cores from the structure (lab based tests) or by using tests that can be performed on the surface (in situ tests). Results relating …

Developments In Monitoring Techniques For Durability Assessment Of Cover-Zone Concrete, W.J. Mccarter, T. M. Chrisp, G. Starrs, Niall Holmes, L. Basheer, M. Basheer, S. V. Nanukuttan

Conference papers

This paper outlines developments in the use of an embedded multi-electrode sensor to study the response of the cover-zone (surface 50mm) to the changing ambient environment. The sensor enables the measurement of the spatial and temporal distribution of the electrical properties of concrete and temperature within the cover-zone thereby allowing an integrated assessment of cover-zone concrete performance. Both laboratory and field results are presented to highlight the information that can be obtained from embedded sensors. When exposed to the natural environment, the temperature dependence of the electrical response is highlighted and standardization protocols are developed to account for this effect. …

Flexural Behavior Of Spun Concrete Poles Reinforced With Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Gfrp), Sally Palmer

All ETDs from UAB

Steel-reinforced structural concrete has been used in civil engineering practice for many years. A primary concern with steel-reinforced structural concrete is corrosion. In marine environments, corrosion becomes an important factor and may impact the long-term durability of the conventional steel-reinforced structure. Concrete poles are commonly placed in severe marine or industrial environments that are conducive of corrosion. Traditionally, these poles are reinforced with steel material, which poses the certainty of corrosion and deterioration. Recently, various alternatives to the use of steel reinforcement have been studied. Alternative non-metallic reinforcement will increase the lifespan of the product, reduce maintenance needs, and result …

Performance Of Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened With Fiber Reinforced Polymers Under Various Loading Conditions, Mohamed Gamal Mohamed El Sayed

Theses

Strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites has been a popular subject that attracted considerable attention from researchers for the last two decades. The high specific strength, stiffness, environmental resistance, and ease of application make CFRP composites highly desirable for strengthening and rehabilitation of RC structural components.

For concentrically loaded RC members with a circular cross-section, the lateral CFRP-confinement of concrete results in a substantial increase in load capacity and ductility. CFRP-confinement is less effective for RC compression members with square and rectangular cross-sections due to stress concentration at the corners and lack of …

Use Of Ground Penetrating Radar For Construction Quality Assurance O Concrete Pavement, George Morcous, Ece Erdogmus

Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports

No abstract provided.

Moisture Movement In Concrete During Drying, Niall Holmes

Other resources

The prediction of moisture distribution within concrete slabs has considerable practical importance as it affects the time at which coverings can be safely applied. Moisture in concrete affects creep, shrinkage, strength development, durability and must be present in sufficient quantities for full hydration to occur and for workability on site. However, an excess of moisture in concrete at the point of covering particularly can lead to a number of problems such as delamination and blistering of vinyl, buckling of timber floors and rising of tiles. Moisture migrates in concrete slabs as a diffusion-type process during drying and is lost to …

Frp Confined Reinforced Concrete Circular Cross Section Seismic Applications, Jeffrey G. Lyon

Master's Theses

In recent earthquakes, structures have not performed as well as expected resulting in a need for better means of retrofitting and improvements in seismic design. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP), as a material with potential to increase strength and ductility of columns in conjunction with capacity design methodology, has promise for seismic design. By investigating the displacement, ductility, and flexural strength properties of FRP confined reinforced concrete circular cross sections, this study analyzes the seismic applications of FRP confinement.

The study is performed by incorporating an FRP confined concrete stress-strain model into a developed Moment-Curvature and PM Interaction software. This software …

Experiences With Polymer-Modified Shotcrete, Gerhard Pittino, Robert Galler, Klaus Bonin, Jürgen Bezler

Shotcrete for Underground Support XI

Adhesive mortar for tiles can be significantly improved by modification. Why should sprayed concrete not benefit similarly for various applications? This question has been investigated through large-scale tests in a tunnel cross passage, in an access gallery of a salt mine and in a mining gravity shaft. In-situ tests are necessary because the sprayed concrete mix and the process engineering have a significant influence on the quality of the sprayed concrete. The fresh concrete properties and the properties of the sprayed concrete like early strength development, the ability to creep, adhesion, density and resistance to abrasion are all investigated.

Performance-Based Testing Methodology For Concrete Durability, Niall Holmes, P. A.Muhammed Basheer, Sreejith Nanukuttan, Lulu Basheer

Reports

This report presents an overview of performance based testing methodology for concrete durability and work currently underway jointly at Queens University Belfast and Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, to undertake this research under a EPSRC funded project (EP/G02152X/1).

EN206-1 superseded BS 5328 on 1^st December 2003 and allows designers and producers to use a wide range of cements and aggregate types for a variety of exposure conditions. In this new standard, the durability of concrete is specified in terms of the constituent materials of concrete, properties of fresh and hardened concrete, limitations for concrete composition, specification of concrete, delivery of …

Effect Of Naphthalene Water Reducer On Corrosion Behavior Of Reinforcing Steel In Concrete, Yu-Ming Tang, Jie Zhang, Yu Zuo

Journal of Electrochemistry

The influence of naphthalene water reducer on corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in concrete was studied by the methods of corrosion potential measurement,linear polarization and EIS test.The values of concrete resistance(Rc) and polarization resistance(Rp) of the samples with naphthalene water reducer were higher than those without naphthalene water reducer,especially in the concrete with 0.2 percent naphthalene water reducer.A suitable amount of water reducer can improve the pore structures of concrete,increase the concrete compactness and impermeability,and decrease corrosion rate of rebars in concrete.

Testing And Monitoring Concrete Using Novel Methods For Predicting Their Long Term Behaviour, Sreejith Nanukuttan, Lulu Basheer, Muhammed Basheer, Niall Holmes, John Mccarter, Malcolm Chrisp, Gerry Starrs

Conference papers

It is widely recognised that durability of concrete depends on its transport properties, viz. absorption, diffusion and permeability. As concrete cover provides the first line of defence against the ingress of many deleterious substances into the concrete, a measure of its transport properties is vital in assessing its long term performance in the given exposure condition. In new structures the rate of ingress of the deleterious substances could be monitored using array of electrical sensors which are embedded in the cover concrete. For structures which are currently in service, two in situ permeability apparatuses, viz. Autoclam Permeability System (for measuring …

Nondestructive Method To Detect Corrosion Of Steel Elements In Concrete, Saeed Javidi Niroumand, Aaron Jon Yakel, Atorod Azizinamini, Marcelo Dasilva

Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports

No abstract provided.

Performance Related Specifications (Prs) For Concrete Pavements In Indiana, Volume 1: Executive Summary, Cole Graveen, Eric Max Falker, Micah Beaver, Narayanan Neithalath, W. Jason Weiss, J. Olek, Tommy Edward Nantung, Victor Lee Gallivan

JTRP Technical Reports

Performance-Related Specifications (PRS) are specifications that base pavement acceptance and pay adjustment on the projected performance and predicted life-cycle cost (LCC) for a specific pavement. PRS relate measurable quality characteristics with pavement performance through computer simulations that incorporate physical distress models. Previously, work at ERES consultants by Darter and co-workers developed prototype PRS for jointed plain portland cement concrete pavements (PCC) through Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) through a series of research projects. However, before this research program began, pavements have not been constructed using these specifications. This report describes the Indiana Department of Transportation’s (INDOT) experience with developing and implementing …

Performance Related Specifications (Prs) For Concrete Pavements In Indiana, Volume 2: Technical Report, Cole Graveen, Eric Max Falker, Micah Beaver, Narayanan Neithalath, W. Jason Weiss, J. Olek, Tommy Edward Nantung, Victor Lee Gallivan

JTRP Technical Reports

Performance-Related Specifications (PRS) are specifications that base pavement acceptance and pay adjustment on the projected performance and predicted life-cycle cost (LCC) for a specific pavement. PRS relate measurable quality characteristics with pavement performance through computer simulations that incorporate physical distress models. Previously, work at ERES consultants by Darter and co-workers developed prototype PRS for jointed plain portland cement concrete pavements (PCC) through Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) through a series of research projects. However, before this research program began, pavements have not been constructed using these specifications. This report describes the Indiana Department of Transportation’s (INDOT) experience with developing and implementing …

Saw-Cutting Guidelines For Concrete Pavements: Examining The Requirements For Time And Depth Of Saw-Cutting, Kambiz Raoufi, Tony Their, W. Jason Weiss, Jan Olek, Tommy E. Nantung

JTRP Technical Reports

Joints are placed in Portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP) to control random cracking. These joints provide a weakened plane that enables a crack to form in a controlled manner, relieving residual stresses that develop when thermal, hygral, or hydration movements are resisted by sub grade and adjoining pavement. While the concept of creating a weakened plane through saw-cutting is straightforward, determining the time and depth of the saw-cut has proven to be complicated. The goal of this project was to reduce the risk for joint raveling and random cracking. Specifically, this project has focused on: developing a procedure for determining …

High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks: A Fast-Track Implementation Study, Volume 1: Structural Behavior, Robert J. Frosch, Timothy S. Aldridge

JTRP Technical Reports

Transverse cracking of concrete bridge decks is problematic in numerous states. Cracking has been identified in the negative and positive moment regions of bridges and can appear shortly after opening the structure to live loads. To improve the service life of the bridge deck as well as decrease maintenance costs, changes to current construction practices in Indiana are being considered. A typical bridge deck was instrumented which incorporated the following: increased reinforcement amounts, decreasing reinforcement spacing, and high-performance, low-shrinkage concrete. The low shrinkage concrete was achieved using a ternary concrete mix. The objective of this research was to determine the …