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Articles 6601 - 6630 of 9983
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Who Will Be Liable For Medical Malpractice In The Future? How The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Medicine Will Shape Medical Tort Law, Scott J. Schwelkart
Who Will Be Liable For Medical Malpractice In The Future? How The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Medicine Will Shape Medical Tort Law, Scott J. Schwelkart
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology
No abstract provided.
Incomplete Images, Or Where Does The Art Happen?, Rebecca Uliasz
Incomplete Images, Or Where Does The Art Happen?, Rebecca Uliasz
Journal of Network Music and Arts
No abstract provided.
Sync Variations: For Sixteen Isolated Electric Violin Players And A Programmed Network System, Elad Shniderman
Sync Variations: For Sixteen Isolated Electric Violin Players And A Programmed Network System, Elad Shniderman
Journal of Network Music and Arts
Sync Variations is a collaboration between the composer and sound artist Elad Shniderman, the physicist Moti Fridman, and his colleagues Nir Davidson and Shir Shahal. An article on the scientific research aspect of this project was published in Nature Communications2. This article focuses on the musical performance and score.
The project is the product of a unique interaction between musicians through a custom-programmed network system. This system simulates the network environment of the internet in many ways. However, the piece has not yet been performed over the internet, which naturally will be the next step in this project. …
On Composing 5,000 Miles, Joe Sferra
On Composing 5,000 Miles, Joe Sferra
Journal of Network Music and Arts
This article is my account of composing my first piece for telematic performance, a quartet called 5,000 Miles. The piece was commissioned by the ACCAD Sonic Arts Ensemble, directed by Marc Ainger, Ann Stimson, and Federico Cámara Halac. I performed the piece with the ensemble on two performances in November 2020: a performance for the NowNetArts Conference, and a second performance titled “Into the Multiverse” for the Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University. I outline how I approached writing a specifically telematic piece, then present an analysis.
Live Electronics, Audiovisual Compositions, And Telematic Performance: Collaborations During The Pandemic, Danilo Rossetti, Cássia Carrascoza Bomfim
Live Electronics, Audiovisual Compositions, And Telematic Performance: Collaborations During The Pandemic, Danilo Rossetti, Cássia Carrascoza Bomfim
Journal of Network Music and Arts
We present a report of the experience of our remote musical collaboration during the Covid-19 pandemic regarding live electronic, audiovisual compositions, and telematic performance in the context of the project Sound Notebooks. We discuss the problems found and the solutions adopted in the performances, as well as the hypotheses of musical research raised by the remote environment. We argue that the variety of expressive modes, sonic modalities, and video possibilities in the Sound Notebooks repertoire we presented contributes to the construction of an aesthetics for remote performance. We additionally address practical and conceptual questions involving the composition, performance, and technical …
Electo Electro 2020, An Interactive Voting Booth Installation, Mike Richison
Electo Electro 2020, An Interactive Voting Booth Installation, Mike Richison
Journal of Network Music and Arts
Electo Electro 2020 was a project that was created specifically for the 2020 presidential election cycle. This paper is a follow-up to an article published in 2019 for the Journal of Network Music and Arts, “Voting Booths and Interactive Art Installations: The Diebold AccuVote-TS in Context.” In that paper, I discussed the original concept and goals for the project, several examples of work from other artists, and an earlier project from 2016 that served as the impetus for Electo Electro. This paper will discuss the outcomes and iterations of the project, specifically how it was adapted to an online …
Editorial, Sarah Weaver
A Non-Destructive Electromagnetic Sensing Technique To Determine Chloride Level In Maritime Concrete, Goran Omer Dr, Patryk Kot Dr, William Atherton Dr, Magomed Muradov Dr, Michaela Gkantou Dr, Andy Shaw Prof, Michael Riley Prof, Khalid Hashim Dr., Ahmed Al-Shamma’A
A Non-Destructive Electromagnetic Sensing Technique To Determine Chloride Level In Maritime Concrete, Goran Omer Dr, Patryk Kot Dr, William Atherton Dr, Magomed Muradov Dr, Michaela Gkantou Dr, Andy Shaw Prof, Michael Riley Prof, Khalid Hashim Dr., Ahmed Al-Shamma’A
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
Deterioration of concrete due to the corrosion of reinforcement is a serious durability problem faced by the construction industry. This study aims to develop a non-destructive and real-time technique to monitor the chloride level at an early stage to prevent the development of the reinforcement’s corrosion using electromagnetic spectroscopy. The experimental work was performed on 5 concrete specimens with different chloride levels at three different concrete depths (18, 40, and 70mm) using the sensor system (2-12GHz frequency range) and a chlorometer. The LM algorithm was selected to develop a prediction model for the detection of chloride ions. The results demonstrated …
Multi-Step-Ahead Exchange Rate Forecasting For South Asian Countries Using Multi-Verse Optimized Multiplicative Functional Link Neural Networks, Kishore Kumar Sahu, Sarat Chandra Nayak, Himansu Sekhar Behera
Multi-Step-Ahead Exchange Rate Forecasting For South Asian Countries Using Multi-Verse Optimized Multiplicative Functional Link Neural Networks, Kishore Kumar Sahu, Sarat Chandra Nayak, Himansu Sekhar Behera
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
The dynamic nonlinearity approach, coupled with the exchange rate data series, makes its future predictions difficult. Sophisticated methods are highly desired for effective prediction of such data. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have shown their ability to model and predict such data. This article presents a multi-verse optimizer (MVO) based multiplicative functional link neural network (MV-MFLN) model to forecast the exchange rate data. Functional link neural network (FLN) makes use of functional expansion for input data with a fewer number of adjustable neuron weights, which makes it capable of learning the uncertainties accompanying the exchange rate data. In contrast to the …
Nanocellulose Sheets From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Treated With Naoh Solution, Farah Fahma, Faiza Ayu Lestari, Ika Amalia Kartika, Nurmalisa Lisdayana, Evi Savitri Iriani
Nanocellulose Sheets From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Treated With Naoh Solution, Farah Fahma, Faiza Ayu Lestari, Ika Amalia Kartika, Nurmalisa Lisdayana, Evi Savitri Iriani
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
The objective of this study is to produce nanocellulose sheets from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs). Nanocellulose sheets from OPEFBs were prepared through the dewatering process using vacuum filtration. Subsequently, the produced sheets were treated with NaOH solution to improve the mechanical stability of their structure, causing them to be firm in water. The water absorption of nanocellulose sheet increased with increasing NaOH concentrations up to 20 wt%, increasing tensile strength, and Young’s modulus, but decreased when they were treated with 30 wt%. The diameter shrinkage of nanocellulose sheets was directly proportional to the NaOH concentration and soaking time. …
Evaluation Of Friction Stir Processing For Fabrication Of Composites In The Context Of Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Review, Arunkumar Bongale, Pragya Saxena, Satish Kumar
Evaluation Of Friction Stir Processing For Fabrication Of Composites In The Context Of Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Review, Arunkumar Bongale, Pragya Saxena, Satish Kumar
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)
Aluminum alloys having good strength to weight ratio and resistance to corrosion have a wide range of applications in aerospace, automobiles, military, sports and many other applications. In order to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the surface without compromising the bulk properties, aluminum matrix based surface composites fabricated with various reinforcements on the surface are now a days being utilized widely as new generation materials. In the manufacturing of metal surface hybrid composites (precisely of light weight alloys like- Al, Mg, etc.), the friction stir processing is a promising new solid state processing technique which is versatile enough …
Are Terrorist Networks Just Glorified Criminal Cells?, Elie Alhajjar, Ryan Fameli, Shane Warren
Are Terrorist Networks Just Glorified Criminal Cells?, Elie Alhajjar, Ryan Fameli, Shane Warren
Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS)
The notions of organized crime and terrorism have an old and rich history around the globe. Researchers and practitioners have been studying events and phenomena related to these notions for a long time. There are pointers in the literature in which it is misleading to see the unfair comparison between terrorist and criminal networks with the argument that all actors involved in these networks are simply evil individuals. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of the operational structure of such networks from a network science perspective. We highlight some of the major differences between them and support our …
Evaluation Of Concrete Bridge Decks Comprising Twisted Steel Micro Rebar, Aubrey Lynne Hebdon
Evaluation Of Concrete Bridge Decks Comprising Twisted Steel Micro Rebar, Aubrey Lynne Hebdon
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of twisted steel micro rebar (TSMR) fibers on 1) the mechanical properties of concrete used in bridge deck construction and 2) the early cracking behavior of concrete bridge decks. This research involved the evaluation of four newly constructed bridge decks through a series of laboratory and field tests. At each location, one deck was constructed using a conventional concrete mixture without TSMR, and one was constructed using the same conventional concrete mixture with an addition of 40 lb of TSMR per cubic yard of concrete. Regarding laboratory testing, the conventional …
Recent Advances In Terahertz Photonic Technologies Based On Graphene And Their Applications, Tianjing Guo, Christos Argyropoulos
Recent Advances In Terahertz Photonic Technologies Based On Graphene And Their Applications, Tianjing Guo, Christos Argyropoulos
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications
Graphene is a unique 2D material that has been extensively investigated due to its extraordinary photonic, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Excited plasmons along its surface and other unique features are expected to play an important role in many emerging photonic technologies with drastically improved and tunable functionalities. This review is focused on presenting several recently introduced photonic phenomena based on graphene, beyond its usual linear response, such as nonlinear, active, topological, and nonreciprocal effects. The physical mechanisms and various envisioned photonic applications corresponding to these novel intriguing functionalities are also reported. The presented graphene-based technologies promise to revolutionize the …
Progress In Proton-Conducting Oxides As Electrolytes For Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials To Devices, Wei Zhang, Yun Hang Hu
Progress In Proton-Conducting Oxides As Electrolytes For Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials To Devices, Wei Zhang, Yun Hang Hu
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Among various types of alternative energy devices, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at low temperatures (300-600°C) show the advantages for both stationary and mobile electricity production. Proton-conducting oxides as electrolyte materials play a critical role in the low-temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs). This review summarizes progress in proton-conducting solid oxide electrolytes for LT-SOFCs from materials to devices, with emphases on (1) strategies that have been proposed to tune the structures and properties of proton-conducting oxides and ceramics, (2) techniques that have been employed for improving the performance of the protonic ceramic-based SOFCs (known as PCFCs), and (3) challenges and opportunities in …
Laboratory Determination Of Coal Dust Cleaning Efficacy Of A Fibrous Filter For Flooded-Bed Dust Scrubber, Neeraj Gupta, Ashish Ranjan Kumar, Steven Schafrik
Laboratory Determination Of Coal Dust Cleaning Efficacy Of A Fibrous Filter For Flooded-Bed Dust Scrubber, Neeraj Gupta, Ashish Ranjan Kumar, Steven Schafrik
Mining Engineering Faculty Publications
Fibrous-type dust filters are used in flooded-bed dust scrubbers to capture dust from underground room and pillar mining atmospheres. They have 10–30 layers of finely woven strands that trap particles through the interception and impaction process. A full-cone water spray is installed upstream of the filter, which floods the screen. A scrubber’s efficacy is usually measured and reported in terms of reduction in gravimetric dust concentration at a known location in a mine. This paper reports the particle-size-dependent dust removal efficiency of a fibrous filter obtained from an instrumented test-set up. A variable frequency drive and an inline flow control …
Impact Of Critical Material Attributes (Cmas)-Particle Shape On Miniature Pharmaceutical Unit Operations., Mohammad A Azad, Gerard Capellades, Allison B Wang, David M Klee, Gregory Hammersmith, Kersten Rapp, David Brancazio, Allan S Myerson
Impact Of Critical Material Attributes (Cmas)-Particle Shape On Miniature Pharmaceutical Unit Operations., Mohammad A Azad, Gerard Capellades, Allison B Wang, David M Klee, Gregory Hammersmith, Kersten Rapp, David Brancazio, Allan S Myerson
Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering Departmental Research
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emphasizes drug product development by Quality by Design (QbD). Critical material attributes (CMAs) are a QbD element that has an impact on pharmaceutical operations and product quality. Pharmaceutical drugs often crystallize as needle-shaped (a CMA) particles and affect the process due to poor flowability, low bulk density, and high compressibility, and eventually the product performance. In this study, the product obtained from crystallization was needle-shaped Ciprofloxacin HCl (CIPRO), formed lumps during drying, and compacted during processing through feeders. To delump small amounts of materials and break the needles, multiple available devices (mortar-pestle, Krups …
The Prospect Of Microwave Heating: Towards A Faster And Deeper Crack Healing In Asphalt Pavement, Shi Xu, Xueyan Liu, Amir Tabakovic, Erik Schlangen
The Prospect Of Microwave Heating: Towards A Faster And Deeper Crack Healing In Asphalt Pavement, Shi Xu, Xueyan Liu, Amir Tabakovic, Erik Schlangen
Articles
Microwave heating has been shown to be an effective method of heating asphalt concrete and in turn healing the damage. As such, microwave heating holds great potential in rapid (1–3 min) and effective damage healing, resulting in improvement in the service life, safety, and sustainability of asphalt pavement. This study focused on the microwave healing effect on porous asphalt concrete. Steel wool fibres were incorporated into porous asphalt to improve the microwave heating efficiency, and the optimum microwave heating time was determined. Afterwards, the microwave healing efficiency was evaluated using a semi–circular bending and healing programme. The results show that …
Abiotic Sensor For Electrochemical Determination Of Chlorpyrifos In Natural Water Based On The Inhibition Of Silver Nanoparticles Oxidation, Ziad Khalifa, Moustafa Zahran, Magdy Zahran, Magdi Abdelazzem
Abiotic Sensor For Electrochemical Determination Of Chlorpyrifos In Natural Water Based On The Inhibition Of Silver Nanoparticles Oxidation, Ziad Khalifa, Moustafa Zahran, Magdy Zahran, Magdi Abdelazzem
Chemical Engineering
Chlorpyrifos, organophosphorus pesticide, is a persistent organic pollutant that may cause serious health problems. Herein, a simple, green, and sensitive electrochemical inhibition sensor based on silver nanoparticles (AgNP)-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for the determination of chlorpyrifos in natural water for the first time. The chemical reduction technique based on natural reducing and capping agents such as dissolved organic matter (DOM), natural latex (NL) and mucilage was employed for AgNP synthesis. DOM-AgNP, NL-AgNP, and Mucilage-AgNP were immobilized on GC by sticking technique under the same voltammetric and electrolytic conditions. The oxidation behavior of the three modified electrodes was …
Possibilities Of Using Silicate Rock Powder: An Overview, Claudete Gindri Ramos, James C. Hower, Erika Blanco, Marcos Leandro Silva Oliveira, Suzi Huff Theodoro
Possibilities Of Using Silicate Rock Powder: An Overview, Claudete Gindri Ramos, James C. Hower, Erika Blanco, Marcos Leandro Silva Oliveira, Suzi Huff Theodoro
Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty and Staff Publications
This study evaluates the on use of crushed rocks (remineralizers) to increase soil fertility levels and which contributed to increase agricultural productivity, recovery of degraded areas, decontamination of water, and carbon sequestration. The use of these geological materials is part of the assumptions of rock technology and, indirectly, facilitates the achievement of sustainable development goals related to soil management, climate change, and the preservation of water resources. Research over the past 50 years on silicate rocks focused on soil fertility management and agricultural productivity. More recently, the combined use with microorganisms and organic correctives have shown positive results to mitigate …
Mechanical Characteristics Of Cement Paste In The Presence Of Carbon Nanotubes And Silica Oxide Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study, Moses Karakouzian, Visar Farhangi, Marzieh R. Farani, Alireza Joshaghani, Mehdi Zadehmohamad, Mohammad Ahmadzadeh
Mechanical Characteristics Of Cement Paste In The Presence Of Carbon Nanotubes And Silica Oxide Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study, Moses Karakouzian, Visar Farhangi, Marzieh R. Farani, Alireza Joshaghani, Mehdi Zadehmohamad, Mohammad Ahmadzadeh
Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Faculty Research
Considering the remarkable characteristics of nanomaterials, previous research studies investigated the effects of incorporating different types of these materials on improving the concrete properties. However, further studies are required to evaluate the complementary hybridization and synergistic influence of nanomaterials. In this research, the combined effect of adding nano silica particles (NS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on enhancing both the compressive and flexural strengths of the cement paste was investigated. Moreover, the morphology of the interface between cement paste and aggregates was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mixtures were prepared using three different portions of MWCNT and NS. …
Universal Image Segmentation For Optical Identification Of 2d Materials, Joshua Island, Randy M. Sterbentz, Kristine L. Haley
Universal Image Segmentation For Optical Identification Of 2d Materials, Joshua Island, Randy M. Sterbentz, Kristine L. Haley
Physics & Astronomy Faculty Research
Machine learning methods are changing the way data is analyzed. One of the most powerful and widespread applications of these techniques is in image segmentation wherein disparate objects of a digital image are partitioned and classified. Here we present an image segmentation program incorporating a series of unsupervised clustering algorithms for the automatic thickness identification of two-dimensional materials from digital optical microscopy images. The program identifies mono- and few-layer flakes of a variety of materials on both opaque and transparent substrates with a pixel accuracy of roughly 95%. Contrasting with previous attempts, application generality is achieved through preservation and analysis …
Can Subjective Pain Be Inferred From Objective Physiological Data? Evidence From Patients With Sickle Cell Disease, Mark J. Panaggio, Daniel M. Abrams, Fan Yang, Tanvi Banerjee, Nirmish R. Shah
Can Subjective Pain Be Inferred From Objective Physiological Data? Evidence From Patients With Sickle Cell Disease, Mark J. Panaggio, Daniel M. Abrams, Fan Yang, Tanvi Banerjee, Nirmish R. Shah
Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications
Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience lifelong struggles with both chronic and acute pain, often requiring medical interventMaion. Pain can be managed with medications, but dosages must balance the goal of pain mitigation against the risks of tolerance, addiction and other adverse effects. Setting appropriate dosages requires knowledge of a patient's subjective pain, but collecting pain reports from patients can be difficult for clinicians and disruptive for patients, and is only possible when patients are awake and communicative. Here we investigate methods for estimating SCD patients' pain levels indirectly using vital signs that are routinely collected and documented in …
The Age-Dependent Characterization Of The Er-Alpha Positive Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment, Katie Marie Hamel
The Age-Dependent Characterization Of The Er-Alpha Positive Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment, Katie Marie Hamel
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In disease states such as cancer, endocrine and paracrine signals from adipose tissue contribute to cancer progression and drug resistance. Young individuals diagnosed with estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER-a+) breast cancer have an observed increase in resistance to endocrine therapies. This suggests that an alternative estrogen signaling pathway is active within these tumors. Despite this, the effects of stromal age on the endocrine response in breast cancer is not well known. Here, we review and highlight the involvement of the stromal age in both tumorigenesis and physiological wound healing. To identify specific differences between young and aged ER-a+ breast tumors, RNA …
A Dynamic Programming Approach To Determine Optimum Modularity Level In Industrial Packaging, Marshal Louie, Kumar B
A Dynamic Programming Approach To Determine Optimum Modularity Level In Industrial Packaging, Marshal Louie, Kumar B
Journal of Applied Packaging Research
Modular packaging facilitate customization for accommodating variable product sizes in a product family. When determining package sizes for product variability, packaging engineers does not find difficulty to determine package dimension for less product variety whereas if the product variety is more, then determining the dimension of modular package involves complex decision-making and time-consuming process to find the optimal solution. This in turn directly impacts the overall lead time of the supply chain. Thus, in this paper a dynamic programming is developed to determine the quantity and dimension of modular packages for every demand of assorted products sizes. The program helps …
Do Your Projects Support Your Strategy? Applying Benefits Realization Management, Phil Jones
Do Your Projects Support Your Strategy? Applying Benefits Realization Management, Phil Jones
Operations Management Presentations
In this webinar, foundational concepts of Benefits Realization Management will be presented and discussed. Benefits Realization Management (BRM) is a both a discipline and a process used to align projects undertaken by an organization with the organization’s strategy and culture.
Predicting Vasovagal Responses: A Model-Based And Machine Learning Approach, Theodore Raphan, Sergei B. Yakushi
Predicting Vasovagal Responses: A Model-Based And Machine Learning Approach, Theodore Raphan, Sergei B. Yakushi
Publications and Research
Vasovagal syncope (VVS) or neurogenically induced fainting has resulted in falls, fractures, and death. Methods to deal with VVS are to use implanted pacemakers or beta blockers. These are often ineffective because the underlying changes in the cardiovascular system that lead to the syncope are incompletely understood and diagnosis of frequent occurrences of VVS is still based on history and a tilt test, in which subjects are passively tilted from a supine position to 20◦ from the spatial vertical (to a 70◦ position) on the tilt table and maintained in that orientation for 10–15 min. Recently, is has been shown …
Developing A Cost Of Delay (Cod) Framework For The Dod & Analyzing The Current State Of Air Force Agile Cost Estimation, James Goljan
Developing A Cost Of Delay (Cod) Framework For The Dod & Analyzing The Current State Of Air Force Agile Cost Estimation, James Goljan
Theses and Dissertations
The study has two research objectives. The first research objective develops a proof of concept for a Cost of Delay (CoD) framework to evaluate the Air Forces Kessel Run Software Factory. CoD provides a means to justify and prioritize competing interests regarding budgetary, manpower, and overall strategic decisions. DoD organizations can employ a cost minimization framework to conduct CoD Analysis. The results demonstrate Software Factories eschew trends in the literature towards more complicated cost models that incorporate machine learning with Data-Based techniques in lieu of simpler models that utilize Engineering Build-up Capacity Based techniques.
Energy Consumption And Tardiness Improvement For A Flexible Job Shop And A Warehouse, Ahmad Ebrahimi
Energy Consumption And Tardiness Improvement For A Flexible Job Shop And A Warehouse, Ahmad Ebrahimi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In recent years, energy consumption (EC) is studied to see its effects on monetary and non-monetary costs in manufacturing and warehousing. EC in manufacturing and warehousing, however, needs to be studied with conventional performance measures such as production/operation tardiness since there is a trade-off between EC and tardiness costs. Therefore, this research is conducted with four objectives to study EC and tardiness for a flexible job shop and a warehouse as follows. The first objective of this research is to integrate job scheduling and layout, which are interrelated in improving EC and tardiness for a flexible job shop. Thus, we …
Modeling Ash Deposit Growth Rates For A Wide Range Of Solid Fuels In A 100 Kw Combustor, Seyedhassan Fakourian, Zachary Mcallister, Andrew R. Fry, Yueming Wang, Xiaolong Li, Jost O.L. Wendt, Jinze Dai
Modeling Ash Deposit Growth Rates For A Wide Range Of Solid Fuels In A 100 Kw Combustor, Seyedhassan Fakourian, Zachary Mcallister, Andrew R. Fry, Yueming Wang, Xiaolong Li, Jost O.L. Wendt, Jinze Dai
Faculty Publications
This work details a model for evaluating the relative ash deposition propensity of various solid fuels without the complicated spatial considerations included in CFD modeling. Four deposition mechanisms are included, namely: inertial impaction, thermophoresis, condensation, and eddy impaction. This model has been validated and shown to effectively predict ash deposit rates for a wide range of solid fuels including coal, biomass, and their blends, burned in a 100 kW rated downflow combustor. Specifically, this work presents and compares two separate models for the sticking efficiency of impacting ash particles on a coupon surface: the melt fraction stickiness …