Engineering Commons^™

Nanoindentation, Micropillar Compression And Nanoscratch Testing Of Zrb2 Grains, Jan Dusza, Tamas Csanadi, Dusan Nemeth, Salvatore Grasso, Mike Reece

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

The mechanical response under nanoindentation, micropillar compression and nanoscratch tests of ultra-high temperature ZrB₂ ceramic grains were investigated. The tests were carried on selected surface areas where the grain orientations were mapped by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) prior to the measurements (Fig.1a). Instrumented indentation were applied for compression using flat punch tip for nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests Berkovich tips were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and additional EBSD were performed to study the surface morphology and to characterize the deformations. Strong influence of crystal orientation was observed during micropillar compression while nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests …

Irradiation-Induced Ductilization In The Zr-Based Metallic Glasses, Jaewon Heo, Sunghwan Kim, Seunghwa Ryu, Donchan Jang

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

Crystalline metals in the nuclear energy system often suffer from the radiation-induced embrittlement which is resulted from the interaction between dislocation motions and the irradiation-induced changes in microstructures. This transition to the brittle failure may lower the mechanical stability of the irradiated components, posing significant threats to the operation and security of the entire mechanical system. In contrast to the crystalline metals, amorphous alloys, often called metallic glasses, have a different plasticity mechanism that does not involve the dislocation motion and hence are expected to exhibit the different irradiation effects on the mechanical from their crystalline counterparts. In this study, …

An Improved Method For Point Deflection Measurements On Rectangular Membranes, Benoit Merle, Kyle Nicholson, Erik Herbert, Mathias Goken

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

The point deflection method has recently emerged as a possible alternative to current micromechanical techniques for measuring the mechanical properties of thin films. A point deflection experiment consists into deflecting a clamped membrane in its center with a nanoindenter tip. The widespread availability of the required equipment makes the method very promising for future applications. These outlooks were further enhanced by the recent extension of the evaluation theory to rectangular membranes, which – unlike circular ones – are easily fabricated by standard lithographic techniques.

In this work, the recent theoretical advances were critically reviewed and an improved experimental method based …

Orientation Dependence Of Dislocation Transmission Through Twin-Boundaries Studied By In Situ Μlaue Diffraction, Nataliya Malyar, Nagami Jaya, Gerhard Dehm, Christoph Kirchlechner, Jean Sebastuen Micha

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

It is well known that the grain boundaries (GBs) act as a barrier for dislocation motion (Clark 1992), leading to the well-known strength increase with reduced grain size, as explained by the Hall-Petch relation. Unfortunately the strength increase often leads to a reduction of ductility, except one example: Nano-twinned microstructures. The twin-boundary (TB) dislocation interaction is still not thoroughly understood (Imrich 2014, Gumbsch 2006).

Recent developments in deforming micron sized samples on synchrotron beamlines allow to study the interplay of the single dislocation with a specific grain boundary. In present work we conduct in situ compression on micron-sized copper specimens …

Study Of Sub-Surface Ion-Implanted Hardened Layers With Depth-Sensing Indentation, Alexey Useinov, Boris Chalikh, Pavel Lyamkin, Stanislav Andrianov, Alexander Niktin, Konstantin Kraychuk

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

Ion implantation is an effective technique for designing structural materials for different industry applications. It may be used to improve various properties of steels such as corrosion resistance, heat resistance, wear resistance, hardness, etc. Based on their origin injected ions may serve as a coating or they may form a new phases such as carbides or nitrides that drastically change the material properties. In this work ferritic martenstic steel was irradiated with Ti and N ions followed with the heat treatment process. It is expected that it would cause the formation of the titanium nitride or titanium carbide precipitates in …

Short Course: Fracture And Adhesion - An Introduction (With Comments On Size Effects), Etienee Barthel

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

This presentation is meant as a short, handwaving introduction to fracture mechanics and adhesion, a closely related problem. The similarity between the two notions will be underlined throughout the talk.

Trying to avoid technical details, we will first focus on the more general picture, ie how energy flows from the stressed body to the crack tick as the crack propagates (and also how it may flow from the crack tip to the body if allowed to – in the rare cases where the crack closes). We will also examine how these considerations lead to the important notion of crack stability …

Combining In Situ Tensile Testing And Orientation Microscopy In The Sem: A Mems Based Setup For Studying Time Dependent Deformation Of Thin Films By Tkd And Stem, Jan Philipp Liebig, Benoit Merle, Mathias Goken

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

Structures in integrated devices are constantly subjected to residual or thermal stresses during operation. Understanding the relaxation behavior of thin films is therefore critical for improving their reliability.

Recently it was shown that Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) enables the determination of local crystal orientations with high spatial resolution using standard Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) instrumentation [1, 2]. Giving access to quantitative information on mechanisms like grain growth, grain rotation and strain gradient evolution, time resolved TKD stands out as a promising technique for the characterization of microstructural changes upon relaxation of thin films.

We …

Using In-Situ Microlaue Diffraction To Understand Plasticity In Mgo, Ayan Bhowmik, T. Ben Britton, Finn Giuliani

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

The present study investigates the micromechanical modes of deformation in MgO prior to cracking at room temperature. A combination of time resolved white beam Laue diffraction technique and in-situ nano-indentation of large single crystal micropillars provides a unique method to study the operating mechanisms of deformation in this otherwise brittle oxide ceramic. Upon indenting an [100]-oriented MgO micropillar, rotation and streaking of Laue spots were observed. From the streaking of the Laue spots, differential slip on orthogonal {110} slip planes was inferred to take place in adjacent areas under the indent - this was consistent with the results from the …

A Comparison Of Nanotribology And Nanoindentation, Steffen Brinckmann, Caroline Fink, Gerhard Dehm

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

Metal friction and wear is the collective contact and interaction of asperities of micrometer dimension. We use a nanoindenter with tangential force measurement to simulate the behavior in engineering contacts and to fundamentally understand friction and wear.

This presentation investigates the deformation due to a single stroke scratch of a diamond nanoindenter in austenite base. We find that the elastic and plastic equations for static indentation also apply for the dynamic scratching. Additionally, the friction coefficient is found to be normal force dependent and we observe three domains: microstructure dominated friction, plastic plowing dominated wear and wear particle dominated tribology. …

Obtaining Mechanical Properties Of Superelastic Materials From Microindentation Data, Dmitry Zhuk, Margarita Isaenkova, Olga Krymskaya, Yuriy Perlovich

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

Indentation is one of the most widely used techniques for determination of mechanical properties of materials. Many various methods for extraction of mechanical properties had been introduced for elasto-plastic materials. Later, the use of microindentation were extended to composite, porous, anisotropic and multi-phase materials. Use of microindentation for determination of such materials properties is impeded due to its complex behavior and larger number of material properties’ constants.

This work is focused on indentation of superelastic materials with austenite - martensite phase transformation and extraction of material properties. Finite element (FE) modeling was used to model indentation of superelastic alloys with …

High Temperature Nanoindentation Testing Of Amorphous Silicon Carbonitride Thin Films, Radim Ctvrtlik, Marwan Al-Haik, Valeriy Kilikovsky

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

The mechanical properties of amorphous silicon carbonitride (SiC_xN_y) films with various nitrogen content (y = 0-40 at.%) were investigated in-situ at elevated temperatures up to 650 °C in inert atmosphere. The hardness and elastic modulus were evaluated using depth sensing nanoindentation with cubic boron nitride Berkovich indenter. Both the sample and indenter were separately heated during the experiments to temperatures 300, 500 and 650 °C. Short duration high temperature creep (1200 s) of the films was also investigated. The results revealed that the room temperature hardness and elastic modulus decline with the increase of the nitrogen …

The Measurement Of The Adhesion Force Between Ceramic Particles And Metal Matrix In Ceramic Reinforced-Metal Matrix Composites, Dariusz Jarzabek, Marcin Chmielewski, Tomasz Wojciechowski

Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V

This paper presents the method for measurement of the adhesion force and fracture strength of the interface between ceramic particles and metal matrix in ceramic reinforced-metal matrix composites. Three samples with the following Cu to Al₂O₃ ratio (in vol.%) were prepared: 98.0Cu/2.0Al₂O₃, 95.0Cu/5.0Al₂O₃ and 90Cu/10Al₂O₃. Furthermore, microwires which contain a few ceramic particles were produced by means of electro etching. The microwires with clearly exposed interface were tested with use of the microtensile tester (Fig. 1). The microtensile tester consists of two stages, to which two …

Fgcuscholars: Using Undergraduate Research As A Tool To Enhance Student Writing, Critical Thinking, And Information Literacy, Mary Crone-Romanovski, Hulya Julie Yazici, Rita Rubin, Charles W. Gunnels

Florida Statewide Symposium: Best Practices in Undergraduate Research

This presentation will overview FGCUScholars, a university-wide program at Florida Gulf Coast University that integrates undergraduate research across the university as a means of teaching and assessing writing, critical thinking, and information literacy. We will overview the development and learning outcomes of FGCUScholars and the implementation across the campus, highlighting examples of curricular changes in engineering that engage students throughout their career at FGCU, the role of problem/project-based learning (PBL) in business classes, the development of research assignments that use digital media in literature courses, and the creation of disciplinary-specific sections of Composition II.

Practitioner Interview, Eric Loucks

All ECSTATIC Materials

Phone interview with Eric Loucks from CDM Smith by Marcio Giacomoni and Meghna Babbar-Sebens. Interview questions asked inquired about (i) practitioner’s professional background, (ii) practitioner’s personal experience with systems analysis techniques and software in their job, (iii) role, benefits, and challenges in using systems analysis concepts in the water resources engineering profession, and (iv) recommendations for improving education of environmental and water resources systems analysis in universities.

The Impact Of Mpowir A Decade Of Investing In Mentoring Women In Physical Oceanography, Sarah Clem, Sonya Legg, Susan Lozier, Colleen B. Mouw

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

MPOWIR (Mentoring Physical Oceanography Women to Increase Retention) is a US communityinitiated and community-led mentoring program aimed at improving the retention of women physical oceanographers in academic and/or research positions. This article describes the MPOWIR program elements designed by the US physical oceanography community, quantifies the participation in these programs, describes MPOWIR’s impact to date, and outlines future directions. An examination of surveys to date indicates that MPOWIR, several years after its implementation, is having a positive impact on the retention of junior women in physical oceanography, primarily by giving them a broad professional network and focused mentoring.

The Potential For Co < Inf> 2 -Induced Acidification In Freshwater: A Great Lakes Case Study, Jennifer C. Phillips, Galen A. Mckinley, Val Bennington, Harvey A. Bootsma, Darren J. Pilcher, Robert W. Sterner, Noel Urban

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Ocean acidification will likely result in a drop of 0.3–0.4 pH units in the surface ocean by 2100, assuming anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue at the current rate. Impacts of increasing atmospheric pCO2 on pH in freshwater systems have scarcely been addressed. In this study, the Laurentian Great Lakes are used as a case study for the potential for CO2-induced acidification in freshwater systems as well as for assessment of the ability of current water quality monitoring to detect pH trends. If increasing atmospheric pCO2 is the only forcing, pH will decline in the Laurentian Great Lakes at the same rate …

Sub-Millisecond Measurements Of Thermal Conductivity And Thermal Diffusivity Using Micrometer-Sized Hot Strips, Mattias K. Gustavsson, Johan S. Gustavsson, Yi Ma, Åsa Haglund, Daniel Cederkrantz, Silas E. Gustafsson

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

A new measurement technique based on the transient hot strip technique has recently been developed for studying anisotropic thermal transport properties of thin crystalline films. A micrometer-sized hot strip sensor is evaporated on the surface of the crystalline film sample, which has been deposited on a substrate wafer of limited thickness. From a pulsed transient recording, using sub-millisecond square-shaped pulses, a thermal probing depth that is less than the film thickness is assured. In the ongoing work of verifying the technique, we show results from measurements on z-cut crystal quartz and fused silica, using thermal probing depths of only 30 …

High-Temperature Thermal Properties Using Reflected Sample Generated Radiation, E. G. Wolff

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

A method for determining high-temperature thermal properties of thick solid materials involves short-term radiation pulses (20–200 s) on the front surface of a sample via a light guide, such as a quartz or sapphire rod. The magnitude of the flux absorbed must be accurately known for thermal conductivity, but not for thermal diffusivity. Power sources may include a lamp or laser but each has difficulties. For example, a lamp often has too little power and needs complex optics, and a laser beam may have excessive power that also lacks control. A heated sample transmits considerable radiation that varies with temperature …

Provisional Assessment Of Candidate High-Temperature Thermal Conductivity Reference Materials In The Emrp “Thermo” Project, J. Wu, R. Morrell, T. Fry, S. Gnaniah, D. Gohil, A. Dawson, J. Hameury, Alain Koenen, U. Hammerschmidt, E. Turzó-András, R. Strnad, A. Blahut

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

This article describes the provisional assessment of a short list of four candidate high-temperature thermal conductivity reference materials in a European research project, “Thermo.” These four candidate materials are low-density calcium silicate, amorphous silica, high-density calcium silicate, and exfoliated vermiculite. Based on initial tests on material composition and microstructure changes, dimensional stability, mechanical stability, chemical stability and uniformity, the best two candidate materials that would be considered for further detailed characterization in the next stage are low-density calcium silicate and high-density calcium silicate. These two materials are dimensionally, mechanically, and chemically stable, which are more robust and easier to handle …

Simulation And Optimization Of An In-Plane Thermal Conductivity Measurement Structure For Silicon Nanostructures, Y. Zeng, Amy Marconnet

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

Silicon-on-insulator based measurement structures have recently been developed to measure the thermal conductivity of nanostructured materials. For example, suspended steady-state measurement structures are often used for measuring the in-plane thermal conductivity of thin silicon films as the heat transfer is confined to the lateral direction. However, few researchers have focused on optimizing the important structural and measurement parameters, such as geometry and applied heater power levels, to ensure accurate measurements. In this article, numerical simulations are first compared with existing experimental data for suspended steady-state joule heating measurement structures with a large suspended region (~10 mm²). Then, a …

Design Of A Guarded Hot Plate For Measuring Thin Specimens Of Polymer And Composite Materials, Clark Stacey, M. J. Parfitt, A. J. Simpkin, J. Wu

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has developed a new design of guarded hot plate apparatus specifically for absolute measurements on thin specimens of medium thermal conductivity materials, such as the polymer composites that are becoming more widely used in aerospace and other advanced manufacturing sectors. Although NPL has an existing measurement facility based on a commercially manufactured apparatus conforming to ASTM E1530, this current facility is not based on an absolute measurement technique and is not able to provide the low measurement uncertainty or flexibility that is increasingly being demanded by industrial users of this NPL service.

The target specification …

International Comparison Of Guarded Hot Plate Facilities At Low Temperature On Mineral Wool Insulation Material, Alain Koenen, Clark Stacey, Erik Rasmussen, Roland Schreiner, Grażyna Swołek

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

In 2000, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) proposed the creation of a new European certified reference material for the thermal conductivity measurements IRMM-440. A specific production batch of high density (64–78 kg/m³) resin-bonded glass fiber boards was manufactured and characterized by a group of six leading European laboratories with long-standing expertise in thermal conductivity measurements, including four national measurements institutes. The IRMM-440 has since been used as the European certified reference material for thermal conductivity measurements on thermal insulation covering temperatures between –10°C and 50°C, and most frequently to calibrate Heat Flow Meter apparatus making …

A New Facility For The Experimental Investigation On Nano Heat Transfer Between Gas Molecules And Ceramic Surfaces, D. Bayer, U. Gross, K. Raed

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

Since the last decade, the interest has risen in nanoscaled technological products, which have advantages through their size effect. The size effect also plays a significant role in the area of micro- and nanoscale heat transfers. Many applications were developed using this effect, such as nanostructured porous media, e.g. Aerogels or ceramics. This experimental work is focused on the determination of thermal accommodation coefficients (TAC) on ceramic surfaces considering several influencing factors. TAC is influenced by temperature, kind of gas, kind of wall material, roughness, and contamination with adsorbed gas layers. To determine TAC, a parallel plate apparatus is used, …

Heat Transfer Mechanisms In Porous Materials And Contemporary Problems In Thermophysical Properties Investigations: Analyses And Solutions, E. Litovsky, V. Issoupov, J. Kleiman

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

This article is an overview of the topical problems in the investigation of thermophysical properties and the development of a database for porous materials. Determination of both apparent/measured and true thermophysical properties is discussed taking into account combined heat and mass transfer, latent heat effects during chemical and physical transformations, as well as structural changes. The approaches to the solution of these problems are demonstrated for a number of different classes of materials:

1. Industrial refractories, ceramics, highly porous insulation;
2. Moist materials and materials undergoing phase, chemical and structural transformations;
3. Materials semitransparent for heat radiation.

The approaches being used in the …

On The Development Of The Hot Strip, Hot Disc, And Pulse Hot Strip Methods For Measuring Thermal Transport Properties, Silas E. Gustafsson

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

This review is focused on the development of experimental methods for measuring thermal transport properties. Special emphasis is given to plane probes, which are used both as heat sources and as temperature recording devices. With such probes it is under certain conditions possible to determine both the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity from a single transient recording. The conditions which must be fulfilled in an experiment are introduced by the use of the concept of a thermal probing depth, and from which the time window of observations can be defined. The ultimate goal of the dual determination of the …

Designing A Mechanically Robust Thermoelectric Module For High Temperature Application, Amirkoushyar Ziabari, Kazuaki Yazawa, Ali Shakouri

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

We report a numerical study on the impacts of variations in the geometry, boundary conditions, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials on the maximum shearing stress in thermoelectric power generator module (TEM) for high temperature applications. The maximum shearing stress in the TEM is evaluated for different designs focusing on their dependency on the fill factor. Although predictions by the previously developed analytical modeling are in partial agreement with numerical results, simplifying assumptions for the analytical model can limit the range of validity. Our numerical analysis shows that reduction of the fill factor alone under all the …

Simulation And Analysis Of An Integrated Device To Simultaneously Characterize Thermal And Thermoelectric Properties, Collier Miers, Amy Marconnet

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

For many applications, multiple material properties impact device performance and characterization of multiple properties using a single sample is desirable. In this article, the authors focus on thermoelectric materials characterization, which requires the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient to be quantified. Specifically, the authors present a design analysis using numerical COMSOL simulations of the 3w technique to optimize a measurement structure for thermoelectric films while also including the capability for electrical measurements to be performed on the same sample without detachment or repositioning. Thermal optimization of the structure is achieved through investigation of temperature spatial uniformity, the …

Role Of Thermal Conductivity For Thermoelectrics With Finite Contacts, Yee Rui Koh, Kazuaki Yazawa, Ali Shakouri

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

The role of thermal conductivity in the performance of thermoelectric (TE) devices as compared to other material properties such as Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity will be discussed. A TE energy conversion system that includes thermal contacts for the hot side and the cold side with finite heat transfer performances is considered. Some of the trends in electronics cooling applications have been described. In this article, the effect of material properties as a function of energy current flow direction will be focused.

TEs have an advantage as solid-state heat energy conversion devices especially for applications with spatial constraints. A …

Comparative Testing Of Thermal Conductivity For Thermal Insulation Products: The European Keymark Experience For More Than 50 Equipment At 25 Test Institutes, Erik Rasmussen, Clark Stacey, Alain Koenen, Eva-Lotta W. Kurkinen

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

This article describes comparative testing of thermal conductivity on a range of thermal insulation products used in the construction of buildings. This testing was arranged by the CEN Keymark scheme for voluntary certification of insulation within Europe, and measurements have been performed using over 50 instruments in more than 25 registered laboratories.

The uniformity of the material and a unique thermal conductivity value for each set of test specimens that were used in the comparison have been established according to the Keymark scheme rules, which were developed by experts from the most respected European laboratories. These experts include most of …

Determination Of The Thermal Resistance Of Pipe Insulation Material From Thermal Conductivity Of Flat Insulation Products, Alain Koenen, Damien M. Marquis

International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) and the International Thermal Expansion Symposium (ITES)

New European product standards now include a mandatory requirement for manufacturers to declare the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity for each insulation used in building equipments and industrial installations. For pipe insulation systems, the measurement is usually performed by a standard pipe test method, in which the value on a large temperature range is integrated to reduce temperature range and improve temperature measurement control. The alternative proposed in this article consists in determining the thermal conductivity of a pipe insulation system from the results measured on a flat slab specimen. The protocol used in this study consists in collecting the thermal conductivity …