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2011

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Articles 4321 - 4350 of 5801

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Role Of Interface Band Structure On Hot Electron Transport, John J. Garramone Jan 2011

Role Of Interface Band Structure On Hot Electron Transport, John J. Garramone

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Knowledge of electron transport through materials and interfaces is fundamentally and technologically important. For example, metal interconnects within integrated circuits suffer increasingly from electromigration and signal delay due to an increase in resistance from grain boundary and sidewall scattering since their dimensions are becoming shorter than the electron mean free path. Additionally, all semiconductor based devices require the transport of electrons through materials and interfaces where scattering and parallel momentum conservation are important. In this thesis, the inelastic and elastic scattering of hot electrons are studied in nanometer thick copper, silver and gold films deposited on silicon substrates. Hot electrons …

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Applying X-Ray Microscopy And Finite Element Modeling (Fem) To Identify The Mechanism Of Stress-Assisted Void Growth In Through Silicon Via (Tsv), Lay Wai Kong Jan 2011

Applying X-Ray Microscopy And Finite Element Modeling (Fem) To Identify The Mechanism Of Stress-Assisted Void Growth In Through Silicon Via (Tsv), Lay Wai Kong

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Fabricating through-silicon vias (TSVs) is challenging, especially for conformally filled TSVs, often hampered by the seam line and void inside the TSVs. Stress-assisted void growth in TSVs has been studied by finite element stress modeling and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Because X-ray imaging does not require TSVs to be physically cross-sectioned, the same TSV can be imaged before and after annealing. Using 8 keV laboratory-based XCT, voids formed during copper electroplating are observed in as-deposited samples and void growth is observed at the void location after annealing. We hypothesize that the mechanism generating voids is hydrostatic stress-assisted void growth. Stresses …

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Optimization And Development Of Silicon-Based Semiconductor Devices Using Tcad, Changwoo Lee Jan 2011

Optimization And Development Of Silicon-Based Semiconductor Devices Using Tcad, Changwoo Lee

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Computer simulation of the electrical and optical properties of semiconductor devices has been became as an essential tool for developing new device as well as for improving existing device. This presentation describes applications of physical device simulation: (1) design optimization of power MOSFET, which is single crystalline based silicon semiconductor device, for cryogenic temperature application and (2) two-dimensional device simulation of amorphous silicon based solar cell to develop novel photovoltaic device with high efficiency.

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Electron-Phonon Interactions And Quantum Confinement Effects On Optical Transitions In Nanoscale Silicon Films, Vimal Kumar Kamineni Jan 2011

Electron-Phonon Interactions And Quantum Confinement Effects On Optical Transitions In Nanoscale Silicon Films, Vimal Kumar Kamineni

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Theoretical studies have attributed the temperature dependence of the linear optical response (dielectric function) of bulk semiconductors to electron-phonon interactions and thermal expansion of the lattice. However, the role of phonons in the optical properties of nanoscale structures is often overlooked. This thesis systematically investigates the impact of both carrier confinement and electron-phonon interactions using nanoscale films of silicon in crystalline silicon quantum wells (c-Si QW). Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is a linear optical technique used to of extract the dielectric function and thickness of very thin films. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) was used as the complementary thickness metrology method. The dielectric …

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Investigation Of Novel Alumina Nanoabrasive And The Interactions With Basic Chemical Components In Copper Chemical Mechanical Planarization (Cmp) Slurries, Shravanthi Lakshmi Manikonda Jan 2011

Investigation Of Novel Alumina Nanoabrasive And The Interactions With Basic Chemical Components In Copper Chemical Mechanical Planarization (Cmp) Slurries, Shravanthi Lakshmi Manikonda

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is an enabling process technology for IC fabrication to maintain global planarity across the wafer to satisfy lithographic depth of focus constraints. It also enables integration of materials that cannot be anisotropically etched, such as Cu. CMP utilizes nanoparticle abrasives in aqueous slurry to aid in planarization.

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Graphene-Based Interconnects : Electrical Performance And Reliability, Tianhua Yu Jan 2011

Graphene-Based Interconnects : Electrical Performance And Reliability, Tianhua Yu

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

According to the ITRS Roadmap, on-chip interconnects wire width and current density will reach 22 nm and 5.8×106 A/cm2 in 2020, respectively. The electrical resistivity of Cu increases with scaled critical dimensions due to exacerbated carrier scattering at grain boundaries and interfaces, resulting in signal speed degradation. Electronmigration (EM)-related failure due to intensified current distribution posts extra limits to ultra-scaled systems. Innovative interconnect solutions are needed to tackle performance and scaling challenges.

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Applications Of Raman Spectroscopy For Silicon Stress Characterization In Integrated Circuits, Colin Mcdonough Jan 2011

Applications Of Raman Spectroscopy For Silicon Stress Characterization In Integrated Circuits, Colin Mcdonough

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The introduction of mechanical stress in Si-based integrated circuits (ICs), whether desired or undesired, is intrinsic to IC fabrication. The origins are diverse and result from the numerous materials, geometries, and processes involved in fabrication. These stresses can lead to such effects as delamination, void formation and migration, and fracture, and can significantly affect device performance. As a result, stress development is a major concern for reliability, process control, and device design. It is necessary to investigate and characterize the origins and levels of the induced stresses. A more complete fundamental understanding of the evolution of stress in ICs and …

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Extreme Ultraviolet Photoresists : Film Quantum Yields And Ler Of Thin Film Resists, Craig D. Higgins Jan 2011

Extreme Ultraviolet Photoresists : Film Quantum Yields And Ler Of Thin Film Resists, Craig D. Higgins

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) is the leading candidate for a commercially viable solution for next generation lithography. The development of EUV chemically amplified photoresists and processes are critical to the future lithographic requirements of the microelectronics industry. To meet the necessary requirements for both integrated circuit (IC) specifications and cost, the resolution, line-edge roughness (LER) and sensitivity all need to be reduced. Unfortunately, a fundamental trade-off has been observed between these three crucial elements. We have predicted that the best way to obtain the required resolution, line-edge roughness and sensitivity (RLS) is to create more acid molecules per photon absorbed. This …

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Energy Band Engineering Using Polarization Induced Interface Charges In Mocvd Grown Iii-Nitride Heterojunction Devices, Neeraj Tripathi Jan 2011

Energy Band Engineering Using Polarization Induced Interface Charges In Mocvd Grown Iii-Nitride Heterojunction Devices, Neeraj Tripathi

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Characteristics of III-nitride based heterojunction devices are greatly influenced by the presence of high density of polarization induced interface charges. Research undertaken in the current doctoral thesis demonstrates the effect of presence of one, three and six sheets of polarization induced charges in three different III-nitride based devices, namely in a photocathode, a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) and a hyperspectral detector structure. Through a systematic set of experiments and theoretical modeling an in-depth study of the interaction between multiple sheets of polarization induced charges and their impact on energy band profile was undertaken. Various device designs were studied and …

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Development Of High Band Gap Absorber And Buffer Materials For Thin Film Solar Cell Applications, Daniel Dwyer Jan 2011

Development Of High Band Gap Absorber And Buffer Materials For Thin Film Solar Cell Applications, Daniel Dwyer

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) device efficiencies are the highest of the thin film absorber materials (vs. CdTe, α-Si, CuInSe2). However, the band gap of the highest efficiency CIGS cells deviates from the expected ideal value predicted by models. Widening the band gap to the theoretically ideal value is one way to increase cell efficiencies. Widening the band gap can be accomplished in two ways; by finding a solution to the Ga-related defects which limit the open circuit voltage at high Ga ratios, or by utilizing different elemental combinations to form an alternative high band gap photoactive Cu-chalcopyrite (which includes …

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Nucleation, Wetting And Agglomeration Of Copper And Copper-Alloy Thin Films On Metal Liner Surfaces, Stephanie Florence Labarbera Jan 2011

Nucleation, Wetting And Agglomeration Of Copper And Copper-Alloy Thin Films On Metal Liner Surfaces, Stephanie Florence Labarbera

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

One of the key challenges in fabricating narrower and higher aspect ratio interconnects using damascene technology has been achieving an ultra-thin (~2 nm) and continuous Cu seed coverage on trench sidewalls. The thin seed is prone to agglomeration because of poor Cu wetting on the Ta liner. Using in-situ conductance measurements, the effect of lowering the substrate temperature during Cu seed deposition has been studied on tantalum (Ta) and ruthenium (Ru) liner surfaces. On a Ta surface, it was found that lowering the deposition temperature to -65°C increases the nucleation rate of the Cu thin film, and reduces the minimum …

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Fluorinated Acid Amplifiers For Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography, Seth Aaron Kruger Jan 2011

Fluorinated Acid Amplifiers For Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography, Seth Aaron Kruger

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) is a promising candidate for next generation lithography. Although EUV has great potential there are still many challenges that must be solved before the technology can be implemented in the high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The lithographic performance of EUV photoresists is one aspect that requires improvement. Particularly, EUV resists need simultaneous improvements in three properties: resolution, line-edge-roughness and sensitivity. The incorporation of acid amplifiers (AAs) in resists is one method to improve all three properties.

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Bias Correction Of Satellite Rainfall Estimation Using A Radar-Gauge Product, Kibrewossen Tesfagiorgis, Shayesteh E. Mahani, Nir Y. Krakauer, Reza Khanbilvardi Jan 2011

Bias Correction Of Satellite Rainfall Estimation Using A Radar-Gauge Product, Kibrewossen Tesfagiorgis, Shayesteh E. Mahani, Nir Y. Krakauer, Reza Khanbilvardi

Publications and Research

Hourly Satellite Precipitation Estimates (SPEs) may be the only available source of information for operational hydrologic and flash flood prediction due to spatial limitations of radar and gauge products. SPEs are prone to larger systematic errors and more uncertainty sources in comparison with ground based radar and gauge precipitation products. The present work develops an approach to seamlessly blend satellite, radar and gauge products to fill gaps in ground-based data. To mix different rainfall products, the bias of any of the products relative to each other should be removed. The study presents and tests a proposed ensemblebased method which aims …

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Diagnosing Water Variations Within The Amazon Basin Using Satellite Data, Marzieh Azarderakhsh, William B. Rossow, Fabrice Papa, Hamidreza Norouzi, Reza Khanbilvardi Jan 2011

Diagnosing Water Variations Within The Amazon Basin Using Satellite Data, Marzieh Azarderakhsh, William B. Rossow, Fabrice Papa, Hamidreza Norouzi, Reza Khanbilvardi

Publications and Research

The components of the Amazon water budget and their spatiotemporal variability are diagnosed using monthly averaged remote sensing‐based data products for the period September 2002‐December 2006. The large Amazon basin is divided into 14 smaller watersheds, and for each of these sub‐basins, fresh water discharge is estimated from the water balance equation using satellite data products. The purpose of this study is to learn how to apply satellite data with global coverage over the large tropical regions; therefore several combinations of remote sensing estimates including total water storage changes, precipitation and evapotranspiration. The results are compared to gauge‐based measurements and …

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The Forest Overlay Network, Logan Stafman Jan 2011

The Forest Overlay Network, Logan Stafman

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Forest is an overlay network designed for large real-time distributed systems. In particular, we’re interested in virtual worlds that provide high-quality interaction over a constantly changing pattern of communication. Forest is suitable for applications in which many entities send data to a large set of constantly changing entities. By using tree-structured channels, we can create logically isolated private networks which support both unicast and multicast routing. In this paper, we will discuss the core components of Forest and measure the performance of the control elements of the network. We will also provide examples of control sequences and the roles played …

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Mercury Blastn Biosequence Similarity Search System: Technical Reference Guide, Jeremy Buhler Jan 2011

Mercury Blastn Biosequence Similarity Search System: Technical Reference Guide, Jeremy Buhler

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

This guide documents the operation of the Mercury BLASTN system for hardware-accelerated DNA similarity search. It includes detailed information on the syntax and limitations of the system's component commands, as well as a description of the system's hardware platform suitable for administrators who need to maintain a Mercury BLASTN system. Mercury BLASTN is a product of the High Performance COmputational Biology Group at Washington University.

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Efficient Deadlock Avoidance For Streaming Computation With Filtering, Jeremy Buhler, Kunal Agrawal, Peng Li, Roger D. Chamberlain Jan 2011

Efficient Deadlock Avoidance For Streaming Computation With Filtering, Jeremy Buhler, Kunal Agrawal, Peng Li, Roger D. Chamberlain

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

In this report, we show that deadlock avoidance for streaming computations with filtering can be performed efficiently for a large class of DAG topologies. We first give efficient algorithms for dummy interval computation in series-parallel DAGs, then generalize our results to a larger graph family, the CS4DAGs, in which every undirected cycle has exactly one source and one sink. Our results show that, for a large set of application topologies that are both intuitively useful and formalizable, the streaming model with filtering can be implemented safely with reasonable compilation overhead.

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Hierarchical Scheduling For Multicores With Multilevel Cache Hierarchies, Kunal Agrawal, Jim Sukha Jan 2011

Hierarchical Scheduling For Multicores With Multilevel Cache Hierarchies, Kunal Agrawal, Jim Sukha

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Cache-locality is an important consideration for the performance in multicore systems. In modern and future multicore systems with multilevel cache hierarchies, caches may be arranged in a tree of caches, where a level k cache is shared between Pk processors, called a processor group, and Pk increases with k. In order to get good performance, as much as possible, subcomputations that share more data should execute on processors which share a lower-level cache. Therefore, the number of cache misses in these systems depends on the scheduling decisions, and a scheduler is responsible for not just achieving good load-balance and low …

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Near Optimal Rate Selection For Wireless Control Systems, Abusayeed Saifullah, Chengjie Wu, Paras Babu Tiwari, You Xu, Yong Fu, Chenyang Lu, Yixin Chen Jan 2011

Near Optimal Rate Selection For Wireless Control Systems, Abusayeed Saifullah, Chengjie Wu, Paras Babu Tiwari, You Xu, Yong Fu, Chenyang Lu, Yixin Chen

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

With the advent of industrial standards such as WirelessHART, process industries are now gravitating towards wireless control systems. Due to limited bandwidth in a wireless network shared by multiple control loops, it is critical to optimize the overall control performance. In this paper, we address the scheduling-control co-design problem of determining the optimal sampling rates of feedback control loops sharing a WirelessHART network. The objective is to minimize the overall control cost while ensuring that all data flows meet their end-to-end deadlines. The resulting constrained optimization based on existing delay bounds for WirelessHART networks is challenging since it is non-differentiable, …

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Distributed Channel Allocation Algorithms For Wireless Sensor Networks, Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, Yixin Chen Jan 2011

Distributed Channel Allocation Algorithms For Wireless Sensor Networks, Abusayeed Saifullah, You Xu, Chenyang Lu, Yixin Chen

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Interference between concurrent transmissions can cause severe performance degradation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). While multiple channels available in WSN technology such as IEEE 802.15.4 can be exploited to mitigate interference, channel allocation can have a significant impact on the performance of multi-channel communication. This paper proposes a set of distributed algorithms for near-optimal channel allocation in WSNs with theoretical bounds. We first consider the problem of minimizing the number of channels needed to remove interference in a WSN, and propose both receiver-based and link-based distributed channel allocation protocols. For WSNs with an insufficient number of channels, we formulate a …

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Feedback Thermal Control Of Real-Time Systems On Multicore Processors, Yong Fu, Nicholas Kottenstette, Chenyang Lu, Xenofon D. Koutsoukos Jan 2011

Feedback Thermal Control Of Real-Time Systems On Multicore Processors, Yong Fu, Nicholas Kottenstette, Chenyang Lu, Xenofon D. Koutsoukos

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Real-time systems face significant challenges in thermal management with their adoption of modern multicore processors. While earlier research on feedback thermal control has shown promise in dealing with the uncertainties in the thermal characteristics, multicore processors introduce new challenges that cannot be handled by previous solutions designed for single-core processors. Multicore processors require the temperatures and real-time performance of multiple cores to be controlled simultaneously, leading to multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) control problems with inter-core thermal coupling. Furthermore, current Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) mechanisms only support a finite set of states, leading to discrete control variables that cannot be handled …

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Energy-Efficient Low Power Listening For Wireless Sensor Networks In Noisy Environments, Mo Sha, Gregory Hackmann, Chenyang Lu Jan 2011

Energy-Efficient Low Power Listening For Wireless Sensor Networks In Noisy Environments, Mo Sha, Gregory Hackmann, Chenyang Lu

All Computer Science and Engineering Research

Low Power Listening (LPL) is a common MAC-layer technique for reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, where nodes periodically wake up to sample the wireless channel to detect activity. However, LPL is highly susceptible to false wakeups caused by environmental noise being detected as activity on the channel, causing nodes to spuriously wake up in order to receive nonexistent transmissions. In empirical studies in residential environments, we observe that the false wakeup problem can significantly increase a node's duty cycle, compromising the benefit of LPL. We also find that the energy-level threshold used by the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) …

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Parametric Analysis Of A Detonation-Type Turbofan, Yashwanth M. Swamy Jan 2011

Parametric Analysis Of A Detonation-Type Turbofan, Yashwanth M. Swamy

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

A new type of turbofan which detonates a fuel-air mixture was theoretically found to perform better than a conventional turbofan. A continuous detonation process is described and considered inside the core of the turbofan. The detonation-type turbofan needs certain modifications to detonate the fuel-air mixture at the core of the turbofan, namely, an annular detonation chamber to achieve continuous detonation. A parametric analysis of the new detonation-type turbofan was developed and used to calculate the performance parameters.

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Test 1987: John Deere 6430, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab Jan 2011

Test 1987: John Deere 6430, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

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Test 2016: New Holland T9.615, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab Jan 2011

Test 2016: New Holland T9.615, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

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Test 2014: New Holland Workmaster 75, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab Jan 2011

Test 2014: New Holland Workmaster 75, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data. EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES Purpose The purpose of …

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Modeling Truck Speed In The Upstream Of One-Lane Two-Way Highway Work Zones: Implications On Reducing Truck-Related Crashes In Work Zones, Yeu Li, Yong Bai Ph.D., P.E., Steven D. Schrock, Thomas E. Mulinazzi Jan 2011

Modeling Truck Speed In The Upstream Of One-Lane Two-Way Highway Work Zones: Implications On Reducing Truck-Related Crashes In Work Zones, Yeu Li, Yong Bai Ph.D., P.E., Steven D. Schrock, Thomas E. Mulinazzi

Mid-America Transportation Center: Final Reports and Technical Briefs

Truck-related crashes constitute a major safety concern for government agencies, the construction industry, and the traveling public. Due to the rising needs in highway maintenance and construction, the number of work zones is increasing throughout the United States, while at the same time freight movement using trucks is also increasing nationwide. Developing effective safety countermeasures to reduce the truck-related crashes is a major challenge in front of the government agencies and the construction industry. The main objectives of this research project are to discover truck-related crash characteristics and to model the truck speeds in the upstream of one-lane two-way rural …

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Impact Of Truck Loading On Design And Analysis Of Asphaltic Pavement Structures- Phase Ii, Yong-Rak Kim, Hoki Ban, Soohyok Im . Jan 2011

Impact Of Truck Loading On Design And Analysis Of Asphaltic Pavement Structures- Phase Ii, Yong-Rak Kim, Hoki Ban, Soohyok Im .

Mid-America Transportation Center: Final Reports and Technical Briefs

In this study, Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model is implemented into the commercial finite element (FE) software ABAQUS via user defined subroutine (user material, or UMAT) to analyze asphalt pavement subjected to heavy truck loads. Then, extensive creep-recovery tests are conducted at various stress levels and at two temperatures (30oC and 40oC) to obtain the stress- and temperature-dependent viscoelastic material properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. With the viscoelastic material properties characterized and the UMAT code, a typical pavement structure subjected to repeated heavy truck loads is modeled with the consideration of the effect of material nonlinearity with a …

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Evaluation Of Ndor’S Actuated Advance Warning Systems, Justice Appiah Ph.D., P.E., Laurence Rilett Ph.D., P.E., Zifeng Wu Jan 2011

Evaluation Of Ndor’S Actuated Advance Warning Systems, Justice Appiah Ph.D., P.E., Laurence Rilett Ph.D., P.E., Zifeng Wu

Mid-America Transportation Center: Final Reports and Technical Briefs

Driver behavior within the dilemma zone can be a major safety concern at high-speed signalized intersections. The Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) has developed and implemented an actuated advance warning (AAW) dilemma zone protection system. Although these systems have received positive reviews from the public—and commercial vehicle operators in particular—there has been no comprehensive analysis of their effects on safety and traffic operations. The focus of this research was to conduct a quantitative study to ascertain the efficacy of the NDOR advance warning system. First, crash records from before and after the implementation of the system at 26 intersections were …

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Model For Predicting The Impact Upon Economic Development Resulting From Highway Improvement Projects, Eric Thompson, Kanou Comlavi, Mallory Dimmit Jan 2011

Model For Predicting The Impact Upon Economic Development Resulting From Highway Improvement Projects, Eric Thompson, Kanou Comlavi, Mallory Dimmit

Mid-America Transportation Center: Final Reports and Technical Briefs

The Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) has an interest in integrating state economic development impact as another factor in prioritizing transportation investments. Such efforts require the development of a comprehensive model that can be used to estimate a consistent final measure of economic development impact that can be readily integrated into existing prioritization formulas. This report summarizes the efforts of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Bureau of Business Research (UNL-BBR) to develop such a model, by measuring the impact of expressway, viaduct, and other major investments projects around the state. Specifically, UNL-BBR developed an economic model to predict the economic impact …

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