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2011

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Articles 3931 - 3960 of 5801

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

The Incidence Of Type-1 Diabetes In Nod Mice Is Modulated By Restricted Flora Not Germ-Free Conditions., Cecile King, Nora Sarvetnick Jan 2011

The Incidence Of Type-1 Diabetes In Nod Mice Is Modulated By Restricted Flora Not Germ-Free Conditions., Cecile King, Nora Sarvetnick

Journal Articles: Regenerative Medicine

In the NOD mouse, the incidence of type-1 diabetes is thought to be influenced by the degree of cleanliness of the mouse colony. Studies collectively demonstrate that exposure to bacterial antigen or infection in the neonatal period prevents diabetes [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], supporting the notion that immunostimulation can benefit the maturation of the postnatal immune system [11]. A widely accepted extrapolation from this data has been the notion that NOD mice maintained under germ-free conditions have an increased incidence of diabetes. However, evidence supporting this influential concept is surprisingly limited [12]. In this …

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Hydration Repulsion Effects Of The Formation Of Supported Lipid Bylayers, Selver Ahmed, Rajesh Raman Madathingal, Stephanie L. Wunder, Yanjing Chen, Geoffrey D. Bothun Jan 2011

Hydration Repulsion Effects Of The Formation Of Supported Lipid Bylayers, Selver Ahmed, Rajesh Raman Madathingal, Stephanie L. Wunder, Yanjing Chen, Geoffrey D. Bothun

Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

When zwitterionic lipids fuse onto substrates such as silica (SiO2), the water of hydration between the two approaching surfaces must be removed, giving rise to an effective hydration repulsion. Removal of water around the polar headgroups of the lipid and the silanols (SiOH) of SiO2 allows supported lipid bilayer (SLB) formation, although an interstitial water layer remains between the lipid and surface. The importance of hydration repulsion in SLB formation is demonstrated by monitoring fusion of zwitterionic lipids onto silica (SiO2) nanoparticles heat treated to control the silanol group (SiOH) density and thus the amount of bound …

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Multicomponent Folate-Targeted Magnetoliposomes: Design, Characterization, And Cellular Uptake, Geoffrey D. Bothun, Alline Lelis, Yanjing Chen, Kyle Scully, Linnea E. Anderson, Matthew A. Stoner Jan 2011

Multicomponent Folate-Targeted Magnetoliposomes: Design, Characterization, And Cellular Uptake, Geoffrey D. Bothun, Alline Lelis, Yanjing Chen, Kyle Scully, Linnea E. Anderson, Matthew A. Stoner

Chemical, Biomolecular, and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Folate-targeted cationic magnetoliposomes (FTMLs) have been prepared with coencapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) and anionic superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (NPs) with 5 nm γ-Fe2O3 cores and 16 nm hydrodynamic diameters. NP encapsulation (89%) was confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the presence of the oppositely charged NPs did not cause liposome aggregation. The FTMLs had an average diameter of 174 ± 53 nm and existed as unilamellar and cup-shaped liposomes, which was attributed to dissimilar lipid packing parameters and the presence of PEG-lipids. A 3-fold increase in DOX release was achieved over 2 hours when the …

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Approximate Policy Iteration For Semi-Markov Control Revisited, Abhijit Gosavi Jan 2011

Approximate Policy Iteration For Semi-Markov Control Revisited, Abhijit Gosavi

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The semi-Markov decision process can be solved via reinforcement learning without generating its transition model. We briefly review the existing algorithms based on approximate policy iteration (API) for solving this problem for discounted and average reward under the infinite horizon. API techniques have attracted significant interest in the literature recently. We first present and analyze an extension of an existing API algorithm for discounted reward that can handle continuous reward rates. Then, we also consider its average reward counterpart, which requires an updating based on the stochastic shortest path (SSP). We study the convergence properties of the algorithm that does …

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Cognition Evolutionary Computation For System-Of-Systems Architecture Development, Feng Yang, Cihan Dagli, Weiping Wang Jan 2011

Cognition Evolutionary Computation For System-Of-Systems Architecture Development, Feng Yang, Cihan Dagli, Weiping Wang

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The evolving nature of system-of-systems requirements and corresponding architecture, and the complex causal relationship between the architecture of system-of-systems and its emergent behavior make the problem of system-of-systems architecture development a great challenge. as a tentative effort in meeting this special challenge, a new evolutionary computation paradigm- named Cognition Evolutionary Computation(CEC) is proposed, which models the creative cognition process of divergent and convergent thinking, adaptation and innovation, that drives the co-evolution of problem space, knowledge space and solution space. the optimization algorithm for CEC uses causal probabilistic network as the knowledge representation mechanism. a theoretical framework for CEC based system-of-system …

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Command And Control For Boring System, W. A. Berger, J. A. Carter, Marian Mazurkiewicz, R. M. Pell, R. A. Spalletta Jan 2011

Command And Control For Boring System, W. A. Berger, J. A. Carter, Marian Mazurkiewicz, R. M. Pell, R. A. Spalletta

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A system having a number of land units [100, 4000, 5000] is disclosed which operates to efficiently find and create boreholes [5] to one or more underground targets [1]. Each of the land units [100, 4000, 5000] may be remotely controlled from a central command unit [6000]. The land unit also may be self-controlled, or partially controlled by the central command unit [6000]. The system [10] is reconfigurable to reallocate tasks to functional land units [100, 4000, 5000] which were originally allocated to land units which have been destroyed and are now non-functional.

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Parallel Operation Of Inverters And Active Power Filters In Distributed Generation System: A Review, Shafiuzzaman Khan Khadem, Malabika Basu, Michael Conlon Jan 2011

Parallel Operation Of Inverters And Active Power Filters In Distributed Generation System: A Review, Shafiuzzaman Khan Khadem, Malabika Basu, Michael Conlon

Articles

In this paper a technical review of parallel operation of power electronics inverters for load sharing conditions in distributed generation (DG) network is presented. Emphasis is given to parallel operation of Active Power Filters (APFs) as they are widely used to mitigate load current disturbances into DG networks. Discussions on recent advances in control strategies as applied to APFs are presented.

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Characterization Of Multifunctional Biodegradable - Biocompatible Icg-Loaded Nanoparticles And Their Feasibility For Prostate Cancer Imaging And Phototherapy, Ronak Patel Jan 2011

Characterization Of Multifunctional Biodegradable - Biocompatible Icg-Loaded Nanoparticles And Their Feasibility For Prostate Cancer Imaging And Phototherapy, Ronak Patel

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in the United States, and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. The conventional diagnostic procedures use an invasive approach to collect the biopsy tissue samples. Also, treatments currently used include radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgical removal of the prostate associated with high risks of surgical complications. Among all the imaging modalities, Near Infrared (NIR) optical imaging could be a possible candidate for minimally invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer with avoidance of harmful radiation and relatively low cost. This motivation brings the development of multifunctional polymeric (di- lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles …

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Evaluation Of Structural Monitoring Methods For Large Diameter Water Transmission Pipelines, Moksha Kizhakke Covilakam Jan 2011

Evaluation Of Structural Monitoring Methods For Large Diameter Water Transmission Pipelines, Moksha Kizhakke Covilakam

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The water transmission lines span thousands of miles and form a significant part of the underground infrastructure of United States. The condition of water pipelines deteriorates with time and becomes more vulnerable to catastrophic failures and often results in costly replacement measures. With the advancement of technology, several new techniques have been developed for the condition assessment of water pipelines. However, no unified standards are followed for the selection of these technologies. Moreover, the current decision making methodology followed by water pipeline operators is usually based on individual experience and project requirements and resources. This research presents a comprehensive overview …

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Fabrication Of Micropatterns On 3d Surfaces And Generation Of Linked Zno Nanowires, Hui Wang Jan 2011

Fabrication Of Micropatterns On 3d Surfaces And Generation Of Linked Zno Nanowires, Hui Wang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Conventional lithographic approaches are good at fabricating structures on the top surfaces of substrates. They are not suited for 3D surface patterning due to the fact that vertical radiation exposure is employed to transfer patterns. In the meanwhile, patterns generated on 3D surfaces, such as the vertical sidewalls of silicon channels and the irregular surfaces of glass micropipettes may provide valuable applications in microfluidics, 3D circuits, bioengineering and so on. In this work, we developed new approaches to produce metal micropatterns on the vertical sidewalls of silicon channels as well as to fabricate two separated metal microlines on the tips …

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Development Of An Experimental And Analytical Model Of An Active Cooling Method For High-Power Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit (3d-Ic) Utilizing A Multidimensional Configured Thermoelectric Modules, Huy Phan Jan 2011

Development Of An Experimental And Analytical Model Of An Active Cooling Method For High-Power Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit (3d-Ic) Utilizing A Multidimensional Configured Thermoelectric Modules, Huy Phan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

An increase in demand for more functionality and capacity of microelectronic components within the same logistic footprint drives the growth of three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) packaging technologies in recent years. However, the reduction in size and an increase in transistors density also intensified the heat flux of stacked-dice, which introduces many thermal challenges at both the package and cooling levels. Traditional passive cooling system such as forced air convection cooling, phase change materials and passive or active heat sinks will become inadequate to cool future processors and cannot accommodate the demand of future sub-ambient cooling of 3D-ICs. Within the past …

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Hybrid Dynamic Simulation For Performance Optimization Of Legged Mechanisms, Daniel Montrallo Flickinger Jan 2011

Hybrid Dynamic Simulation For Performance Optimization Of Legged Mechanisms, Daniel Montrallo Flickinger

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Agile locomotion is needed for mobile robots to efficiently navigate challenging terrain. The ability of an agile legged mobile robot to abruptly change trajectory allows it toquickly react to obstacles and successfully operate in environments usually more suited forlegged animals. The research presented herein aims to increase the agility and performanceof legged robots.Using hybrid dynamic simulation, novel methods are developed to model the inter-action of a legged robot with the ground. In considering robot agility, an accurate model ofthe events that occur while in contact is needed. Methods are developed to model groundinteraction where oblique angled impacts occur, and to …

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Design And Modeling Techniques For Cooling Of Telecommunication Systems, Naveen Kannan Jan 2011

Design And Modeling Techniques For Cooling Of Telecommunication Systems, Naveen Kannan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Conventional data centers are extremely large buildings that have complex power distribution and cooling systems. These traditional brick and mortar data centers employ relatively expensive cooling systems and are inefficient. It has in turn led to an increase in construction and operational costs. These inefficiencies of traditional data centers can be overcome by partitioning the server load into modular sections which can be deployed, powered and cooled depending on availability and requirement. Furthermore, improvements in efficiency and operational costs can be achieved by employing "free cooling" to cool the IT equipment. Free cooling involves the introduction of outside air through …

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Design Optimization Of A Wind Turbine Blade, Bharath Koratagere Srinivasa Raju Jan 2011

Design Optimization Of A Wind Turbine Blade, Bharath Koratagere Srinivasa Raju

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

This work focuses on designing a blade of 45 meters in length that produces a power of 1.6 MW. The design of the blade was done using the Blade Element Momentum theory and the Prandtl's tip loss factor was used. The aerodynamic loads and differential power at are tabulated and plotted.The finite element method for analysis of the blade is used. As the chord lengths vary decreasingly along the blade radii in order to use the simple beam theory the breath and height of the blade is considered as a function of the chord length, hence the analysis is done …

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Filling Of Methane/Air Mixture In A Tube For Pulse Detonation Engines, Shravani Dwarakapally Jan 2011

Filling Of Methane/Air Mixture In A Tube For Pulse Detonation Engines, Shravani Dwarakapally

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

In pulse detonation engines, filling is a time consuming process; reducing these times will help to increase the frequency. The filling of a detonation tube, 1 m long tube with an internal diameter of 101.6 mm, closed at one end and opened at the other, was studied using the unsteady flow solver methane and air nominally at STP· Three cases were examined: (i) a 25.4 mm diameter port at the center of the closed end, (ii) nine ports of 25.4 mm diameter, one at the center of the closed end and eight distributed in two diametrically opposite rows, equally, four …

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Shear Behavior Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Beams Without Shear Reinforcement, Jae-Sung Cho Jan 2011

Shear Behavior Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Beams Without Shear Reinforcement, Jae-Sung Cho

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The ACI 318-08 building code allows to use the steel fiber reinforcement as alternative shear reinforcement with satisfying certain criteria when a beam is required minimum shear reinforcement. However, this provision applies to a nonprestressed and prestressed concrete beam such that it could be conservative since the shear strength of prestressed concrete beam is generally enhanced due to the prestressing force. This is due partially to the fact that the provision has been accepted based on researches, mostly conducted in nonprestressed concrete beam. Most of experiments conducted for prestressed concrete beam in small scale tests, with a height of specimens …

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Wireless Health Monitoring And Improvement System For Wind Turbines, Suratsavadee Koonlaboon Korkua Jan 2011

Wireless Health Monitoring And Improvement System For Wind Turbines, Suratsavadee Koonlaboon Korkua

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Wind power has become the world's fastest growing renewable energy resource. The world-wide wind power installed capacity has exceeded 120 GW. The United States has set a target of 20% wind-based electricity generation, over 300 GW, by 2030. As wind power is growing towards becoming a major utility source, it is urgent to guarantee the reliable operation of wind power systems. To avoid unexpected equipment failures, the focus in most wind farm is shifting from scheduled preventive maintenance to predictive maintenance. Predictive maintenance by condition-based monitoring of electrical machines is a scientific approach that is becoming a new strategy for …

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Short Circuit Analysis And Circuit Breaker Interrupting Capability Validations For Industrial Power Plants, Vijayanand Appanaicknepatti Ramachandran Jan 2011

Short Circuit Analysis And Circuit Breaker Interrupting Capability Validations For Industrial Power Plants, Vijayanand Appanaicknepatti Ramachandran

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

The purpose of this study is to determine the short circuit current as well as evaluate the interrupting capability of the circuit breaker with higher accuracy for industrial power plants. Power plant protection and coordination involves prevention of injury to personnel, minimizing damage to the system components, and limiting the extent and duration of service interruption whenever equipment failure, human error, or adverse natural events occur on any portion of the system. The cause for any of these circumstances is very unpredictable, but through sound system design we can reduce the levels of impact. Power plant protection is one of …

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Control System For Real Time Jitter Reduction And 3d Reconstruction Of Road Profile, Digant Shah Jan 2011

Control System For Real Time Jitter Reduction And 3d Reconstruction Of Road Profile, Digant Shah

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

A large number of bridges, overpasses and other similar structures fail due to deterioration caused by factors such as vehicle loads, impact loads, severe weather conditions, etc. Routine monitoring of such structures is essential to prevent loss of life and property. This thesis explores the feasibility of a 3D bridge monitoring system as a novel way for bridge health analysis. Specifically, the goal of this study is to investigate the use of a video control system for monitoring and synchronize video and surface profile components for a 3D bridge monitoring project. This thesis focuses on the concept of collecting video …

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Dielectric And Optical Study Of Biaxial Bent-Core Nematic Liquid Crystal, S. P. Sreenilayam, M. Nagaraj, Yuri Panarin, J. K. Vij, C. Keith, C. Tschierske Jan 2011

Dielectric And Optical Study Of Biaxial Bent-Core Nematic Liquid Crystal, S. P. Sreenilayam, M. Nagaraj, Yuri Panarin, J. K. Vij, C. Keith, C. Tschierske

Articles

We report the observation of biaxial nematic phase in a bent-core molecular system in which the biaxiality exists on a microscopic scale using polarizing microscopy, electro-optics and dielectric spectroscopy. An application of electric field induces a macroscopic biaxiality and therefore electro-optic switching. The observed electro-optic switching is explained in terms of the interaction of the ferroelectric clusters with the electric field. Dielectric spectra of the sample shows existence of low-frequency collective processes related to the microscopic polar clusters. The dielectric constant changes its sign from positive to negative and again to positive values.

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Silicon Wafer Defect Segmentation Using Modified Pulse Coupled Neural Network, Chaitanya Telidevara Jan 2011

Silicon Wafer Defect Segmentation Using Modified Pulse Coupled Neural Network, Chaitanya Telidevara

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Defect segmentation has been a focal point in silicon wafer inspection research and it remains challenging because the defects are complicated by large variations in intensity distribution. An algorithm for silicon wafer defect segmentation is developed using a modified pulse coupled neural network (PCNN). The modified PCNN is simple version of the PCNN in which segmentation depends only on the linking coefficient and initial threshold. The initial threshold and linking coefficient are determined automatically from image statistics using method described in [17] and Otsu's method respectively. The modified PCNN method was found to be simple and efficient for silicon wafer …

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Design And Development Of A General Purpose Embedded Acquisition System For Transportation Applications, Akshay Avinash Joshi Jan 2011

Design And Development Of A General Purpose Embedded Acquisition System For Transportation Applications, Akshay Avinash Joshi

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) uses many different instruments for quality assurance of new and existing pavements. These instruments measure the different characteristics of the pavement such as the longitudinal profile, transverse profile, texture, rut formation etc to determine the smoothness and ride quality of the pavement. These instruments mainly consist of different sensors such as a laser, an accelerometer and/or a gyroscope to calculate the ride quality. Different ride statistics like the International Roughness Index (IRI), Mean Profile Depth (MPD), Present Serviceability Index (PSI) are then calculated andused to determine the need for repair of the pavements. Currently …

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Wlan Based Indoor Localization, Sreejith Sisupalan Lathikumari Jan 2011

Wlan Based Indoor Localization, Sreejith Sisupalan Lathikumari

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Localization based on received signal strength has been a topic of Interest due to its relative simplicity in measurement and minimal hardware requirements. Much of the research in this field has been on developing an indoor propagation model. A generic indoor propagation model has largely been unsuccessful due to the complex multipath environment present in indoor environments. The main focus of this study is to find the position of the target when the estimated distance from the measurement points are known. The straightforward approach to this problem is by using trilateration techniques. A novel weighted centroid based method is introduced …

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Pilot Based Channel Estimation For 3gpp Lte Downlink, Ankit Ashok Agarwal Jan 2011

Pilot Based Channel Estimation For 3gpp Lte Downlink, Ankit Ashok Agarwal

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Channel estimation is an important part for the design of receivers in mobile communication systems. In order to recover the transmitted information correctly, the effect of the channel on the transmitted signal must be correctly estimated. In this thesis, the pilot based channel estimation algorithms for 3GPP LTE downlink is studied. Channel estimation algorithms such as Least Square (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Modified MMSE (M-MMSE) channel estimation algorithm have been evaluated for LTE downlink 5 MHz bandwidth configuration. The performance of these algorithms for Block type and Comb type pilot arrangement has been measured in terms of …

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Second Order Training Algorithms For Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Kanishka Tyagi Jan 2011

Second Order Training Algorithms For Radial Basis Function Neural Networks, Kanishka Tyagi

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

A systematic two step batch approach for constructing and training of Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks is presented. Unlike other RBF learning algorithms, the proposed paradigm uses optimal learning factors (OLF's) to train the network parameters, i.e. spread parameters, mean vector parameters and weighted distance measure (DM) coefficients. Newton's algorithm is proposed for obtaining multiple optimal learning factors (MOLF) for the network parameters. The weights connected to the output layer are trained by a supervised-learning algorithm based on orthogonal least squares (OLS). The error obtained is then back-propagated to tune the RBF parameters. The proposed hybrid training algorithm has …

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A Planar And Integrated Rectenna For Wireless Power Reception, Vinay Ramachanndra Gowda Jan 2011

A Planar And Integrated Rectenna For Wireless Power Reception, Vinay Ramachanndra Gowda

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

In this thesis, a rectenna ("rectifier + antenna") for wireless power reception is designed and experimentally verified. The rectenna consists of two major components: one is a microstrip patch antenna and the other is a half-wave rectifier circuit. The microstrip antenna collects wireless power, and then, the received radio-frequency power is rectified to DC by the rectifier. The microstrip antenna and the rectifier circuit are simulated, fabricated, and tested separately. Before they are integrated, matching network is designed in between them to match the first harmonic. A few integrated rectenna's are built around 2.4 GHz ISM band. The rectenna's are …

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Behavioural Analysis Of Thermal Actuator Made Up Of Metals Like Titanium, Stainless Steel And Brass, Praveen Balaji Thangamani Balasubramanian Jan 2011

Behavioural Analysis Of Thermal Actuator Made Up Of Metals Like Titanium, Stainless Steel And Brass, Praveen Balaji Thangamani Balasubramanian

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Out of the various MEMS actuators, thermal actuators are easy to realize and creates more force by consuming less power compared with other types of MEMS based actuators [2]-[4].Conventional thermal actuators are made up of poly silicon which requires the use of costlier equipment's for its fabrication and further it has to go through dark room processing which is time consuming. In our system the thermal actuator are made up of metals like titanium, stainless steel and brass which were fabricated using a programmable 5-W 355-nm laser system, which makes the fabrication process cheaper and less time consuming. Performance of …

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Organic Biocompatible Nanolayered Polymerization Of Solid-State Devices, Sri Divya Vidyala Jan 2011

Organic Biocompatible Nanolayered Polymerization Of Solid-State Devices, Sri Divya Vidyala

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Nanotechnology plays a major role in today's society due to its convergence of nanoscale which is the level of atoms and molecules as a part of miniaturization trend. The interference between biomedical and nanotechnology are of intense research. It concerns about the utilization of miniature biological systems such as nucleic acids, proteins, cells and cellular components to fabricate functional organic and inorganic nanostructures. This research work focuses on the process of developing a simple method to obtain fluorinated organic nanocoating which can be used to coat 3D structures and also explain the extended applications of the coating in the fields …

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Substrate Stiffness Adjustable Pdms Device/Array For Understanding Its Effect On Cell Growth, Differentiation And Migration, Chetan Bhuwania Jan 2011

Substrate Stiffness Adjustable Pdms Device/Array For Understanding Its Effect On Cell Growth, Differentiation And Migration, Chetan Bhuwania

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

The mechanical properties of the cellular environment play an important role in the functioning of the cell. Cells attach to the extracellular matrix or other surrounding cells, thus sensing their mechanical properties and tune their own internal mechanical properties accordingly. A number of in vitro studies have been performed to study various cellular mechanical phenomena, but most of them employ a very stiff substrate such as glass or plastic that does not encompass the physiologically relevant range. Also, for tissues of the nervous system, the relationship between the substrate stiffness and the cellular behavior is less understood. In this study, …

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Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer Using Auto-Flourescence Lifetime And Light Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Potential Tool For Positive Margin Assessment, Shivaranjani Shivalingaiah Jan 2011

Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer Using Auto-Flourescence Lifetime And Light Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Potential Tool For Positive Margin Assessment, Shivaranjani Shivalingaiah

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Malignant Breast Neoplasm (MBN) or breast cancer is a heterogeneous cancer type originating in the breast tissue. Surgery is considered the primary treatment for breast cancer, with many early stage patients being cured without recurrence. The goals of the surgery include complete resection of the primary tumor, with negative margins to reduce the risk of local recurrences. Further, pathological staging of the tumor and axillary lymph nodes are carried out to extract necessary prognostic information. Surgery works well in case of complete Mastectomies. However, the biggest challenge for this technique is determining adequate margins on the partial mastectomy (lumpectomy) specimen. …

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