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2011

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Articles 3061 - 3090 of 5806

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Repeatable Manufacture Of Wings For Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles Using Microelectromechanical System (Mems) Fabrication Techniques, David S. Dawson Mar 2011

Repeatable Manufacture Of Wings For Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles Using Microelectromechanical System (Mems) Fabrication Techniques, David S. Dawson

Theses and Dissertations

While there have been great advances in the area of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAV), prototype parts have been constructed with the objective of scientific discovery and basic research. There has been little effort to make parts that could be consistently and repeatedly manufactured. Until recently, there has been little, if any, focus on methods that could be used and verified by subsequent researchers. It is herein proposed that Microelectromechanical System fabrication methods will provide a fast, cheap, and highly repeatable manufacturing method for the FWMAV wings. The wings manufactured to demonstrate this process, bio-inspired by the Manduca Sexta, …

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Ch-47d Rotating System Fault Sensing For Condition Based Maintenance, Stephen M. Dickerson Mar 2011

Ch-47d Rotating System Fault Sensing For Condition Based Maintenance, Stephen M. Dickerson

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense (DoD) has mandated the use of maintenance practices based on component condition rather than component time in service or age. This new practice is known as Condition Based Maintenance, and it relies on accurate detection and identification of material deficiencies in system components. Rotor system components in rotary-wing aircraft can be difficult to monitor due to the rotational environment experienced by the sensors and the difficulty of signal transmission. Current methods are able to detect the existence of a fault in the rotor system but cannot link the vibrations experienced in the airframe to a specific …

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Manufacturing And Evaluation Of A Biologically Inspired Engineered Mav Wing Compared To The Manduca Sexta Wing Under Simulated Flapping Conditions, Nathanial E. Deleon Mar 2011

Manufacturing And Evaluation Of A Biologically Inspired Engineered Mav Wing Compared To The Manduca Sexta Wing Under Simulated Flapping Conditions, Nathanial E. Deleon

Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, researchers have expressed a vested interest in the concepts surrounding flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) that are capable of both range and complex maneuvering. Most research in this arena has found itself concentrated on topics such as flapping dynamics and the associated fluid-structure interactions inherent in the motion, however there still remains myriad questions concerning the structural qualities intrinsic to the wings themselves. Using nature as the template for design, FWMAV wings were constructed using carbon fiber and Kapton and tested under simplified flapping conditions by analyzing frozen' digital images of the deformed wing by methods …

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Vibration Interaction In A Multiple Flywheel System, Jordan A. Firth Mar 2011

Vibration Interaction In A Multiple Flywheel System, Jordan A. Firth

Theses and Dissertations

This study uses a linear model of an Integrated Power and Attitude Control System (IPACS) to investigate the vibration interaction between multiple flywheels. An easily extendable Matlab® script is created for the analysis of flywheel vibrations. This script is used to build a vibration model consisting of two active magnetic bearing flywheels mounted on a support structure. The flywheels are rotated at varying speeds, with an imbalance-induced centripetal force in one or both wheels causing vibrations in both wheels. Flywheel and system responses are examined for low frequency vibrations which would cause undesirable excitation to a satellite using IPACS, with …

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An Experimental Characterization Of Damping Properties Of Thermal Barrier Coatings At Elevated Temperatures, Oliver T. Easterday Mar 2011

An Experimental Characterization Of Damping Properties Of Thermal Barrier Coatings At Elevated Temperatures, Oliver T. Easterday

Theses and Dissertations

This research program developed the apparatus and associated techniques to mechanically characterize the complex modulus of hard coatings across a temperature range from about 70 deg F to 900 deg F. Major effort in designing, analyzing, and experimentally validating the chamber were performed to establish that it isothermally heated a beam specimen, accomplished modal detuning, and achieved a near free-free boundary condition, and that the chamber was characterized for its forcing excitation. Novel aspects of the chamber include non-contact for the excitation, nearly non-contacted boundary conditions, and measurement of the field variables within the specimen using a hybrid experimental-numerical approach. …

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Kam Torus Frequency Generation From Two-Line Element Sets, Gregory R. Frey Mar 2011

Kam Torus Frequency Generation From Two-Line Element Sets, Gregory R. Frey

Theses and Dissertations

The Kolmogorov Arnold and Moser (KAM) theorem states that a lightly perturbed Hamiltonian system will have solutions which lie on a torus. Earlier work by the second author has shown that most Earth satellite orbits perturbed by the geopotential lie on KAM tori. The problem then arises as to how to convert the current satellite tracking orbits to KAM tori. A KAM torus is characterized by three frequencies and three phase angles. The frequencies are essentially the rates of change of the mean anomaly, the longitude of the ascending node, and the argument of perigee. In this paper we explore …

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Implementation Of A Rule-Based Open-Loop Control Strategy For A Hybrid-Electric Propulsions System On A Small Rpa, Collin Greiser Mar 2011

Implementation Of A Rule-Based Open-Loop Control Strategy For A Hybrid-Electric Propulsions System On A Small Rpa, Collin Greiser

Theses and Dissertations

Currently fielded electric-powered small remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) lack endurance desired by warfighters, and internal combustion engine (ICE) RPAs generate undesirable acoustic and thermal signatures. Hybrid-electric (HE) propulsion systems would combine both electric power for endurance and ICE power for cruise and climb modes. Use of HE systems would eliminate undesirable signatures in addition to providing considerable fuel savings over time. Five components were used in this HE system: the ICE, electric motor (EM), electromagnetic clutch, battery pack, and a propeller. Control of such a system in a small RPA has never been attempted before. A rulebased controller was developed to …

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Osculating Relative Orbit Elements Resulting From Chief Eccentricity And J2 Perturbing Forces, Joshuah A. Hess Mar 2011

Osculating Relative Orbit Elements Resulting From Chief Eccentricity And J2 Perturbing Forces, Joshuah A. Hess

Theses and Dissertations

Relative orbit elements (ROEs) based on a circular chief satellite orbit are erroneous when applied to a perturbed,non-circular reference orbit. In those situations, the ROEs will encounter geometric instability and drift. To counter this, a set of time-variant ROEs have been derived to describe the relative orbit for both the unperturbed, elliptical chief, and the perturbed, circular chief. A highly coupled relationship is found that describes the relative trajectory to higher accuracy when compared to numerical integration. To show the applicability of the ROEs to formation design, methods to initialize a stationary relative orbit are detailed and an algorithm for …

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Characterization Of Horizontally-Issuing Reacting Buoyant Jets, Joshua J. Heffernen Mar 2011

Characterization Of Horizontally-Issuing Reacting Buoyant Jets, Joshua J. Heffernen

Theses and Dissertations

This research studied the mixing and combustion behavior of low Reynolds number, horizontally-issuing gaseous fuel jets with ambient air. The study focused on the mixing characteristics of propane and ethylene. These fuels are, respectively, heavy and neutral with respect to air, and were tested at various Froude numbers and laminar tube Reynolds numbers. Using low Froude and Reynolds number flows allowed for isolation of the buoyant jet effects. The process was characterized through the use of a non-invasive, OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) technique, and supplemented with filtered (CH*) and unfiltered high speed imaging. The resulting cross sectional PLIF images …

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Revolutionizing Space Propulsion Through The Characterization Of Iodine As Fuel For Hall-Effect Thrusters, Adam C. Hillier Mar 2011

Revolutionizing Space Propulsion Through The Characterization Of Iodine As Fuel For Hall-Effect Thrusters, Adam C. Hillier

Theses and Dissertations

The demand for increased performance in space propulsion systems is higher than ever as missions are becoming more advanced. As the global supply of xenon depletes, missions demanding high thrust will require alternatives. The research presented here examines iodine as an alternate propellant. The propellant was successfully operated through a BHT-200 thruster in the T6 vacuum facility at Busek Co. Inc. A feed system for the iodine was developed for controlled thruster operation at varying conditions. An inverted pendulum was used to take thrust measurements. Thrust to power ratio, anode efficiency, and specific impulse were calculated. Iodine performance is compared …

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Tension-Compression Fatigue Of Hi-Nicalon/Sic Ceramic Matrix Composite At 1200°C In Air And Steam, Tyler P. Jones Mar 2011

Tension-Compression Fatigue Of Hi-Nicalon/Sic Ceramic Matrix Composite At 1200°C In Air And Steam, Tyler P. Jones

Theses and Dissertations

The primary tenet of the aircraft survivability discipline is threat definition. In order to deliver relevant capabilities and protection to the warfighter it is imperative; therefore, to provide timely, accurate, and actionable threat data to the survivability community. In an attempt to identify the evolution of aircraft threats in today's combat environment, an analysis of fixed-wing aircraft battle damage was conducted. This analysis reports battle damage incidents from OPERATIONS ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) and IRAQI FREEDOM(OIF). Additionally, reported damage incidents were then validated by crosschecking aircraft maintenance records from this period to eliminate non-hostile fire data points. This revolutionary approach uncovered …

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Follower-Force Experiments With Geometric Non-Linear Coupling For Analytical Validation, Tae H. Kim Mar 2011

Follower-Force Experiments With Geometric Non-Linear Coupling For Analytical Validation, Tae H. Kim

Theses and Dissertations

This study was a follow-up of a previous study where static deflection data of a joined-wing test article was collected from a series of experiments using a laser scanner and a laser tracker while the test articles were subjected to follower-forces. One of the goals of this study was to collect accurate experimental data which could be used to validate analytical methods, such as geometrically exact beam theory, which are used to predict the nonlinear response of joined-wings. The load application system used on the previous study was not able to provide a follower-force on the test articles, and therefore …

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Notch Sensitivity Of Fatigue Behavior Of A Hi-Nicalon/Sic Ceramic Composite With An Oxidation Inhibited Matrix At 1200°C In Air And In Steam, Garrett M. Kurtz Mar 2011

Notch Sensitivity Of Fatigue Behavior Of A Hi-Nicalon/Sic Ceramic Composite With An Oxidation Inhibited Matrix At 1200°C In Air And In Steam, Garrett M. Kurtz

Theses and Dissertations

The effects of holes on the fatigue behavior of an advanced Silicon Carbide/Silicon Carbide (SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was investigated at 1200°C in laboratory air and in steam environment. The composite consisted of an oxidation inhibited HyprSiC matrix reinforced with laminated Hi-Nicalon fibers woven in an eight-harness-satin weave (8HSW). Fiber preforms were coated with pyrolytic carbon (PyC) fiber coating with boron carbide overlay and were then densified with HyprSiC matrix via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). Effects if center hole on tensile stress-strain behavior and tensile properties were evaluated at 1200°C. To assess the effect of holes on fatigue performance, …

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Small Internal Combustion Engine Testing For A Hybrid-Electric Remotely-Piloted Aircraft, Isseyas H. Mengistu Mar 2011

Small Internal Combustion Engine Testing For A Hybrid-Electric Remotely-Piloted Aircraft, Isseyas H. Mengistu

Theses and Dissertations

Efficient operation of a hybrid-electric propulsion system (HEPS) powering a small remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) requires that a controller have accurate and detailed engine and electric motor performance data. Many small internal combustion engines (ICEs) currently used on various small RPA were designed for use by the recreational hobbyist radio-control (R/C) aircraft market. Often, the manufacturers of these engines do not make accurate and reliable detailed engine performance data available for their engines. A dynamometer testing stand was assembled to test various small ICEs. These engines were tested with automotive unleaded gasoline (the manufacturer's recommended fuel) using the dynamometer setup. Torque, …

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Design Of Attitude Control Actuators For A Simulated Spacecraft, Christopher G. Mcchesney Mar 2011

Design Of Attitude Control Actuators For A Simulated Spacecraft, Christopher G. Mcchesney

Theses and Dissertations

The Air Force Institute of Technology's attitude dynamics simulator, SimSat, is used for hardware-in-the-loop validation of new satellite control algorithms. To provide the capability to test algorithms for control moment gyroscopes, SimSat needed a control moment gyroscope array. The goal of this research was to design, construct, test, and validate a control moment gyroscope array for SimSat. The array was required to interface with SimSat's existing structure, power supply, and electronics. The array was also required to meet maneuver specifications and disturbance rejection specifications. First, the array was designed with initial sizing estimates based on requirements and vehicle size. Next, …

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Cubesat Packaged Electrospray Thruster Evaluation For Enhanced Operationally Responsive Space Capabilities, Scott T. Ober Mar 2011

Cubesat Packaged Electrospray Thruster Evaluation For Enhanced Operationally Responsive Space Capabilities, Scott T. Ober

Theses and Dissertations

A new specialized electrospray thruster with a potential to be used with a 3-U CubeSat was operated. The key difference in this thruster from traditional colloid thrusters is the porous stainless steel surface used for the emission sites. With this porous surface the actual location and number of the Taylor cones formations vary with changing fuel flow. The understanding of these formations is discussed with low, moderate, and high flow rates. The limitations of the experiment and observed system response are discussed. Due to these limitations, the colloid thruster was only able to operate in the low mass flow rate …

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Conceptual Design Tool To Analyze Electrochemically-Powered Micro Air Vehicles, Douglas J. Pederson Mar 2011

Conceptual Design Tool To Analyze Electrochemically-Powered Micro Air Vehicles, Douglas J. Pederson

Theses and Dissertations

A multi-fidelity conceptual design tool was developed to assess electrochemically-powered micro air vehicles(MAVs). The tool utilizes four areas of contributing analyses (CAs): aerodynamics, propulsion, power management, and power sources to determine the endurance duration of a given mission. The low-fidelity aerodynamic CA consisted of drag polar calculations and the high-level CA used a vortex theory code called Athena Vortex Lattice (AVL). The propulsion CA employed QPROP and a MATLAB code that used experimental propeller data and motor constants to predict propeller-motor combination performance for the low- and high-fidelity tracks, respectively. The power management CA determined the percentage of required power …

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Optimization Of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems For Small Remotely-Piloted Aircraft, Todd A. Rotramel Mar 2011

Optimization Of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems For Small Remotely-Piloted Aircraft, Todd A. Rotramel

Theses and Dissertations

Small electric-powered remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) used by today's warfighters for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions lack desired endurance and loiter times, while the acoustics and thermal signatures of those configured with internal combustion engines (ICE) may make them unpractical for ISR. Outfitting RPA with parallel hybrid-electric propulsion systems (H-EPS) would meet the military's needs by combining the advantages of both systems while reducing fuel consumption and environmental impacts. An analysis tool was created, using constrained static optimization, to size the H-EPS components. Based on the RPA's required power and velocity for the endurance phase, an electric motor (EM) can …

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Effect Of Atmospheric Pressure And Temperature On A Small Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine's Performance, Peter J. Schmick Mar 2011

Effect Of Atmospheric Pressure And Temperature On A Small Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine's Performance, Peter J. Schmick

Theses and Dissertations

The ever increasing use of man portable unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV, by the US military in a wide array of environmental conditions calls for the investigation of engine performance under these conditions. Previous research has focused on individual changes in pressure or temperature conditions of the air stream entering the engine. The need was seen for a facility capable of providing an environment representative of various simulated altitude conditions. A mobile test facility was developed to test small internal combustion engines with peak powers less than 10 hp. A representative engine was tested over a range of speeds from 2000 …

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Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Wing Manufacture And Force Testing, Nathanael J. Sladek Mar 2011

Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Wing Manufacture And Force Testing, Nathanael J. Sladek

Theses and Dissertations

Numerous wing manufacturing techniques have been developed by various universities for research on Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles. Minimal attention though is given to repeatability of wing aerodynamics and dynamic response, which is crucial to avoid asymmetric flapping. Thus the focus of this research becomes twofold. First, repeatable wing manufacturing techniques are developed to ensure flapping wings have similar aerodynamic and dynamic characteristics. For this purpose, four wing designs were selected to not only test the aerodynamics of the different designs, but to also validate manufacturing techniques. The various wing designs are assessed using two methods: dynamic and aerodynamic data. …

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Using A Gatling-Gun Configured Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster As A Means To Control Micro Satellites With Extreme Precision, Lee I. Watson Mar 2011

Using A Gatling-Gun Configured Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster As A Means To Control Micro Satellites With Extreme Precision, Lee I. Watson

Theses and Dissertations

Micro-Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (µPPT) are becoming increasingly attractive for their low power consumption and moderately high specific impulse in the range of 800-1200s. The Gatling Gun micro-Pulsed Plasma Thruster (GG-µPPT) is a new device offering reduced mass and higher thrust than single µPPTs and solid application in precise pointing and orbit maintenance applications. The performance of µPPTs depends on frequency and applied voltage/power levels. Variation of these input parameters and effects on operation and performance of this thruster system were the focus of this research. Contamination aspects were also considered and discussed, since the buildup of carbon results in decreased …

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Stochastic Orbit Prediction Using Kam Tori, Max W. Yates Mar 2011

Stochastic Orbit Prediction Using Kam Tori, Max W. Yates

Theses and Dissertations

Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) Theory states that a lightly perturbed, conservative, dynamical system will exhibit lasting quasi-periodic motion on an invariant torus. Its application to purely deterministic orbits has revealed exquisite accuracy limited only by machine precision. The theory is extended with new mathematical techniques for determining and predicting stochastic orbits for Earth satellite systems. The linearized equations of motion are developed and a least squares estimating environment is pioneered to fit observation data from the International Space Station to a phase space trajectory that exhibits drifting toroidal motion over a dense continuum of adjacent tori. The dynamics near the reference torus …

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Vision-Aided Autonomous Precision Weapon Terminal Guidance Using A Tightly-Coupled Ins And Predictive Rendering Techniques, Jonathan W. Beich Mar 2011

Vision-Aided Autonomous Precision Weapon Terminal Guidance Using A Tightly-Coupled Ins And Predictive Rendering Techniques, Jonathan W. Beich

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis documents the development of the Vision-Aided Navigation using Statistical Predictive Rendering (VANSPR) algorithm which seeks to enhance the endgame navigation solution possible by inertial measurements alone. The eventual goal is a precision weapon that does not rely on GPS, functions autonomously, thrives in complex 3-D environments, and is impervious to jamming. The predictive rendering is performed by viewpoint manipulation of computer-generated of target objects. A navigation solution is determined by an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) which corrects positional errors by comparing camera images with a collection of statistically significant virtual images. Results indicate that the test algorithm is …

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Direction Finding With Mutually Orthogonal Antennas, David F. Chick Mar 2011

Direction Finding With Mutually Orthogonal Antennas, David F. Chick

Theses and Dissertations

Estimating the direction-of-arrival of incident electromagnetic plane waves (a.k.a. direction finding or DF) has typically been accomplished in the past using arrays of spatially separated antennas. The spatial separation produces a delay in each antenna's measured voltage due to the finite propagation time as the wave strikes each antenna in succession. In this thesis, we approach the problem differently by using three antennas that have been oriented in orthogonal directions but are co-located at the origin of a coordinate system. Being co-located, this mutually orthogonal arrangement of antennas cannot detect the propagation phase delay and must rely solely on the …

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Two Dimensional Positioning And Heading Solution For Flying Vehicles Using A Line-Scanning Laser Radar (Ladar), Brady T. Christel Mar 2011

Two Dimensional Positioning And Heading Solution For Flying Vehicles Using A Line-Scanning Laser Radar (Ladar), Brady T. Christel

Theses and Dissertations

Emerging technology in small autonomous flying vehicles requires the systems to have a precise navigation solution in order to perform tasks. In many critical environments, such as indoors, GPS is unavailable necessitating the development of supplemental aiding sensors to determine precise position. This research investigates the use of a line scanning laser radar (LADAR) as a standalone two dimensional position and heading navigation solution and sets up the device for augmentation into existing navigation systems. A fast histogram correlation method is developed to operate in real-time on board the vehicle providing position and heading updates at a rate of 10 …

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Overcoming Pose Limitations Of A Skin-Cued Histograms Of Oriented Gradients Dismount Detector Through Contextual Use Of Skin Islands And Multiple Support Vector Machines, Jonathon R. Climer Mar 2011

Overcoming Pose Limitations Of A Skin-Cued Histograms Of Oriented Gradients Dismount Detector Through Contextual Use Of Skin Islands And Multiple Support Vector Machines, Jonathon R. Climer

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis provides a novel visualization method to analyze the impact that articulations in dismount pose and camera aspect angle have on histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) features and eventual detections. Insights from these relationships are used to identify limitations in a state of the art skin cued HOG dismount detector's ability to detect poses not in a standard upright stances. Improvements to detector performance are made by further leveraging available skin information, reducing false detections by an additional order of magnitude. In addition, a method is outlined for training supplemental support vector machines (SVMs) from computer generated data, for …

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Creating A Network Model For The Integration Of Dynamic And Static Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (Scada) Test Environment, Marlon Coerbell Mar 2011

Creating A Network Model For The Integration Of Dynamic And Static Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (Scada) Test Environment, Marlon Coerbell

Theses and Dissertations

Since 9/11 protecting our critical infrastructure has become a national priority. Presidential Decision Directive 63 mandates and lays a foundation for ensuring all aspects of our nation's critical infrastructure remain secure. Key in this debate is the fact that much of our electrical power grid fails to meet the spirit of this requirement. My research leverages the power afforded by Electric Power and Communication Synchronizing Simulator (EPOCHS) developed with the assistance of Dr. Hopkinson, et al. The power environment is modeled in an electrical simulation environment called PowerWorld©. The network is modeled in OPNET® and populated with self-similar network and …

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Trust Management And Security In Satellite Telecommand Processing, Mark C. Duncan Mar 2011

Trust Management And Security In Satellite Telecommand Processing, Mark C. Duncan

Theses and Dissertations

New standards and initiatives in satellite system architecture are moving the space industry to more open and efficient mission operations. Primarily, these standards allow multiple missions to share standard ground and space based resources to reduce mission development and sustainment costs. With the benefits of these new concepts comes added risk associated with threats to the security of our critical space assets in a contested space and cyberspace domain. As one method to mitigate threats to space missions, this research develops, implements, and tests the Consolidated Trust Management System (CTMS) for satellite flight software. The CTMS architecture was developed using …

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High Frequency Direction Finding Using Structurally Integrated Antennas On A Large Airborne Platform, Clair F. Corbin Mar 2011

High Frequency Direction Finding Using Structurally Integrated Antennas On A Large Airborne Platform, Clair F. Corbin

Theses and Dissertations

Estimating the angle of arrival (AOA) of a high frequency (HF) signal, 2-32 MHz, is challenging, especially if the antenna array is installed on a platform with dimensions on the order of one wavelength. Accurate AOA estimates are necessary for search and rescue operations and geolocating RF emitters of interest. This research examines the performance of a direction finding (DF) system using structurally integrated (SI) antennas installed on an airborne platform which allows the aircraft structure to become the receiving element. Two simulated DF systems are analyzed at 4 and 11 MHz. The relationship between the number of SI antennas …

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Virtual Battlespace Behavior Generation Through Class Imitation, Bryon K. Fryer Jr. Mar 2011

Virtual Battlespace Behavior Generation Through Class Imitation, Bryon K. Fryer Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Military organizations need realistic training scenarios to ensure mission readiness. Developing the skills required to differentiate combatants from non-combatants is very important for ensuring the international law of armed conflict is upheld. In Simulated Training Environments, one of the open challenges is to correctly simulate the appearance and behavior of combatant and non-combatant agents in a realistic manner. This thesis outlines the construction of a data driven agent that is capable of imitating the behaviors of the Virtual BattleSpace 2 behavior classes while our agent is configured to advance to a geographically specific goal. The approach and the resulting agent …

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