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1991

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Articles 901 - 930 of 1363

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

An Approach To Characterise Cyclic Deflection Of Piles In Calcareous Soil Media Under Offshore Wave Loading Conditions, Y. S. Golait Mar 1991

An Approach To Characterise Cyclic Deflection Of Piles In Calcareous Soil Media Under Offshore Wave Loading Conditions, Y. S. Golait

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Behavior of piles subjected to cyclic lateral loads due to wave action is an important aspect which needs to be evaluated for analyzing and designing these piles supporting offshore structures. The study on the model piles in calcareous soil media was therefore undertaken to investigate the cyclic pile deflection response under offshore wave loading conditions. The test results are analyzed and interpreted to evolve an approach to characterize the cyclic deflection behavior of piles under critical storm loading effect and normal wave loading action.

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An Innovative Dynamic Test Method For Piles, M. C. Janes, R. C. Horvath, P. D. Bermingham Mar 1991

An Innovative Dynamic Test Method For Piles, M. C. Janes, R. C. Horvath, P. D. Bermingham

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The system described involves using solid propellant fuels to accelerate a reaction mass of the test pile. The force required to accelerate the reaction mass upwards acts equally downward on the pile. Very high forces be may applied to the pile in a controlled, linearly increasing manner. The duration of the applied load is approximately 100 milliseconds. This rate of loading is slow enough to allow the pile and soil to react together as a composite rigid body. The effects combine to produce pile and soil response no longer dominated by the transfer of force via stress pulse (as with …

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Centrifugal Modeling Of A Pile Under Vertical Random Excitation, Lary R. Lenke, Hon-Kim Ko, Ronald Y. S. Pak Mar 1991

Centrifugal Modeling Of A Pile Under Vertical Random Excitation, Lary R. Lenke, Hon-Kim Ko, Ronald Y. S. Pak

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Data from the experimental modeling of a pile in a geotechnical centrifuge are compared with analytical results. The model pile was subjected to vertical random excitation with subsequent determination of the compliance function in the frequency domain. This compliance function was found to be consistent with theory. An absorbing boundary was used to minimize reflected wave energy from the centrifuge container boundaries.

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Session 2: Closing Remarks, C. K. Shen Mar 1991

Session 2: Closing Remarks, C. K. Shen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

No abstract provided.

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Deformation Of Reconstituted Clay Under Cyclic Loading, S. W. Yan, D. J. Williams Mar 1991

Deformation Of Reconstituted Clay Under Cyclic Loading, S. W. Yan, D. J. Williams

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Reconstituted soft clay triaxial specimens were prepared by means of vacuum preloading. Both static and cyclic tests were carried out, with the specimens consolidated under different principal effective stress ratios. The test results lend themselves to incorporation in a finite element formulation, which can readily be used for calculating the deformation of soft clay under cyclic loading.

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Session 2: Discussions And Replies, Multiple Authors Mar 1991

Session 2: Discussions And Replies, Multiple Authors

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

No abstract provided.

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Large-Scale Model Forced-Vibration Test Comparison Of Test Results On Hard And Soft Ground, Takeshi Fujimori, Tomohiko Tsunoda, Kinji Akino, Masanori Izumi Mar 1991

Large-Scale Model Forced-Vibration Test Comparison Of Test Results On Hard And Soft Ground, Takeshi Fujimori, Tomohiko Tsunoda, Kinji Akino, Masanori Izumi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Forced-Vibration tests were performed on two large-scale same models constructed on soft and hard ground in order to investigate the effect of the hardness and the stratification of the supporting ground on the vibration characteristics of simulated reactor buildings. The soft ground is almost stratification ground, and the hard ground is almost uniform ground. The test models are RC rigid frame structure with shear walls. In the tests, sinusoidal wave excitation was applied by the excitor. The vibration characteristics of the test models, earth pressure at the bottom of the base mat and the vibration characteristics of the surrounding ground …

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Measured Full-Scale Dynamic Lateral Pile Responses In Clay And In Sand, Matti Hakulinen Mar 1991

Measured Full-Scale Dynamic Lateral Pile Responses In Clay And In Sand, Matti Hakulinen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In order to design machine foundations and to examine interaction between pile and soil, versatile horizontal dynamic loading tests were done to piles. In the tests both stiffness and damping values of piles were measured in overconsolidated clay and in earthfill sand. The stiffness of piles was analyzed by Winkler's spring method and the damping of piles with Gazetas' and Dobry's method. The measured and calculated values were almost the same when stiffness was considered. In damping the measured values were about 40 ... 70% of the calculated values. Very important in the calculation is to know which is the …

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General Report Session 2: Model Testing In Cyclic Loading, Mladen Vucetic Mar 1991

General Report Session 2: Model Testing In Cyclic Loading, Mladen Vucetic

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Geotechnical earthquake engineering problems and similar soil dynamics problems usually involve random three directional cyclic loads, complicated stratification of soil deposits and geometry of supported structures, heterogeneity, anisotropy, and nonlinearity of soils, large degradation of soil stiffness and strength accompanied by equally large displacements and deformations, complex interaction between different soil deposits and between the foundation soil and the supported structure, etc. On the other hand, the empirical and analytical methods used in conjunction with standard field testing or standard laboratory cyclic testing on small specimens, which are currently available in engineering practice, are relatively simple and limited to ideal …

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Prediction Of Fatigue Cracking And Rutting In Asphalt Pavements By Small-Scale Centrifuge Models, M. Hossien Roghani, V. P. Drnevich, Y. H. Huang Mar 1991

Prediction Of Fatigue Cracking And Rutting In Asphalt Pavements By Small-Scale Centrifuge Models, M. Hossien Roghani, V. P. Drnevich, Y. H. Huang

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents a summary of a study to investigate the feasibility of predicting fatigue cracking and rutting in full depth asphalt pavements by centrifuge modeling. This is accomplished by constructing a small-scale centrifuge model and measuring directly the resilient tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt layer and the accumulated permanent on the pavement surface under repeated loads. The purpose of using a centrifuge is to insure that the stresses and strains due to self-weight are the same in the small-scale model as in the prototype pavement. Model pavements in two different scales of 1:10 and 1:20 were constructed, …

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Shaking Table Tests On Permanent Ground Displacement Due To Liquefaction, Susumu Yasuda, Hiroyoshi Kiku, Hideo Nagase Mar 1991

Shaking Table Tests On Permanent Ground Displacement Due To Liquefaction, Susumu Yasuda, Hiroyoshi Kiku, Hideo Nagase

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

To study the mechanism of permanent ground displacement due to liquefaction, shaking table tests were conducted. Moreover, vane tests and cyclic torsional shear tests were carried out to measure the rate of decrease of the elastic modulus and the shear strength due to liquefaction. Based on these test results, the authors proposed a simplified procedure for the prediction of permanent ground displacement. Measures to counter permanent ground displacement were also discussed based on the analysis.

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Stress State And Stress Ratio Effects In Downhole And Crosshole Shear Wave Velocity Tests On Sands, Li Yan, Peter M. Byrne Mar 1991

Stress State And Stress Ratio Effects In Downhole And Crosshole Shear Wave Velocity Tests On Sands, Li Yan, Peter M. Byrne

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The effects of stress state and stress ratio on the maximum shear modulus, obtained from in-situ downhole and crosshole shear wave velocity tests were evaluated in the model tests. The hydraulic gradient similitude method was used to increase and control the model stress level. The downhole and crosshole shear waves were generated and received along the principal stress axes using piezoceramic bender elements. It was found that (1) the shear wave velocity is dependent upon the individual principal stresses in the directions of wave propagation and particle motion, and (2) only the stress ratio defined in the plane of wave …

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Test On Behavior Of Pile Foundation In Liquefiable Soils, H. S. Liu, K. J. Chen Mar 1991

Test On Behavior Of Pile Foundation In Liquefiable Soils, H. S. Liu, K. J. Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A series of shaking table tests were conducted to clarify the compaction effects of pile driving on sandy soils, and to investigate the failure mechanism of pile foundation in liquefiable soils. The tests showed that the soil in piled zone was densified so greatly that it became non-liquefiable after pile driving. The pore pressure ratios within this zone were far lower than unit. The settlements of pile foundation were mainly caused by the movement of soil beneath pile tips to the liquefied zone which was outside the piled zone. The failure patterns of pile foundation were rather like the Meryerhoff's …

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An Alternative Method Of Measuring Spt Energy, Alex Sy, R. G. Campanella Mar 1991

An Alternative Method Of Measuring Spt Energy, Alex Sy, R. G. Campanella

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Despite problems associated with its repeatability and reliability, the standard Penetration Test (SPT) continues to be the most widely used in-situ test for liquefaction potential assessment. There are many factors known to influence the SPT results but the most significant factor affecting the N value is the amount of hammer energy delivered into the drill rods. The existing method of SPT energy measurement consists of attaching a load cell near the top of the drill rods and measuring the force time history during hammer impact. An alternative method of SPT energy determ1nat1on based on measurement of both force and acceleration …

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Analysis Of Liquefaction Hazard Due To Earthquake, Junfei Xie, Zhaoji Shi Mar 1991

Analysis Of Liquefaction Hazard Due To Earthquake, Junfei Xie, Zhaoji Shi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The aim of this work is to establish a quantitative analysis approach of liquefaction hazard. Based on the microscopic field data of liquefaction it is pointed out that non-uniform settlement of building is the primary type of damages caused by sand liquefaction during earthquake. Then a computation algorithm for evaluating settlements is programmed on the basis of “Softening model” idea, and 33 liquefaction settlement events are evaluated by use of this test-computation approach. The results of these evaluations are in good agreement with the observed ones.

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Analysis Of Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains, Zhi-Ying Xu Mar 1991

Analysis Of Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains, Zhi-Ying Xu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, based on the simplified assumption about seismic pore water pressure a partial differential equation of 3-D axi-symmetrical problem which takes into account of the generation, diffusion and dissipation of seismic pore water pressure is presented. This equation is then solved by the method of separation of variables and 5-function and a mathematical formula for residual pore water pressure is obtained. The formula can be used in the calculation and design of the gravel drains installed in the sand layer prone to liquefy. The computed results by this formula are presented in a series of charts which can …

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Behavior Of Fine Sand Under Cyclic Rotation Of Principal Stresses Using The Hollow Cylinder Apparatus, Panos Dakoulas, Yuanhui Sun Mar 1991

Behavior Of Fine Sand Under Cyclic Rotation Of Principal Stresses Using The Hollow Cylinder Apparatus, Panos Dakoulas, Yuanhui Sun

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Results of an experimental investigation on a saturated fine Ottawa Silica Sand subjected to three different types of cyclic tests are presented in this paper. The effects of principal stress rotation at a constant deviator stress on the pore water pressure buildup and the deformation characteristics of sand are evaluated in comparison with results from cyclic triaxial and cyclic torsional simple shear using the hollow cylinder apparatus. The results presented and discussed in this article, representing a small part of the experimental program, suggest that the effects of rotational shear are more important than the effects of cyclic triaxial loading …

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General Report Session 3: Deformation And Liquefaction Of Sands, Silt, Gravels And Clays, R. G. Campanella, Alex Sy Mar 1991

General Report Session 3: Deformation And Liquefaction Of Sands, Silt, Gravels And Clays, R. G. Campanella, Alex Sy

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

It has been almost 27 years since the damaging earthquakes of 1964 which occurred in Niigata, Japan and in Alaska, USA, focused the geotechnical engineers' attention to liquefaction as a major problem in earthquake engineering. Considerable research and studies have been conducted on the subject of earthquake induced liquefaction since that time and these have included field observations, laboratory experiments and model tests, and theoretical studies. Progress in understanding the liquefaction phenomenon, in the assessment of liquefaction potential, and in the solutions to mitigate the liquefaction hazard has been made, yet the problem remains controversial in many respects, as reflected …

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Dilatometer Based Liquefaction Potential Of Sites In The Imperial Valley, F. Reyna, J. L. Chameau Mar 1991

Dilatometer Based Liquefaction Potential Of Sites In The Imperial Valley, F. Reyna, J. L. Chameau

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The liquefaction potential of several sites in the Imperial Valley, south California, is evaluated on the basis of standard penetration, cone, and dilatometer test data. The performance of the soil deposits at these sites during past earthquakes has been documented in earlier studies. Since the dilatometer parameter Kd is expected to reflect factors (e.g. fabric, prestress, preshaking, aging) affecting liquefaction potential to a certain extent (Marchetti, 1982), this paper primarily focuses on this parameter as an index for evaluating liquefaction potential. A tentative boundary curve (in terms of stress ratio vs. Kd) for evaluating liquefaction potential that …

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Dynamic Properties Of Fine-Grained Coal Refuse, C. Robert Ullrich, Barry K. Thacker, Nancy R. Roberts Mar 1991

Dynamic Properties Of Fine-Grained Coal Refuse, C. Robert Ullrich, Barry K. Thacker, Nancy R. Roberts

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A simplified method of slope stability analysis is presented for upstream-constructed coal tailings dams subjected to earthquake shaking. The method employs a conventional method of slices approach, in which dynamic loads are represented as psuedostatic forces applied to each slice. Excess pore water pressures are estimated from cyclic triaxial tests performed on specimens of fine coal refuse. Cyclic triaxial test results are presented for fine coal refuse materials from six sites in the western Appalachian region. Measured excess pore water pressure values appear to be influenced by fine coal processing procedures, although material plasticity and grain characteristics are also important. …

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Dynamic Strength And Permanent Deformation Of Saturated Sand, Masayuki Hyodo, Noriyuki Yasufuku, Hidekazu Murata, Takeharu Konami Mar 1991

Dynamic Strength And Permanent Deformation Of Saturated Sand, Masayuki Hyodo, Noriyuki Yasufuku, Hidekazu Murata, Takeharu Konami

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The undrained cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated sand has been studied using anisotropically consolidated specimens. The strength and deformation under various combinations of initial static and cyclic shear stresses were attempted to clarify. The cyclic strength was first discussed, and then, the residual shear strain was investigated related with effective stress ratio at the end of each stress cycle. Finally, an empirical model was proposed for evaluating the development of pore pressure and residual shear strain of saturated sand subjected to various initial static and subsequent cyclic shear stresses.

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Dynamic Strength Of Gravelly Soils And Its Relation To The Penetration Resistance, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, K. Kokusho, Y. Yoshida Mar 1991

Dynamic Strength Of Gravelly Soils And Its Relation To The Penetration Resistance, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, K. Kokusho, Y. Yoshida

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Undrained cyclic triaxial tests have been conducted on specimens of dense diluvial gravelly soils taken from four sites by an in-situ freeze sampling method. The test results and previous test results obtained by other researchers suggest that the dynamic strength of gravelly soils can be evaluated based on both the modified blow count of the penetration tests and on the effective confining pressure. A method for the evaluation by utilizing the large penetration test (LPT) blow counts is proposed in this paper by considering the effect of the effective confining pressure on the dynamic strength.

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Earthquake-Induced Settlement In Soft Grounds, K. Yasuhara, T. Konami, M. Hyodo, K. Hirao Mar 1991

Earthquake-Induced Settlement In Soft Grounds, K. Yasuhara, T. Konami, M. Hyodo, K. Hirao

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Earthquake-induced settlements in clay is derived from both undrained shear deformation and post-earthquake volume change. The former is assumed to be time-independent while the latter must be time-dependent. To determine the characteristics of cyclic-induced settlements, the authors have carried out a family of cyclic triaxial tests followed by drainage on the plastic marine clay. In every test, shear strain and excess pore pressure were measured during undrained stage and volume change was measured during dissipation of excess pore pressure. In the present study, in particular, the results from cyclic triaxial tests were formulated in order to predict the variations of …

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Efficient Installation Of Gravel Drains, Yoshiro Ono, Yutaka Nakajima, Katsuhiko Ito, Hiroshi Oishi Mar 1991

Efficient Installation Of Gravel Drains, Yoshiro Ono, Yutaka Nakajima, Katsuhiko Ito, Hiroshi Oishi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The gravel drain system aims to avert liquefaction in a sandy soil by quickly dissipating excess pore water pressure. We have developed a compaction-rod type machine which allows efficient construction of gravel drains. Main attributes of this machine are: (1) extremely fast installation of gravel drains, (2) low noise, (3) low level of vibration, (4) virtually no ground deformation during construction, and (5) densification of the surrounding soil. Large-scale model tests demonstrated that a cone-type compaction rod is most effective in densifying the surrounding soil when installing gravel drains with our machine.

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Evaluation Of Liquefaction Potential For An Earth Dam Site, Bhagwat V. K. Lavania, J. N. Sharma, S. Mukerjee Mar 1991

Evaluation Of Liquefaction Potential For An Earth Dam Site, Bhagwat V. K. Lavania, J. N. Sharma, S. Mukerjee

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The foundation of the proposed Polavaram Earth and Rockfill Dam (India) has a sand deposit about 15 to 30 meters deep. The medium size sand is poorly to uniformly graded having relati.ve density in the range of 40-45% and angle of internal friction 30°. Standard Penetration Tests have been conducted in 22 bore holes at site and the N-counts have been observed to range between 4 to 111. The liquefaction potential of deposit under maximum credible earthquake (MCE) for the site has been evaluated by analyzing the data on the basis of prevailing empirical approaches and by the results of …

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Experiments On Soil Spring Constants During Liquefaction, Masakatsu Miyajima, Masaru Kitaura Mar 1991

Experiments On Soil Spring Constants During Liquefaction, Masakatsu Miyajima, Masaru Kitaura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The present paper deals with the soil spring constant on pipeline in relation to liquefaction process. The soil spring constant is one of the most influential factors in evaluation of the pipeline failure induced by soil liquefaction. Laboratory tests were conducted using a steel pipe in order to obtain the hysteresis curve of pipe-soil layer system. Based on the experimental results, the authors propose a model of the restoring force characteristics which is represented by two soil spring constants K1 and K2. Furthermore, the authors investigated K1 and K2 in relation to the effective stress …

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Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong Mar 1991

Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, according to the principle of fuzzy mathematics, five principal factors are considered, earthquake intensity I, the thickness of overburden 1Ryer of non-liquefacted cohesive soil Ho, SPT blow count (China) N, the depth of point of SPT ds, and groundwater level dw, at the same time, the subordinate functions of them are estab1ished. The rank of liquefaction is classified into four sorts: non-liquefaction, probable-non-liquefaction, probable-liquefaction and liquefaction. The fuzzy multifactorial evaluation is presented for predicting site earthquake liquefaction of sandy soil, and the operation of M (.,+)is applied to calculation of fuzzy matrix. At last, a comparison between …

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Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi Mar 1991

Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of August 21, 1988 (magnitude 6.6) caused significant loss of life and property. Besides the epicentral area, two distant places (Munger in India and Bhaktapur in Nepal) suffered significantly. This was also the case in the 1934 earthquake (magnitude 8.4) and is due to peculiar geology of the area. Geotechnical damage in the affected area includes liquefaction, cracking and subsidence of embankments, and cracks in bridge abutments and wing walls. Besides, in the hilly regions of Sikkim, landslides and rockfalls disrupted road network significantly. Extensive damage took place in the eastern Nepal also. This paper describes the …

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Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki Mar 1991

Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Measurements of shear wave velocities, Vs, during triaxial compression tests were conducted on undisturbed samples obtained from a diluvial gravel deposit. The reconstituted gravel samples were also tested to compare the characteristics of shear wave velocity. The results of these measurements indicated that Vs increases at the initial stage of the triaxial compression tests, and decreases gradually until the failure of specimen and that the reduction in Vs was more noticeable for the undisturbed samples than for the reconstituted samples. The results also revealed a unique relationship between Vs when evaluating the effect of stress ratio …

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Influence Of Liquefaction To Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Tadahiko Shiomi, Michlo Sugumoto, Yoshimasa Shigeno, Yoshio Suzuki Mar 1991

Influence Of Liquefaction To Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Tadahiko Shiomi, Michlo Sugumoto, Yoshimasa Shigeno, Yoshio Suzuki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Influence of liquefaction on a pile-soil-structure interaction is studied by a dynamic effective analysis code (MuDIAN). The soil properties are modeled by a Mohr-Coulomb assumption with a dilatancy model. Liquefaction takes place in shallow depth and cause the change of dynamic behavior. The approaches evaluation method of soil constants and results are reported in details.

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