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Articles 9181 - 9210 of 13031

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Ultimate Strength Of A Continuous Decking Of Cold-Drawn Low-Ductility High Strength Steel, A. Monayem Akhand, W. H. Wan Badaruzzaman, Kosai A. Sanjery Nov 2004

Ultimate Strength Of A Continuous Decking Of Cold-Drawn Low-Ductility High Strength Steel, A. Monayem Akhand, W. H. Wan Badaruzzaman, Kosai A. Sanjery

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Profiled decking of cold-drawn low-ductility high strength steel is a relatively new introduction to composite floor construction. This type of decking shows high sensitivity to distortional as well as local buckling. Prediction of ultimate strength of such decking in continuous configuration is not adequately covered in any of the analytical methods of modern day codes. Instead, due to inadequate guidance, various design codes currently apply additional restrictions on their design and use. The support moment-rotation and ultimate moment of resistance of such decking are the two most important parameters in designing such decking as continuous structure for the construction stage …

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Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel Multi -Web Deck Sections Subjected To End One-Flange Loading, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster Nov 2004

Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel Multi -Web Deck Sections Subjected To End One-Flange Loading, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Presented in this paper are the results of a study where the web crippling capacity of multi-web deck sections subjected to End One-Flange loading (EOF) was investigated. A total of 148 tests were completed. New coefficients were established using the data from this study and any appropriate data from previous work. New resistance factors and factors of safety were also established. Also investigated in this study was the web crippling capacity of partially fastened deck sections and re-entrant deck type sections subjected to EOF loading. Seventy-seven (77) partially fastened multi-web decks and 36 re-entrant decks were tested in this study. …

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Behavior Of Complex Hat Shapes Used As Truss Chord Members, Nuthaporn Nuttayasakul, W. Samuel Easterling Nov 2004

Behavior Of Complex Hat Shapes Used As Truss Chord Members, Nuthaporn Nuttayasakul, W. Samuel Easterling

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Cold-formed steel roof truss systems that use complex hat shape members for both top and bottom chord elements are a growing trend in the North America steel framing industry. When designing cold-formed steel sections, a structural engineer typically tries to improve the local buckling behavior of the coldformed steel elements. The complex hat shape has proven to limit the negative influence of local buckling. However, a distortional buckling mode can be the control mode of failure in the design for the chord member with an intermediate un-braced length. The chord member may be subjected to both bending and compressive load …

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Channel Section Beams Under Static And Impact Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald Nov 2004

Channel Section Beams Under Static And Impact Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

The elasto-plastic behaviour of plain channel section beams under central point loading is investigated under static and impact loading conditions. Two different loading set-ups are considered, the first in which the load is applied to cause compression at the flange free edges and the second in which the load is applied to cause tension at the flange free edges. For each of these load set-ups static loading tests, single impact loading tests and multiple impact loading tests are carried out on a total of 86 channel beams. The energy absorption behaviour of the beams tested is examined and the static …

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Cold-Formed Steel Examples To The Theory And Finite Element Implementation Of Plasticity, Herm Hofmeyer Nov 2004

Cold-Formed Steel Examples To The Theory And Finite Element Implementation Of Plasticity, Herm Hofmeyer

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents two examples to the theory and finite element implementation of plasticity. The first example is on the cross-sectional behavior of trapezoidal sheeting subjected to a concentrated load. It is shown that the number of elements (and thus the number of integration points) along the comer radius are important for the correct modeling of this static problem. The second example is on the failure of first-generation sheeting subjected to a concentrated load and a bending moment. This problem, especially for large span lengths, can be solved only with explicit dynamic simulations. These are, for our research field, for …

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Shear Stiffness Of Pallet Rack Upright Frames, S. Sambasiva Rao, R. G. Beale, M. H. R. Godley Nov 2004

Shear Stiffness Of Pallet Rack Upright Frames, S. Sambasiva Rao, R. G. Beale, M. H. R. Godley

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

PaIIet racks, often fabricated using cold-formed steel, are used for the storage of goods. Uprights of these racks are braced in the cross-aisle direction forming a frame, which behaves like a built-up column. Evaluation of the shear stiffness of this frame is needed to determine the buckling load. Currently two approaches prevail in the rack industry to determine the shear stiffness. The RMI code uses a theoretical formula and the FEM code requires testing. There is a considerable difference in the stiffness values determined by two approaches. The present paper describes experimental and numerical studies conducted at Oxford Brookes University …

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Tests Of Storage Rack Channel Columns With Rear Flanges, Nabil Abdel-Rahman, Ashraf Fadel, Mohamed Ei-Sadaawy, Sherif Mourad Nov 2004

Tests Of Storage Rack Channel Columns With Rear Flanges, Nabil Abdel-Rahman, Ashraf Fadel, Mohamed Ei-Sadaawy, Sherif Mourad

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

An experimental study was performed to investigate the ultimate strength and modes of failure of axially loaded channel rack columns with rear flanges. A total of 16 column specimens fabricated by press-brake forming method were tested up to failure. The material properties of the column specimens were determined using standard tensile coupon tests. The deformation and stress behavior of the tested columns were monitored using displacement transducers and strain gauges. The effects of column slenderness ratio, thickness, perforation, and end conditions on the column ultimate strength and mode of failure were studied. The test failure loads were compared to the …

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Initial Geometrical Imperfections In Three-Storey Modular Steel Scaffolds, W. K. Yu, K. F. Chung, S. L. Chan Nov 2004

Initial Geometrical Imperfections In Three-Storey Modular Steel Scaffolds, W. K. Yu, K. F. Chung, S. L. Chan

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Modular steel scaffolds are commonly used as supporting scaffolds in building construction. They are highly susceptible to global and local instability, and traditionally, the load carrying capacities of these scaffolds are obtained from limited full-scale tests with little rational design. Structural failure of these scaffolds occurs from time to time due to inadequate design, poor installation and over-loads on sites. Initial geometrical imperfections are considered to be very important to the structural behaviour of multi-storey modular steel scaffolds. This paper presents an extensive numerical investigation on three different approaches in analyzing and designing multi-story modular steel scaffolds, namely, a) Notional …

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Experimental Investigation Of Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections, Maura Leece, Kim J. R. Rasmussen Nov 2004

Experimental Investigation Of Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections, Maura Leece, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper describes the experimental investigation of the distortional buckling of thin-walled stainless steel sections in compression. Austenitic 304, ferritic 430 stainless steel and ferritic-like 3Crl2 chromium weldable steel sheets were brake-pressed into simple-lipped channels and simple-lipped channels with intermediate stiffeners. A comprehensive procedure to determine the mechanical properties of stainless steel material is described. A total of 19 distortional tests failed at stresses greater than the proportionality stress, and hence were influenced by material non-linearity. Data required to assess current design guidelines in place for distortional buckling of stainless steel compression members are provided herein.

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Introduction To The Theory And Finite Element Implementation Of (Steel) Plasticity, Herm Hofmeyer Nov 2004

Introduction To The Theory And Finite Element Implementation Of (Steel) Plasticity, Herm Hofmeyer

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper tries to enlighten the subject of (numerical) plasticity by presenting fundamental theory and some very practical examples. For a two-dimensional plain stress state, a Hubert-Henky yield criterion is derived. The flow rule is discussed, including an explanatory numerical example. The yield criteria and flow rule are theoretically applied in a four node finite element. This element is used to show some of the conditions and limitations of a plastic calculation in the finite element method. Finally, a real finite element calculation is made for illustrating the theory derived.

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Design Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections With Single Web Subjected To Web Crippling, Feng Zhou, Ben Young Nov 2004

Design Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Sections With Single Web Subjected To Web Crippling, Feng Zhou, Ben Young

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

An experimental investigation of cold-formed stainless steel hollow sections subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. Tests were conducted on square and rectangular hollow sections of austenitic stainless steel type 304. Tensile and compression coupon tests were performed to obtain the longitudinal tension and transverse compression material properties. The web crippling tests were conducted under two loading conditions for End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) specified in the current American Specification and Australian/New Zealand Standard for cold-formed stainless steel structures. The test strengths obtained from this study and the test strengths of stainless steel lipped channel sections under End-One-Flange …

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Design Of Stainless Steel Sections Against Distortional Buckling, Maura Leece, Kim J. R. Rasmussen Nov 2004

Design Of Stainless Steel Sections Against Distortional Buckling, Maura Leece, Kim J. R. Rasmussen

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Current cold-formed stainless steel design codes for distortional buckling, including the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4673 (2001) and the North American ASCE (2002), have been based on cold-formed carbon steel codes without the support or corroboration of experimental evidence. As such, an experimental program on the distortional buckling of axially compressed, cold-formed stainless steel simple lipped channels and lipped channels with intermediate stiffeners was conducted. Results show that the effect of stainless steel material non-linearity is partially negated by the strength-enhanced corners, and this becomes evident in the design evaluation. Both the effective width and the "direct strength" (ASINZS 4600 …

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Material Properties Of Cold-Formed High Strength Stainless Steel Tubular Sections, Ben Young, Wing-Man Lui Nov 2004

Material Properties Of Cold-Formed High Strength Stainless Steel Tubular Sections, Ben Young, Wing-Man Lui

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

This paper presents the behaviour of cold-formed high strength stainless steel sections. The test specimens were cold-rolled from flat strips of duplex and high strength austenitic stainless steel. The material properties of high strength stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections were determined. Tensile coupons at different locations in cross-section were tested. Hence, the distributions of 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength measured in the cross-section of cold-formed high strength stainless steel sections were plotted. The material properties of the complete cross-section in the cold-worked state were also obtained from stub column tests. Detailed measurements of initial local geometric imperfections …

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Stainless Steel Stub Columns Subject To Combined Bending And Axial Loading, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes Nov 2004

Stainless Steel Stub Columns Subject To Combined Bending And Axial Loading, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes

CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)

Stainless steel exhibits highly non-linear behaviour, and in the case of short column structural members, this can lead to substantial conservatism in the prediction of load capacity by design codes due to their use of the 0.2% proof stress as an upper limit of capacity. This paper examines the behaviour of short stainless steel stub columns in which the material follows a Ramberg-Osgood type of stress-strain law. The column length is varied to examine the effects on the load capacity when the column is subjected to varying magnitudes of combined bending and axial compression loading. The loading is applied as …

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Magneto Rheological Dampers — A New Paradigm In Base Isolation Techniques In Earth Quake Engineering, S. Suresh Babu Apr 2004

Magneto Rheological Dampers — A New Paradigm In Base Isolation Techniques In Earth Quake Engineering, S. Suresh Babu

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Over the past three decades, a great deal of interest has been generated regarding the use of structural protective systems to mitigate the effects of dynamic environmental hazards, such as earth quakes and strong wind, on Civil Engineering structures. These systems usually employ supplemental damping devices to increase the energy dissipation capability of the protected structure. One of the most promising new devices proposed for structural protection is Magneto rheological (MR) fluid dampers because of their mechanical simplicity, high dynamic range, low pressure requirements, large force capacity and robustness, this class of devices has been shown to mesh well within …

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Past Proceedings: 3rd International Conference On Recent Advances In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics (1995), Multiple Authors Apr 2004

Past Proceedings: 3rd International Conference On Recent Advances In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering & Soil Dynamics (1995), Multiple Authors

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

No abstract provided.

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Restoration Of Path Service To Lower Manhattan, Raymond E. Sandiford, Samuel Leifer, Mark Mcneilly Apr 2004

Restoration Of Path Service To Lower Manhattan, Raymond E. Sandiford, Samuel Leifer, Mark Mcneilly

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

When the World Trade Center was destroyed the transit link connecting Lower Manhattan and New Jersey, the Port Authority’s Trans Hudson system or PATH, was cut. The PATH station, which was located beneath the WTC, was destroyed, the two tunnels under the Hudson River were flooded, and the first PATH station in New Jersey was rendered useless for train movements. Immediately after Sept 11, the re-establishment of the downtown PATH service was identified as a key element in the revitalization of Lower Manhattan. The re-establishment of PATH service required that three elements of major construction be completed. These were the …

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Non-Destructive Evaluation Of Deep Foundations, Frank Rausche Apr 2004

Non-Destructive Evaluation Of Deep Foundations, Frank Rausche

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) or Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of a great variety of materials and structures has become an integral part of many manufacturing processes. The same tendency towards more testing for improved quality assurance is also apparent in the deep foundation industry. However, the process of testing long piles, deeply embedded in the ground, is more complex than the NDE of other materials: the product can only be accessed from its smallest side and the material is often concrete or timber, which are rather heterogeneous materials with unreliable properties. The greatest difficulties, however, are presented by the intimate contact between …

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The Collapse Of Fukae (Hanshin Expressway) Bridge, Kobe, 1995: The Role Of Soil And Soil-Structure Interaction, George Mylonakis, Costis Syngros Apr 2004

The Collapse Of Fukae (Hanshin Expressway) Bridge, Kobe, 1995: The Role Of Soil And Soil-Structure Interaction, George Mylonakis, Costis Syngros

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper investigates the role of soil in the collapse of a 630m segment (Fukae section) of the elevated Hanshin Expressway during the severe Kobe earthquake of 1995. From a geotechnical viewpoint, the earthquake has been associated with extensive liquefactions (notably of reclaimed ground), lateral soil spreading, and damage to waterfront structures. However, there is evidence that soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) in non-liquefied ground played a detrimental role in the seismic performance of local structures, including the one under investigation. The bridge consisted of single circular concrete columns monolithically connected to a concrete deck, founded on pile groups in alluvium sand …

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Settlement Back-Analysis Of Buildings On Soft Soil In Southern Germany, H.-G. Kempfert, B. Soumaya Apr 2004

Settlement Back-Analysis Of Buildings On Soft Soil In Southern Germany, H.-G. Kempfert, B. Soumaya

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper presents 10 case-histories of buildings on soft clay in southern Germany. A lot of field observations show that the calculated settlements using the routine analysis are on average 50 % larger than settlements actually measured in this area. A back-analysis is carried out to verify the soil parameters which are intended to investigate in the subsurface exploration phase and later in a laboratory test program. Recommendations for the engineering practice are suggested to review the determination of compressibility parameters and, consequently, to improve the settlement prediction.

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Design And Installation Of Foundations In Various Ground Conditions At Four Power Stations In The U.K., Christopher D. Parks, David E. Jones, José L. M. Clemente Apr 2004

Design And Installation Of Foundations In Various Ground Conditions At Four Power Stations In The U.K., Christopher D. Parks, David E. Jones, José L. M. Clemente

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The design and installation of safe and economic foundation solutions for large projects is of great importance in contributing to commercial success. On four recent power projects in the U.K., a variety of foundation solutions have been adopted, driven largely by the particular ground conditions encountered at each location. All four projects were gas fired combined cycle power station facilities and each location provided unique challenges in both the design and installation of the foundations. The variety of foundation soils encountered was diverse; soft alluvial peat and clay, loose to medium dense silty sands and moderately weak to moderately strong …

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Design And Construction Of A Support Of Excavation System For A Deep Cut-And-Cover Tunnel In Downtown Boston, Yousef Alostaz, Abdol Hagh, Jack Pecora Apr 2004

Design And Construction Of A Support Of Excavation System For A Deep Cut-And-Cover Tunnel In Downtown Boston, Yousef Alostaz, Abdol Hagh, Jack Pecora

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper presents the analysis, design, implementation and construction of a Value Engineering Cost Proposal (VECP) for the support of excavation system for parts of the underground Central Artery Tunnel in downtown Boston. The excavation varies between about 130 ft and 240 ft in width and between 60 ft and 100 ft in depth. The typical structure of the tunnel consists of soldier pile tremie concrete (SPTC) walls, roof girders with a cast-in place (CIP) concrete slab and a CIP invert slab. The SPTC walls, constructed using the bentonite slurry technique, act as the temporary earth-support structure as well as …

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Increase In Pile Capacity With Time In Missouri River Alluvium, Paul J. Axtell, Jacob W. Owen, Scott D. Vollink Apr 2004

Increase In Pile Capacity With Time In Missouri River Alluvium, Paul J. Axtell, Jacob W. Owen, Scott D. Vollink

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The data measured in this study suggest that the increase in compressive pile capacity for a 42-ft long, HP14x102 pile, in a predominantly fine-grained Missouri River alluvium soil profile, increases by about 16 percent from days seven to forty-four after driving. It appears evident that Davisson’s (1973) failure criteria seems to agree fairly well with the observed plunging failure of two compressive pile-load failure tests performed in Missouri River alluvium. By comparison of compressive proof and failure tests performed on day forty-four after driving, it appears that loading a pile to some degree prior to failure, and then reloading the …

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Settlement Of A Light Rail Pier Supported On Large Diameter Bored Piles Remediated By Jet Grouting, Emilio M. Morales, Toshio Ono Apr 2004

Settlement Of A Light Rail Pier Supported On Large Diameter Bored Piles Remediated By Jet Grouting, Emilio M. Morales, Toshio Ono

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A support Pier (Pier 161) for a Light Rail line being constructed for the Metro Manila Light Rail Project encountered large settlements after the installation of the Precast Deck Girders. This pier supports bridge crossing across the San Juan River with a total span of sixty (60) meters. This Pier is supported on six (6) 1500 mm diameter bored piles designed to extend down to 17 meters or socketed into bedrock at least 2.0 meters based on design requirements. The structure started to settle during the erection of the superstructure when the dead load reached about 700 metric tons. Total …

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Foundations Over Expansive Soil, A Saudi Arabia Case History, Syed Faiz Ahmad Apr 2004

Foundations Over Expansive Soil, A Saudi Arabia Case History, Syed Faiz Ahmad

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Presence of highly plastic clays in Hofuf in Al-Hassa (an oasis in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia) indicated existence of potential expansive soil problems in these regions. Hofuf is notoriously known as the area with expansive clay problem and finds mention in text books on the subject also. The first ever “Stiffened Slab Waffle Foundation” in Saudi Arabia was poured on Sunday the 7th February1999 for the Barracks in Prince Abdullah Military City, in Hofuf. In this Paper, a Case History is being presented encompassing: the experiences of this project vis-à-vis geotechnical complexities of the Site, decision to adopt …

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Snow Avalanche Training Dike At Flateyri, Iceland, Pálmi R. Pálmason, Fjóla Guðrún Sigtryggsdóttir, Flosi Sigurðsson, Gunnar Guðni Tómasson Apr 2004

Snow Avalanche Training Dike At Flateyri, Iceland, Pálmi R. Pálmason, Fjóla Guðrún Sigtryggsdóttir, Flosi Sigurðsson, Gunnar Guðni Tómasson

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

October 26, 1995 a snow avalanche hit a village in NW Iceland killing 20 people. Subsequently, extensive research on the properties and characteristics of avalanches and defence possibilities was instigated aiming at appraising preventive measures. Due consideration of the prevailing conditions showed training dikes (deflecting dams) of specific height and angles to be the most cost effective measures, provided that these could be constructed from materials available in the immediate vicinity. Additionally, the steeper the slope facing the avalanche (upstream) the more protective the dike. This was designed and constructed at 1 vertical to 1.25 horizontal upstream. The 1200 m …

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Treatment Or Unconformity Zone And Curtain Grouting In Foundation Of Almatti Dam On Krishna River, Mahavir Bidasaria Apr 2004

Treatment Or Unconformity Zone And Curtain Grouting In Foundation Of Almatti Dam On Krishna River, Mahavir Bidasaria

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Curtain Grouting is an important component of Foundation treatment of Dam and other hydraulic structures. The purpose of Curtain Grouting is to form a zone of low permeability upto a designed depth on the upstream of the dam. This grout curtain along with downstream drainage system controls the uplift pressure and piping which are potential hazards. The present case study deals with providing grout curtain to Almatti Masonry Dam from Block No. 1 to 52. Besides curtain grouting this case study also deals with the treatment of weak zone (unconformity zone) of thickness upto 6 m, which was existing in …

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Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette Apr 2004

Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Deer Creek Dam is a zoned earthen embankment on the Provo River in central Utah. The site is potentially subject to very severe earthquake loading, and some foundation materials have been identified as being likely to be liquefied by strong shaking. This could lead to instability or large dynamic deformations of the downstream slope, and possibly a breach of the dam. Several structural concepts were evaluated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to determine the best method to stabilize the embankment. The selected modification concept was a rolled earthfill key under the downstream toe of the embankment, with a berm …

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Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri Apr 2004

Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The present study is part of a research programme, namely "Detailed Scenarios and Actions for Seismic Prevention of Damage in the Urban Area of Catania", financed by the National Department for the Civil Protection and National Research Council – National Group for the Defence Against Earthquake (CNR – GNDT). Among the objectives of the project there are in particular the geotechnical characterisation of soils of the city of Catania and the evaluation of site effects due to local site amplification phenomena. The investigation program was performed in seven different test areas of Catania. One of which is the "Plaja beach" …

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Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw Apr 2004

Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The 53m deep, 1.2m thick, heavily reinforced diaphragm wall, constructed to form this vent shaft, would not normally merit special mention. What makes this project notable is that the work was carried out within the confines of a very small city site, surrounded by residential properties, immediately adjacent to an operating rail line and with strict limits on permitted working hours and noise levels. This paper describes the construction phase of the work including the planning, preparation, means and methods undertaken to overcome the constraints noted above. Because of the potential problems and consequently the inherent significant construction risk the …

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