Engineering Commons^™

Realization Of Transfer Impedances Using Distributed Rc Elements In A Common Ground Linvill Configuration, Walter Woronka

Theses

One of several synthesis procedures available for the realization of a transfer admittance is that of Linvill. This synthesis procedure employs an active element, a negative impedance converter (NIC), to shift the poles of passive immittance functions from the negative real axis into the complex plane to realize the desired transfer immittance function.

The Linvill synthesis procedure is extended to networks containing cascaded distributed RC elements and the conditions which must be satisfied to realize a transfer impedance using these distributed elements are defined.

Liquid Vapor Equilibrium In Nucleate And Film Boiling, Walter Henry Rothaug

Theses

Liquid vapor equilibrium data were obtained for several solutions and azeotropes under both nucleate and film boiling. The data were invariant between the two boiling regimes indicating that both nucleate and film boiling are equilibrium vaporizations rather than either diffusional or bulk vaporizations. Boiling heat transfer versus temperature data were taken in nucleate and film boiling for the solutions and azeotropes and for several pure liquids. The critical heat flux for methyl alcohol-benzene solutions rose sharply at first and then more moderately with increasing alcohol concentration. The critical heat flux was pratically constant regardless of concentration in ethyl alcohol-benzene solutions. …

Coagulation In Waste Water Treatment, Garret P. Westerhoff

Theses

This paper emphasizes a practical approach to the coagulation of domestic waste water. A portion of the paper is a synopsis of current published literature on the subject. Laboratory studies on the coagulation of raw domestic waste waters were conducted to provide the basis of a practical procedure for the evaluation and design of a coagulation process. Studies included the development of a relationship between the B.O.D. and the soluble and solids portion of two waste tests. The jar test was used for the studies on the coagulation process. The final section of the paper outlines the chemical cost factors …

The Effect Of Internal Combustion Engine Operation Upon The Viscometric Properties Of Polymer Thickened Multi-Viscosity Crankcase Oils, William Charles Philcox

Theses

The effects of engine mileage upon the viscometric properties of seven different brands of multi-viscosity engine oils were examined by subjecting each brand of oil to an average of 1500 miles of service in the crankcases of different passenger cars.

Oil samples were taken every 500 miles after the oil was put in the crankcase. The control oil sample was taken from a can of oil at the time the oil was put in the engine.

The viscosity indices and kinematic viscosities at 100° F and 210° F were calculated for each sample of oil. The percent change in viscosity …

The Effects Of Air-Water Two Phase Flow On The Performance Of A Centrifugal Pump, Karnig Ekizian

Theses

This study investigates the performance of a 1-inch long 4-vane open impeller centrifugal pump under two phase flow conditions. The paddle wheel pump, as branded by its manufacturer the Worthington Corporation, had a specific speed of 3400 (based on gallons per minute, feet of water and revolutions per minute) corresponding to a 7-inch impeller diameter. A 1/8-inch perforated steel pipe carried the compressed air to within four inches of the impeller eye where the air was injected into the water stream (See figures 18 and 20).

The three variable inputs were, water flow rate, pump speed and air flow rate. …

A Study Of The Properties Of The Biconical Antenna, Kurt Frank Hafner Jr.

Theses

Expressions are found for the fields produced by TM and TEM modes along a finitely conducting biconical antenna. Expressions are also found for the TM and TEM fileds along a biconical antenna having a lossy dielectric coating. It is shown that the antenna losses produce an anntenuation of the the fields along the antenna. It is found that because there is a dispersion of the fields along the biconical antenna, the attenuation produced by the losses is, in genaral, not characterized by simple exponential.

A solution is obtained for the fields of the TEM wave along a biconical antenna coated …

Reliability Considerations For Communication Satellites, Frank Polizzi

Theses

A detailed program covering all phases of reliability for a communication satellite was presented. In long mission programs such as this one, reliability is the prime consideration in assuring a successful accomplishment of the stringent goals set forth. Reliability principles and methods were incorporated in delineating each major task in the program. These principles and methods not only aided the reliability personnel in performing their duties better, but also assisted the design group, manufacturing personnel, and the testing and evaluation group in performing their jobs efficiently by being aware and knowledgeable of reliability engineering.

Various reliability disciplines were imposed, as …

Fault Protection With A Digital Computer, George D. Rockefeller

Theses

A fundamental basis has been developed for the use of a time-shared stored-program digital computer to perform many of the electrical power-system protective-relay functions in a substation. Logic operations are given to detect a fault, locate it and initiate the opening of the appropriate circuit breakers, whether the fault is in the station or on lines radiating from the station.

The instantaneous value of the station voltages and currents are sampled at a 0.5 ms rate, converted to digital form and stored for computer main-frame use. Operating times are compatible with the 25 ms breaker trip capability of modern two-cycle …

Heat Transfer Between A Turbulent Round Jet And A Segmented Flat Plate Perpendicular To It, John Edward Chamberlain

Theses

Heat transfer between a room temperature, turbulent round jet and a segmented flat plate perpendicular to it has been investigated.

The heat transfer surface consisted of invar rings insulated from each other with silicone rubber. The source of heat was steam at atmospheric pressure condensing on the back of the heat transfer surface.

Since data were taken over a wide range of vertical distances between the nozzle and the flat surface both the potential cone and the fully developed regions of the jet were observed interacting with the heated plate.

It was determined that two modes of heat transfer occur; …

Open-Loop Frequency Response Analysis Of A Jacketed Kettle With Internal Heating/Cooling Coil, Wayne P. Brenckle

Theses

This work was performed to investigate the response and stability of a jacketed kettle with internal heating/cooling coils and glasteel thermowell. This system was first analyzed mathematically by deriving transfer functions for each component and then combining all component equations together to give the overall system transfer function. The mathematical model was then checked by frequency response analysis of the system. Bode plots of the system were prepared and the effect of the thermowell was analyzed.

Nyquist plots of the system were used as the criteria for determining stability, and obtaining the open-loop gain necessary to give optimum closed-loop response. …

Heat And Mass Transfer In The Absence Of Air, James Joseph Howley

Theses

The effects of heat and mass transfer across a frosted heat exchanger operating in the absence of air was evaluated. It is felt that this work could be applied to processes such as desalination of water or the purification of materials by reverse sublimation.

The system consisted of a single 1/2” O.D. stainless steel tube mounted within a 3" O.D. plexiglas tube with the ends suitably flanged. A vacuum was maintained in the annular space. Refrigerated ethylene glycol passed through the inner tube in laminar flow. A series of runs with substantially air-free water vapor added to the annular space …

The Reaction Of Cyclic Acetals With N-Halo Compounds, Nicholas Hrinkevich

Theses

Chemical reactions were carried out to determine the products of the halogenation of cyclic acetals with N-halo compounds (specifically N-bromosuccinimide and N-chlorosuccinimide) under conditions essentially free of those directly associated with free radical mechanisms (photocatalysis, peroxides, azonitriles, etc.).

Cyclic acetals were prepared and halogenated with bromine (Br2) or N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS). The distilled product from each reaction after workup was analyzed by vapor phase chromatography (VPC). The major components from the VPC were collected and identified by either infrared (IR) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elementary analysis.

A mixture of compounds was found in each distilled …

Natural Gas Liquefaction, Travis George Hutchinson

Theses

In this thesis the author has developed a new process by which natural gas is converted into its liquid form. This has been accomplished by cryogenically cooling, condensing and fractionating natural gas. Resultant from this process is the design of natural gas liquefaction with valuable by-product recovery.

A Computer Program For Multicomponent Distillation From Start Up To Steady State, Leo Julian

Theses

A computer program is presented which develops for a multicomponent distillation column a composition and temperature profile as a function of time from initial start-up to steady-state conditions.

The program is written in Kingston Fortran II language for use on an IBM 1620 II machine. It is a Thiele-Geddes type solution, i.e. the total number of plates, feed plate, overhead and bottoms split are specified and the solution gives plate. compositions and temperatures. The material balance at any time is based on the composition at the previous time, increased (or decreased) by the net quantity added and removed as a …

Approximation Of Reaction Rate Models, Hsu-Tung Lee

Theses

In reaction rate studies, experimental data is interpreted and correlated in terms of various mathematical models. The converse of the modeling of practical problems is the task- of experimental determination of reaction mechanisms. Generally, this approach is classified into integral and differential methods. Both involve trial and error techniques. The mathematical model which satisfies the test becomes the equation for mechanistic representation.

Both the integral and differential methods have been tried. Generally speaking, the differential method is more advantageous than the integral. For one thing, the parameters which are involved in the nodal can be determined directly by the differential …

An Investigation Of Some Properties Of Liquids Near Their Freezing Points, Martin Irwin Pulver

Theses

Five normal alcohols were prepared to greater than 99% purity. Simultaneous viscosity and density measurements were made beginning at 20°C above the reported normal freezing point and ending at incipient crystallization.

It was assumed that viscosity could be expressed as a function of specific volume and absolute volume, and that a simple logarithmic function would give a suitable correlation. The resulting equation yielded viscosities with an average error of less than 0.8% for the entire collection of data.

Deviations from a previously established linear function were observed in the density data from about 5°C above the reported normal freezing point …

The Measurement Of Dispersion Coefficients, John Harold Rosenberger

Theses

This work describes a method of determining axial dispersion coefficients in a packed bed chemical reactor. This is done by measurement of the fractional conversion of acetic anhydride to acetic acid, by first order reaction in dilute solution. The reaction is carried out at various flow rates in a four inch diameter reactor packed with one-half inch Raschig rings. analysis is by the aniline-rater method. Calculation of the dispersion coefficients is by trial using a digital computer. The results are presented graphically and compared to results obtained by other methods. The results of this study are found to correspond to …

Thermal Conductivity Of Mixtures, Paul Joseph Orosz

Theses

A concentric cylinder type cell was designed and constructed tp measure thermal conductivity of liquids. The materials of construction were stainless steel and teflon, so that a wide variety of liquids could be tested.

The systems studied were aqueous solutions of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and tertiary-butyl alcohol. Thermal conductivity was studied as a function of composition.

The data obtained were fitted to quadratic equations by least squares analysis. For each system, an equation of the following type was obtained:

k_L = A + Bx_A + Cx_A²

where k_L is thermal …

Case History Of A Test Pile Program For The Redevelopment Of Newark Airport, Patrick De Michele

Theses

A pile load test program was conducted at Newark Airport to determine the most economical piles to be utilized to support the structure in the Redevelopment of Newark Airport. The controlling criteria were the pre-determined design capacity of 50 to 100 tons for the piles and conformance to the Newark Building Code regarding the maximum allowable loads on the Airport's bearing strata and the allowable settlements for test loaded piles. Thirty-four piles, ten timber, four steel H-piles, four pre-stressed concrete, seven cobi shell and nine steel pipe piles, were driven to determine driving characteristics of the piles and the reaction …

Ball Milling Of Non-Newtonian Dispersions, Barry S. Miller

Theses

This investigation attempts to obtain a better understanding of flow behavior of a pigmented dispersion in a ball mill.

A power-law fluid model was used to approximate the rheological behavior of the milled fluid. To correlate power data on each of 276 milled dispersions, this model was used together with power number, Reynolds number, Froude number; and some geometrical variables.

Laboratory size stainless steel jars containing stainless steel balls from 1/8 to 3/4 inches in diameter were used to Mill a pigment/binder/solvent system at various speeds for different periods of time.

A correlation of power number as a function of …

The Frequency Response Analysis Of A Reboiler-Condenser Under Condensate Control, Douglas F. Ready

Theses

In this investigation, the dynamics of a reboiler-condenser pair, with the reboiler operating under condensate control, were analyzed both theoretically and experimentally, and the results of the two analyses compared.

The theoretical analysis was performed using the standard method of Laplace transform transfer function synthesis.

The experimental study consisted of a frequency response analysis of the system response to sinusoidal variations of the steam condensate rejection rate.

Two mathematical models were developed, one quite rigorous but extremely cumbersome, the other neglecting all but the most important factors for the sake of simplicity.

The experimental data (in the form of Bode …

Potassium T-Butoxide-Initiated Elimination On Substrate 1,1,2-Trimethoxyethane, James Waldron

Theses

1-bromo-2,2-dimethoxyethane (I) was prepared in 68% yield from the addition of bromine to a solution of vinyl acetate and methanol. A Williamson ether synthesis, using sodium methoxide in methanol and I, gave 1,1,2-trimethoxyethane (II) in 48% yield. The compound (II) was the desired substrate for elimination reactions because it contains poor leaving alkoxide groups.

Many different reactions were investigated to convert II into 1,2-dimethoxyethylene. Among these were pyrolysis, acid catalyzed eliminations, and base initiated elimination reactions.

Best results were obtained using a bomb reactor, compound II as substrate, and potassium t-butoxide as the base. From this reaction, tertiary-butyl methyl ether, …

Carburizing Of Steel Using "Cracked" Methane, Robert Alvin Hesse

Theses

An attempt was made to carburize steel using cracked methane, industrial terminology for methane burned in air over a catalyst to give carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as the carburizing agent. Initial tests in a laboratory scale furnace using steel in chip form showed that, the feasibility of this method was excellent. These tests also indicated that a good method of control of the carburizing would be by a system that could measure the dew point of the gases introduced into the furnace. The next step was to apply the method of carburizing to small production size lots of bearing components. …

Melt Rheological Properties Of A Filled Polyethylene, George Lewis Levy

Theses

A procedure was developed to convert shear stress at various melt temperatures into a computed shear stress at a constant temperature in an isothermal system.

The isothermal shear stress was first analyzed at an equilibrium condition before time induced stress reduction for

1) the temperature dependency of shear stress

2) non-newtonian flow behavior

3) a relationship between the independent variables of shear rate, filler concentration and temperature, and shear stress.

A statistical analysis was performed on the data to find an empirical relationship between shear stress and the independent variables, at any time, under stress, for unfilled and filled high …

Kinetics Of Hydrolysis Of Butyl Lactate, Peter Pommers

Theses

The acid catalyzed hydrolysis of butyl lactate with water, using lactic acid to achieve a homogeneous solution, was studied.

Experiments at various temperatures were run under catalyzed and uncatalyzed conditions. The course of the hydrolysis was followed by titrating the acidity of the reaction mass at certain time intervals. From the results of these titrations and from the experimental determinations of the equilibrium constant, the reaction velocity constants for the hydrolysis of butyl lactate were calculated. The velocity constants were found to range from .8 x 10^-5 to 25 x 10^-5 liters/ (g-mole)(min), depending upon the reaction temperature …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride, Isopropanol, Barnet H. Bursack

Theses

A study was made of the vapor-liquid equilibria of the ternary system: Chloroform (CHCl₃), Carbon Tetra-chloride (CCl₄) and Isopropanol (C₃H₈O). An Othmer still was used for the equilibria determination. Refractive index and density measurements were used to determine liquid and vapor compositions. A comparison between experimental and theoretical values was made using the Margules 3-suffix ternary equations for the correlation.

It was necessary to investigate the vapor-liquid equilibria of each of the three binary systems to evaluate the techniques and equipment used and obtain new data. Only one previous investigation of the …

The Kinetics Of A Heterogeneous System, Francisco H. Fernandez-Ortega, Gonzalo D. Milian

Theses

The reaction between an acidic potassium dichromate solution and metallic copper has been studied at 25.0°C under batch quiescent and continuous flow conditions.

The effect of time of reaction, reactor diameter, acid, dichromate, and salt concentration upon reaction rate have been investigated for a quiescent batch reactor and found to influence the Reaction Velocity Constant of the system. As the reaction progressed, the Reaction Velocity Constant was observed to decrease. An increase in reactor diameter resulted in a Reaction Velocity Constant increase. Small increments in the dichromate concentration produced a decrease in the Reaction Velocity Constant. A maximum point of …

Effects Of Non-Constant Molal Flow On Distillation Plate Separation, Joseph Lawrence Niedzwiecki, W. Weissman

Theses

This thesis presents new equations for predicting degree of separation on a distillation plate, recognizing non-constant molal flow effects. A FORTRAN program is included for solving the new equations. Experimental runs were made for comparison to theoretical predictions.

First an equation is derived for predicting separation at a point on a distillation plate. The derivation is analogous to Murphree's point efficiency equation except that the effects of flow between phases are included by applying the Colburn-Drew theory. Finally, an overall plate separation equation is derived analogous to the A.I.Ch.E. eddy diffusion model for Murphree plate efficiency, except that the rate …

Current-Potential Effects Of Trace Impurities In Manganese Electrowinning-Ii, Bipinchandra Govindlal Shah

Theses

The effects of trace non-metallic impurities, found in manganese electrowinning solutions, on cathode current-potential curves have been investigated. Five impurities, e.g., Sulfur-dioxide, Ammonium Sulphide, Urea, Thiourea, and Gelatine were studied.

In the first phase of the study the effect of individual impurity on the standard polarization curve was determined for a range of concentration. It was observed that these impurities did not affect the standard polarization curve.

In the second phase the above observation was confirmed by using cobalt as metallic impurity in addition to the non-metallic impurity. A marked effect on the standard polarization curve was observed due to …

Fugacity And Activity Coefficients For The N-Butane-Nitrogen System, Richard E. Walter

Theses

Fugacity and activity coefficients were calculated for the nitrogen-n-butane system at 310°, 340°, 370°, and 400°F. in 100 atmosphere pressure intervals from 100 to 700 atmospheres for the pure components and mixtures of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 mol% n-butane. Calculations were based on a method proposed by Van Ness. This calculation procedure combines an analytical solution utilizing the Redlich and Kwong equation of state with a graphically obtained correction factor.