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Articles 721 - 750 of 2055
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Settlement Back-Analysis Of Buildings On Soft Soil In Southern Germany, H.-G. Kempfert, B. Soumaya
Settlement Back-Analysis Of Buildings On Soft Soil In Southern Germany, H.-G. Kempfert, B. Soumaya
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents 10 case-histories of buildings on soft clay in southern Germany. A lot of field observations show that the calculated settlements using the routine analysis are on average 50 % larger than settlements actually measured in this area. A back-analysis is carried out to verify the soil parameters which are intended to investigate in the subsurface exploration phase and later in a laboratory test program. Recommendations for the engineering practice are suggested to review the determination of compressibility parameters and, consequently, to improve the settlement prediction.
Design And Installation Of Foundations In Various Ground Conditions At Four Power Stations In The U.K., Christopher D. Parks, David E. Jones, José L. M. Clemente
Design And Installation Of Foundations In Various Ground Conditions At Four Power Stations In The U.K., Christopher D. Parks, David E. Jones, José L. M. Clemente
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The design and installation of safe and economic foundation solutions for large projects is of great importance in contributing to commercial success. On four recent power projects in the U.K., a variety of foundation solutions have been adopted, driven largely by the particular ground conditions encountered at each location. All four projects were gas fired combined cycle power station facilities and each location provided unique challenges in both the design and installation of the foundations. The variety of foundation soils encountered was diverse; soft alluvial peat and clay, loose to medium dense silty sands and moderately weak to moderately strong …
Design And Construction Of A Support Of Excavation System For A Deep Cut-And-Cover Tunnel In Downtown Boston, Yousef Alostaz, Abdol Hagh, Jack Pecora
Design And Construction Of A Support Of Excavation System For A Deep Cut-And-Cover Tunnel In Downtown Boston, Yousef Alostaz, Abdol Hagh, Jack Pecora
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents the analysis, design, implementation and construction of a Value Engineering Cost Proposal (VECP) for the support of excavation system for parts of the underground Central Artery Tunnel in downtown Boston. The excavation varies between about 130 ft and 240 ft in width and between 60 ft and 100 ft in depth. The typical structure of the tunnel consists of soldier pile tremie concrete (SPTC) walls, roof girders with a cast-in place (CIP) concrete slab and a CIP invert slab. The SPTC walls, constructed using the bentonite slurry technique, act as the temporary earth-support structure as well as …
Increase In Pile Capacity With Time In Missouri River Alluvium, Paul J. Axtell, Jacob W. Owen, Scott D. Vollink
Increase In Pile Capacity With Time In Missouri River Alluvium, Paul J. Axtell, Jacob W. Owen, Scott D. Vollink
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The data measured in this study suggest that the increase in compressive pile capacity for a 42-ft long, HP14x102 pile, in a predominantly fine-grained Missouri River alluvium soil profile, increases by about 16 percent from days seven to forty-four after driving. It appears evident that Davisson’s (1973) failure criteria seems to agree fairly well with the observed plunging failure of two compressive pile-load failure tests performed in Missouri River alluvium. By comparison of compressive proof and failure tests performed on day forty-four after driving, it appears that loading a pile to some degree prior to failure, and then reloading the …
Settlement Of A Light Rail Pier Supported On Large Diameter Bored Piles Remediated By Jet Grouting, Emilio M. Morales, Toshio Ono
Settlement Of A Light Rail Pier Supported On Large Diameter Bored Piles Remediated By Jet Grouting, Emilio M. Morales, Toshio Ono
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A support Pier (Pier 161) for a Light Rail line being constructed for the Metro Manila Light Rail Project encountered large settlements after the installation of the Precast Deck Girders. This pier supports bridge crossing across the San Juan River with a total span of sixty (60) meters. This Pier is supported on six (6) 1500 mm diameter bored piles designed to extend down to 17 meters or socketed into bedrock at least 2.0 meters based on design requirements. The structure started to settle during the erection of the superstructure when the dead load reached about 700 metric tons. Total …
Foundations Over Expansive Soil, A Saudi Arabia Case History, Syed Faiz Ahmad
Foundations Over Expansive Soil, A Saudi Arabia Case History, Syed Faiz Ahmad
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Presence of highly plastic clays in Hofuf in Al-Hassa (an oasis in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia) indicated existence of potential expansive soil problems in these regions. Hofuf is notoriously known as the area with expansive clay problem and finds mention in text books on the subject also. The first ever “Stiffened Slab Waffle Foundation” in Saudi Arabia was poured on Sunday the 7th February1999 for the Barracks in Prince Abdullah Military City, in Hofuf. In this Paper, a Case History is being presented encompassing: the experiences of this project vis-à-vis geotechnical complexities of the Site, decision to adopt …
Snow Avalanche Training Dike At Flateyri, Iceland, Pálmi R. Pálmason, Fjóla Guðrún Sigtryggsdóttir, Flosi Sigurðsson, Gunnar Guðni Tómasson
Snow Avalanche Training Dike At Flateyri, Iceland, Pálmi R. Pálmason, Fjóla Guðrún Sigtryggsdóttir, Flosi Sigurðsson, Gunnar Guðni Tómasson
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
October 26, 1995 a snow avalanche hit a village in NW Iceland killing 20 people. Subsequently, extensive research on the properties and characteristics of avalanches and defence possibilities was instigated aiming at appraising preventive measures. Due consideration of the prevailing conditions showed training dikes (deflecting dams) of specific height and angles to be the most cost effective measures, provided that these could be constructed from materials available in the immediate vicinity. Additionally, the steeper the slope facing the avalanche (upstream) the more protective the dike. This was designed and constructed at 1 vertical to 1.25 horizontal upstream. The 1200 m …
Treatment Or Unconformity Zone And Curtain Grouting In Foundation Of Almatti Dam On Krishna River, Mahavir Bidasaria
Treatment Or Unconformity Zone And Curtain Grouting In Foundation Of Almatti Dam On Krishna River, Mahavir Bidasaria
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Curtain Grouting is an important component of Foundation treatment of Dam and other hydraulic structures. The purpose of Curtain Grouting is to form a zone of low permeability upto a designed depth on the upstream of the dam. This grout curtain along with downstream drainage system controls the uplift pressure and piping which are potential hazards. The present case study deals with providing grout curtain to Almatti Masonry Dam from Block No. 1 to 52. Besides curtain grouting this case study also deals with the treatment of weak zone (unconformity zone) of thickness upto 6 m, which was existing in …
Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette
Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Deer Creek Dam is a zoned earthen embankment on the Provo River in central Utah. The site is potentially subject to very severe earthquake loading, and some foundation materials have been identified as being likely to be liquefied by strong shaking. This could lead to instability or large dynamic deformations of the downstream slope, and possibly a breach of the dam. Several structural concepts were evaluated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to determine the best method to stabilize the embankment. The selected modification concept was a rolled earthfill key under the downstream toe of the embankment, with a berm …
Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri
Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The present study is part of a research programme, namely "Detailed Scenarios and Actions for Seismic Prevention of Damage in the Urban Area of Catania", financed by the National Department for the Civil Protection and National Research Council – National Group for the Defence Against Earthquake (CNR – GNDT). Among the objectives of the project there are in particular the geotechnical characterisation of soils of the city of Catania and the evaluation of site effects due to local site amplification phenomena. The investigation program was performed in seven different test areas of Catania. One of which is the "Plaja beach" …
Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw
Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The 53m deep, 1.2m thick, heavily reinforced diaphragm wall, constructed to form this vent shaft, would not normally merit special mention. What makes this project notable is that the work was carried out within the confines of a very small city site, surrounded by residential properties, immediately adjacent to an operating rail line and with strict limits on permitted working hours and noise levels. This paper describes the construction phase of the work including the planning, preparation, means and methods undertaken to overcome the constraints noted above. Because of the potential problems and consequently the inherent significant construction risk the …
Lining Design For Alborz Tunnel In Iran, N. S. Bulychev, N. N. Fotieva, A. S. Sammal, I. Siavoshi
Lining Design For Alborz Tunnel In Iran, N. S. Bulychev, N. N. Fotieva, A. S. Sammal, I. Siavoshi
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The paper describes the application of analytical methods if tunnel linings design under static, tectonic and seismic effects for the design of the transport tunnel Albors in Iran. The methods are based on solutions of the corresponding plane problems of the elasticity theory simulating the initial stress fields in the rock mass caused by gravitational or tectonic forces and actions of long arbitrary directed longitudinal (P) and shear (S) waves propagating in the plane of the tunnel cross-section. For the design of tunnel linings under seismic effects the original approach has been applied consisting in the determination of maximal compressive …
Directionally Drilled Raw Water Intakes, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Brian C. Dorwart, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Michael K. Yavarow
Directionally Drilled Raw Water Intakes, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Brian C. Dorwart, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Michael K. Yavarow
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota obtains drinking water from both the Red River and Red Lake River through a system of raw water intakes, shallow pipelines and pump stations. During flood events, the City often loses access to the system. In addition, the banks of the rivers are subject to land sliding, which can easily damage the shallow intakes. This proved particularly true during the record flood event in 1997, and resulted in the design of a new setback levee system by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As a result, the City decided to construct a new …
Closure Of The Woodhull Mine Chester, New Jersey, James G. Mcwhorter
Closure Of The Woodhull Mine Chester, New Jersey, James G. Mcwhorter
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
There are numerous abandoned iron mines that dot the landscape within the Highlands of Morris and Passaic Counties in northeastern New Jersey. In recent years, as development has continued to expand in rural communities in New Jersey, these abandoned mines have had an impact on numerous construction projects within the state. The Woodhull Iron Mine was initially developed in the 1860’s, but production was insignificant. All mining activity had ceased by the late 1880’s. The mine workings consisted of a series of northeast-southwest trending magnetite-enriched zones of some 3 to 5 feet in thickness, dipping to the southeast between 55 …
Eleven Case Studies Of Failures In Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology, And Geophysics: How They Could Have Been Avoided, David Cummings, Frank J. Kenton
Eleven Case Studies Of Failures In Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology, And Geophysics: How They Could Have Been Avoided, David Cummings, Frank J. Kenton
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
When a failure occurs, geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, and geophysicists assign its cause to an event that immediately precedes the failure, such as an earthquake, heavy rainfall, flood, or other natural event. Assigning the failure to the immediate event is misplaced; the metastasis occurred because marginally stable conditions were allowed to exist through substandard investigations by the technical personnel, improper design, and inadequate review by the permitting agency. The fundamental cause of the failure is human error and is manifested in one or more of six categories. (1) Before the investigation, during discussions with the client. (2) During the investigation, …
Study Of Theoretical And Observed Capacities Of Bored Cast-Insitu Piles In Tuff, Braccia And Weathered Basalt, V. T. Ganpule, S. M. Gupte
Study Of Theoretical And Observed Capacities Of Bored Cast-Insitu Piles In Tuff, Braccia And Weathered Basalt, V. T. Ganpule, S. M. Gupte
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The termination depth of bored cast in situ piles poses serious problem to the field engineers particularly on weak weathered rock, stiff clays and dense sands. Some sort of decision making tool is available for driven piles in the form of driving formulae. The first part of paper deals with a simple method based on penetration resistance to the advancement of bore and its relation with end bearing and frictional resistance offered by formation. The second and third parts of paper deal with a newly conceived dynamic method for ascertaining the safe load on pile and its comparison with the …
O-Cell Testing Of Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles, Sanjeev Kumar, Cesar Alarcon, Alyass Hosin
O-Cell Testing Of Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles, Sanjeev Kumar, Cesar Alarcon, Alyass Hosin
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Precast and prestressed concrete piles, approximately 12 to 18 inch diameter or width are frequently used to support heavy building and bridge structures. Fly ash has long been recognized as a construction material used frequently in several Portland cement and concrete products, structural fills, embankments, and road bases/subbases. However, use of Illinois PCC bottom ash in construction of precast concrete piles so far has been very limited, if any, mainly due to the lack of technical data to convince the engineering community that bottom ash could be used in precast and prestressed concrete piles without jeopardizing their performance and the …
Case Studies Of Pile Foundations Undergoing Lateral Spreading In Liquefied Deposits, K. Ishihara, M. Cubrinovski
Case Studies Of Pile Foundations Undergoing Lateral Spreading In Liquefied Deposits, K. Ishihara, M. Cubrinovski
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A well-documented case study from the 1995 Kobe earthquake highlighting the performance of pile foundations in liquefied deposits undergoing lateral spreading is presented. The subject of this study is an oil-storage tank supported on 69 precast concrete piles, 23 m long and 45 cm in diameter. The tank is located in the west part of Mikagehama Island, about 20 m inland from the revetment line. During the Kobe earthquake, the fill deposit surrounding the foundation of the tank developed liquefaction. The quay wall moved seawards and consequent lateral spreading of the backfill soils affected seriously the piles supporting the tank. …
Deep Foundations For New International Airport Passenger Terminal Complex In Bangkok, Ingo Fox, Mangtao Du, Stephen Buttling
Deep Foundations For New International Airport Passenger Terminal Complex In Bangkok, Ingo Fox, Mangtao Du, Stephen Buttling
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The foundation of the terminal in the Second Bangkok International Airport consists of over 25,000 bored piles (drilled shafts) and prestressed concrete cylinder driven piles installed in a complex stratified subsurface formation of soft and stiff clays interbedded by silty sands. A train tunnel to be located underneath the main terminal is a cut-and-cover tunnel supported on its sides by 1-meter thick reinforced concrete diaphragm walls and at the bottom a 2-meter thick basal slab. Particular technical challenges existed in the long-term settlement and potential downdrag caused by changes in effective overburden stresses as a result of excessive pumping of …
Dynamic Characterization Of The Doremus Avenue Bridge Substructure, Nenad Gucunski, Martina Balic, Ali Maher, Hani H. Nassif
Dynamic Characterization Of The Doremus Avenue Bridge Substructure, Nenad Gucunski, Martina Balic, Ali Maher, Hani H. Nassif
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Dynamic properties of the drilled shaft foundations supporting Doremus Avenue Bridge in Newark, New Jersey were determined by forced vibration testing. Doremus Avenue Bridge has been selected for instrumentation, testing and monitoring because it is first bridge in New Jersey designed according to LRFD specification. The main objectives of the substructure testing at Doremus Avenue Bridge were: (a) site evaluation with respect to the dynamic soil properties, and, (b) shaft evaluation for the purpose of definition of their dynamic stiffness. The site characterization entailed crosshole testing for the purpose of evaluation of the shear modulus profile. The drilled shaft impedance …
Reclamations – Case Studies, Madhira R. Madhav, Norihiko Miura
Reclamations – Case Studies, Madhira R. Madhav, Norihiko Miura
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Increasing demands for urban water fronts and the need for continually operational airports coupled with shortages of land spaces has led to the growth of lands reclaimed from the near and off-shore regions of the world. Case histories of reclamations of recent times in the east, especially in Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, etc. are reviewed. The paper also reports the methods of reclamation, the improvement of reclaimed ground and examples of observed settlements in typical cases.
Preliminary Observations Of Geotechnical Failures During The 21 May 2003 M 6.8 Boumerdes, Earthquake, Algeria, Said Salah-Mars, Clark Fenton, Fouad Bendimerad, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Yumei Wang
Preliminary Observations Of Geotechnical Failures During The 21 May 2003 M 6.8 Boumerdes, Earthquake, Algeria, Said Salah-Mars, Clark Fenton, Fouad Bendimerad, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Yumei Wang
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
At 18:44 UTC (19:44 local time) on May 21, 2003, a strong, shallow earthquake of Moment Magnitude (M) 6.8 shook northern Algeria and caused damage in five provinces in the north-central section of the country. Damage was reported over an area about 100 km long and 35 km wide, centered on the city of Boumerdes. The hardest hit areas were in the coastal province of Boumerdes, mainly in the cities of Boumerdes, Zemmouri and Thenia. The earthquake appears to have been generated by an offshore south-dipping thrust fault oriented N54°E extending for about 35 km from Dellys to Corso. The …
Recent Earthquakes In Japan, Susumu Iai, Tetsuo Tobita
Recent Earthquakes In Japan, Susumu Iai, Tetsuo Tobita
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The paper presents highlights of case histories during earthquakes in Japan in 2003. One is a river embankment of the Naruse river in Northern Miyagiken, in which the earthquake with Richter magnitude 6.2 caused failure. A particular interest in this case history is the timing of the earthquake and failure; the earthquake was coincided with the oncoming risk of flooding, with the river suffering a high water level due to continuous raining for three days before the earthquake. This warns us not to disregard the low probability event of combined risks that pose high consequence. The other case history is …
Rion – Antirion Bridge Foundations: A Blend Of Design And Construction Innovation, Gregory L. Biesiadecki, Ricardo Dobry, George E. Leventis, Ralph B. Peck
Rion – Antirion Bridge Foundations: A Blend Of Design And Construction Innovation, Gregory L. Biesiadecki, Ricardo Dobry, George E. Leventis, Ralph B. Peck
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This case history discusses the design and construction of the appropriate foundation scheme for the largest cable-stayed bridge in the world. This concession project was financed through a combination of public funds, private equity and bank loans. When completed in 2004, the Rion-Antirion Bridge will connect the Peloponnese, Greece’s southernmost peninsula, with the mainland across the Gulf of Corinth. Alternative foundation concepts that were considered included traditional driven piles, deeply embedded caissons, and soil improvement. The process of how the foundation evolved from schematics to final design, what were the driving forces, how ideas were disseminated among the Design Team, …
Uplift Bearing Tests And Calculations Of Belled Piles In Loess Of Arid Regions, Liu Wenbai, Zhou Jian, Mongke Tei-Mohr
Uplift Bearing Tests And Calculations Of Belled Piles In Loess Of Arid Regions, Liu Wenbai, Zhou Jian, Mongke Tei-Mohr
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The field prototype tests have been carries out for under-reamed piles bearing uplift loading in the loess of droughty area. In these tests, uplift displacement and horizontal displacement of under-reamed piles bearing uplift loading and horizontal loading, displacement of surface layer soil, relationship of loading and displacement were measured. The ultimate uplift bearing capacity, failure mechanism of piles were studied. It is very effective on improving ultimate uplift bearing capacity of pile to raise height of belled-out section of under-reamed piles. Strength failure mechanism of pile and soil is solved by gradually failure to be due to damage softening and …
Investigation Of Structural Damage In A Corrosive Environment: A Case Study, Joanna L. Meldrum, Akshay Gupta, Brian Mcdonald
Investigation Of Structural Damage In A Corrosive Environment: A Case Study, Joanna L. Meldrum, Akshay Gupta, Brian Mcdonald
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
This paper presents the methodology and results of an investigation into the causes of structural damage to a reinforced concrete block wall building in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. The structural damage was in the form of cracking and spalling of the lower courses of the block along the building perimeter. The structural damage to the building had been incorrectly attributed to the Hector Mine Earthquake by another investigator. An evaluation of the response of the building to the estimated level of ground shaking, coupled with site observations, conclusively ruled out the earthquake ground shaking as a cause for the structural …
Analysis Of The Behavior Of The Piled Foundations Of A Group Of Earthquake Damaged Buildings, Francesco Castelli, Michele Maugeri
Analysis Of The Behavior Of The Piled Foundations Of A Group Of Earthquake Damaged Buildings, Francesco Castelli, Michele Maugeri
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The Sicilian earthquake of 13th December, 1990 was not very strong, but it caused considerable damages on structures, included a group of reinforced concrete buildings located in Augusta town on the east coast of Sicily (Italy). To evaluate the possibility to repair these buildings, an investigation on soil, structures and foundations was carried out. As some buildings were founded on piles, load tests on piles of the piled foundations were carried out. The site was well investigated by means of laboratory and in-situ tests including: standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, dilatometer tests and seismic tests. To evaluate dynamic stress-strain …
Steel Pipe Pile Design, Installation, And Dynamic Testing For A New Pier In Georgetown, Sc, Edward L. Hajduk, William B. Wright, Thomas J. Casey, Robert E. Dullanty
Steel Pipe Pile Design, Installation, And Dynamic Testing For A New Pier In Georgetown, Sc, Edward L. Hajduk, William B. Wright, Thomas J. Casey, Robert E. Dullanty
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
A new pier extension was constructed for the South Carolina State Ports Authority (SCSPA) at Pier 31C in Georgetown, South Carolina. This pier was founded on 28 steel open ended pipe (OEP) piles driven into the underlying limestone and silts of the Pee Dee Formation. To account for the expected high lateral loads the new pier may experience during ship impacts and movements, both vertical and batter piles were installed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first application of steel open ended pipe piles as a maritime foundation system in the Georgetown, South Carolina area. The soil stratigraphy at …
Deep Foundation Design Near Flood Protection Projects, Scott A. Loehr
Deep Foundation Design Near Flood Protection Projects, Scott A. Loehr
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
Flood protection structures (flood walls, pump plants, railroad or vehicular access opening and gatewell structures) have foundations subjected to hydrostatic pressures during flood conditions. The foundation sands below these structures are likely to produce hydrostatic pressure elevation heads which measure higher than the top of ground at the structures. Often the foundations for these structures are deep enough to penetrate the sands into the artesian pressures. Deep foundation design for the flood protection structures utilizes software programs based on load testing in many different types of soils. The load tests used to model soil-structure responses to loading are conducted on …
Deep Caisson Sinking In Soft Soils, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Frank J. Barchok, Michael K. Yavarow
Deep Caisson Sinking In Soft Soils, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Frank J. Barchok, Michael K. Yavarow
International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering
The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota obtains drinking water from both the Red and Red Lake Rivers using a system of river intakes, shallow pipelines, and pump stations. However, during flood events, the City often loses access to the system, and persistent landslides along the riverbanks easily damage shallow components. As a result, the City decided to construct a gravity system with new pipelines leading to the base of a 65-foot deep pump station. Several construction techniques were evaluated for the pump station, including a self-sinking caisson, which was chosen for the project. Because the proposed 60-foot-diameter caisson was …