Engineering Commons^™

Pressure Drop In Packed Beds Of Metal Raschig Rings, Donald William Davis

Theses

Absorption towers packed with split metal Raschig rings have a higher void content than towers packed with ceramic Raschig rings of the same nominal size. This increased void volume is due to the thinner wall of the metal ring. This higher void space should also result in lower pressure drops than would be encountered with ceramic rings. The purpose of this research program was to determine the pressure drop-flow characteristics of this packing, and to develop suitable correlations for design of packed absorption towers.

Split metal Raschig rings of one-half and one inch nominal sizes were tested to determine their …

Ultraviolet Analysis Of Mixtures Of O-, P- And M-Nitrotoluene, John Thomas Dempsey

Theses

This paper presents a spectrophotometric method of analysis of mixtures of the isomers of pure nitrotoluene, which are free of the dinitro-compounds and other impurities. The analysis is made in the ultraviolet region with a Beckman DU Spectrophotometer. Graphical methods are developed for both binary and tertiary mixtures. The graphs, which form the basis of the method, represent the theoretical absorbancies for various mixtures of the isomers. From these graphs the concentrations in an unknown mixture can be read directly if the absorbancies, at specified wavelengths, are known.

This analytical method is based on the fact that the absorbancies of …

Effect Of Substituents In The Reductive Dehalogenation Of Substituted Iodobenzenes, George Burton Freda

Theses

Reaction rates for the reductive dehalogenation of ortho or Para substituted iodobenzenes with zinc and acetic acid relative to the rate for unsubstituted iodobenzene were measured. The order of ease of replacement of the iodine for the para substituents on the benzene ring was found to be: -COON -SO₃K> CH₃ -H > -C₆H₅> -OC₂H₅. For ortho substituents the order was -COOH> -C₆H₅> -OC₂H₅ > -SO₃K -CH₃> -H.

A Study Of A Production Control System In A Job Order Die Casting Plant, Robert Gordon Woodnorth

Theses

This thesis examines the production planning and control system in a job-order die casting plant. After comparing to the criteria for an ideal system the following changes were recommended.

1. Central work storage and dispatching. This would reduce work in process and workload fluctuations through closer planning. It would also provide a perpetual inventory system and a central control point which would be constantly informed of production progress.

2. Operator trucking. By having operators do their own trucking material handling costs and production delays would be reduced.

3. Simplified job cost accounting. The use of standard costs for finishing and …

Evaluation Of Two Generalized Compressibility Correlations, Elbert Dale Hooper

Theses

Lydersen's critica1 compressibility correlation and Pitzer's acentric factor correlation are compared by the accuracy with which they reproduce P-V-T data. Each introduces a new parameter to be employed in conjunction with reduced temperature and reduced pressure to account for the behavior of substances of various types.

It is established here that the correlation proposed by Pitzer and co-workers is the more reliable for compressibility and saturation pressure predictions for most substances over a wider temperature and pressure range. The critica1 compressibility, however, improves compressibility predictions near the critica1 point for polar compounds.

Included are graphs and tables showing the deviations …

Ion Exchange Technology In The Sodium And Ferric Ion-Dowex 50 Systems, Alfred George Hoerrner

Theses

This investigation was directed toward the extension of data on the kinetics of monovalent - trivalent cation exchange and to establish data on the relationship between temperature and total capacity of an ion exchange resin. In order to compare the present study to a previous investigation by Klosowski (2), the capacity of the resin used for ferric and chromic ions was also measured.

In the kinetic study, the ferric ion-hydrogen ion exchange using Dowex 50 X-8 resin was studied in an agitated vessel. A two-bladed marine type propellor was used and the agitator speed was varied from 400 to 800 …

Ferro And Ferricyanides In Industrial Waste Water, Frederick Joseph Neff

Theses

The role of the Ferro and ferricyanides in present day waste treatment practice is reviewed. Possible conventional methods for the disposal of the compounds appear inadequate. It is shown experimentally that the cyanide content of Ferrocyanide may be oxidized by hypochlorite in alkaline solution when exposed to ultra-violet light and that no oxidation of the cyanide occurs when reacted with hypochlorite in diffuse laboratory light.

Thermodynamic Properties Of 3-Methylpentane, Raymond Ralph Bernabei

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of 3-Methylpentane have been evaluated at temperatures from 32°F to 550°F and from the saturation pressure to 300 atmospheres based on available experimental data. The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen and Greenkorn were used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties in the superheated range. An equation relating the ideal gas specific heat and temperature has been derived for the range in which no experimental data were available. Values for pressure, specific volume, temperature, enthalpy and entropy have been presented in the form of tables and/or graphs.

The Thermal Conductivity And Other Properties Of Carbonaceous Briquettes, Alfred Seymour Bien, Oliver Phillips

Theses

Anthracite, bituminous coal and petroleum fluid coke were briquetted under pressures of 1000, 2000, 3000, 1000 and 5000 pounds per square inch, using coal tar pitch and petroleum coke bottoms as binding agents.

The individual briquettes were then carbonized. The temperatures of carbonization were 400°, 700°, 1000°, 1300°, 1600° and 1769°F. The effects of carbonization on the specific gravity and weight and volume changes as a function of carbonizing temperature were studied.

The thermal conductivities of the briquettes were determined in a modified guarded hot plate conductivity cell. The temperature of the determination was such that the hot side temperature …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, James Joseph Broderick, Harold E. Devaney

Theses

Several experimental methods have been developed for the determination of the rate of heat transfer between a pure condensing organic vapor and a cold surface. The experimental results of the earliest method, the so-called "embedded thermocouple" approach, have not been in good agreement with heat transfer values predicted by the theoretical Nusselt equation, nor has good agreement been found among the individual data, The alternate method was an indirect approach developed by Wilson and was based on the effect of cooling watt r velocity. Wilson's method provided values in close agreement with the values predicted by the Nussalt equation but …

A Study In Diffusion, Nicholas James Driscoll

Theses

The object of this thesis was to build an experimental apparatus and to study the diffusion of crystal violet in ethanol-water mixtures and diacetone alcohol-water mixtures. In order to validate experimental technique and to check the work of Mouquin Cathcart(1) who postulated compouhd formation in ethanol-water based on diffusion studies, experiments were conducted on the ethanol-water system in the area where compound formation was predicted.

In order to check the proposal of Konrad(2), based on studies of the heats of mixing that compound formation occurs between diacetone alcohol and water, studies were made on the diffusion of crystal violet in …

Electrolytic Treatment Of Spent Pickle Liquor, Luisito Giorgio Grenni

Theses

The problem of the recovery of values from waste sulfate pickling solutions by electrolytic methods, using permselective anion exchange membranes, is here considered from both the viewpoint of technical and commercial feasibility.

Three different types of anion exchange membranes, i.e. NALFILM-1, PERMUTIT and AMBERPLEX A-1, were tested in a laboratory cell, using an acid ferrous sulfate solution having a composition as close as possible to that of the average waste pickle liquor from steel mills. Curves giving a relationship between both iron plated out and sulfate anions transported to the anolyte as a function of the amount of current passed …

Kinetics Of Chromium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Frank Joseph Klosowski, Alfred John Meinhardt

Theses

In this investigation the rates of trivalent-univalent cation exchange in a stirred batch reactor for the chromic ion-Dovex 50 system have been measured. The progress of the reaction has been followed continuously by measuring the change in hydrogen ion concentration of the bulk solution as a function of time with a Beckman pH Meter having external electrodes immersed in the reaction mixture.

This work has been undertaken to determine the rate-controlling mechanism of the reaction, and the influence of agitator speed, particle size, and solution concentration on the rate of exchange. Agitator speed. studied, as limited by the equipment, are …

The Nitration Of 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic Acid, Sanford Monroe Krusch

Theses

The work done in this thesis was undertaken to determine the extent of the isomers which were formed when 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid was nitrated. Nitrations were carried out with various nitrating agents.

The pare toluidine salts of 2,5-dichloro-3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid and 2-p-chlorobenzoate-3-nitro-5-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid were prepared.

Recrystallizations of the mixtures of the nitration products of 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid were carried out in an attempt to purify the 3-nitro isomer.

Bromination of the phenol of the 3-nitro isomer was carried out in an attempt to separate the other isomers formed.

Heat Transfer To A Solids-Air Suspension, Samuel Levinson, Sanford Jerome Tick

Theses

An apparatus for the investigation of heat transfer to air-solid suspensions was designed, constructed and operated. The apparatus consisted of a solids feeder (a fluidized bed), an air-solids mixing tube, a heat exchanger, and a solids separator.

The use of the fluidized bed as a solids feeder proved satisfactory from the standpoint of maintaining a constant feed rate and a constant solids to air ratio. Ease of variation of the solids to air ratio and air flow with the fluidized bed as a feeder was satisfactory, although difficulty was experienced in getting the desired solids to air ratio within a …

Corrosion Resistance Of The Chromium-Manganese-Nickel And Chromium-Manganese Austenitic Stainless Steels, Robert Dewitt Merrick

Theses

The corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nickel austenitic stainless steels has been established through a study of the available literature and unpublished data obtained from producers and users of these alloys. Several compositions are available as listed below. DESIGNATIONCOMPOSITION % CMnCrNiNAISI 2010.155.5/7.516.0/18.03.5/5.50.25AISI 2020.157.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25CM0.1513.0/18.014.0/17.01.00.25Tenelon0.1014.517-0.40TRC0.0816.515.0 min.1.00.2CMN0.651225-0.452040.087.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25

The AISI Type 201 and 202 alloys have been listed by the American Iron and Steel Institute.

The development and application of these alloys was necessary because of the increasing shortage of nickel and the wide use of the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. The chromium-nickel steels are used in a wide variety of consumer items and are …

Equilibria In The Esterification Of Boric Acid, Richard William Palizay

Theses

A solvent extraction method was developed to determine the equilibria in the esterification of boric acid, In this method boric acid was reacted with various alcohols. After equilibrium was reached, the ester was isolated from the reaction mixture by means of a solvent and the amount of ester determined quantitatively. The equilibrium constants were then calculated for the reaction of boric acid with several alcohols.

Zone Refining Of Anthracene, Charles Poultney Perot

Theses

The process of zone refining involves the passage of a molten zone along a rod of solid. As the zone progresses, composition of the material freezing out generally differs from that melting, so solutes are redistributed. Enrichment of the major component occurs toward one end of the rod. (Usually the end of frozen.)

In the present work, impure anthracene was subjected to zone refining. Feed first run was C.P. anthracene with a known impurity of 2.0% phenanthrene. After two passes no phenanthren was detectable in the first layer frozen. (Analysis was by ultra-violet spectrophotometry.) Although the zones melted out were …

Recovery Of Phthalic Acid, George Thomas Roberts

Theses

Crude phthalic acid from the fusion processing of alkyd resins was found to be recoverable by solvent extraction, neutralization-acidification, sublimation, distillation, esterificatton with monohydric alcohols, ion exchange or alkyd resin preparation.

The author proposes that alkyd resin preparation, based on analysis of the crude phthalic acid, is the most practical way for the alkyd resin manufacturer to recover the crude phthalic acid. No purification of the crude phthalic acid is necessary for this utilization and the resulting alkyd resin is saleable at a profit.

The Rates Of Hydrolysis Of Aryl Halides, Jack Robert Roeder

Theses

The object of this work was to determine the relative activity of the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine toward hydrolysis in a water-soluble aryl halide in which the halogen is activated by a nitrogroup in the orthoposition.

The order of activity was found to be C1) POI. In the case of the chlorine compound a run was also made on sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate in which the nitro group is in a pare position with respect to the halogen.

The preparations of sodium or potassium 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (I), sodium or potassium 4-bromo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (II), sodium or potassium 4-iodo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (III), and sodium …

Adsorption Of Carbon Dioxide By Sodium Carbonate Solutions In A Gas-Bubble Column, Joseph Don Singalewitch

Theses

A study was conducted on the absorption of pure carbon dioxide by sodium carbonate-sodium bicarabonate systems in a gas-bubble column (in which bubbles, formed by passing a gas through a porous plate at the base of to column, rise up through a descending continuous liquid phase). This equipment was found to be entremely effcient, under the condtions of the experiments, covered liquid rates (9,000 to 13,000 pounds per hour per square foot) with gas rates of 30 to 60 pounds per hour or square foot. The absorption section of the column was two inches in diameter and one foot in …

Exchange Adsorption Of Electrolytes On Titanium Dioxide, Richard Algimantas Slepetys

Theses

During the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments many processing steps are carried out in solutions of electrolytes. Adsorption of these electrolytes strongly affects properties of the finished pigments.

Adsorption of electrolytes Was studied on titania samples prepared by controlled neutralization of titanium tetrachloride solutions with ammonium hydroxide, and one sample of commercial sulfate process rutile titania. In analogy to zirconia--as reported by Kraus and Phillips?^22,23 titania also behaved as a weak anion exchanger in acid solutions and as a weak cation exchanger in basic solutions. Acid or base liberated was approximately equivalent to ions exchanged. On the best sample …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Monochlorobenzene, Gaetano Zaccaria

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from 0°C to 750°C and at various pressures up to 300 atmospheres.

Equations relating the specific heat, the vapor pressure, and the density with temperature, were derived from the data available in the literature. They were used together with generalized charts to evaluate the thermodynamic properties.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene are presented in the form of tables.

An Investigation Of The Hofman Reaction As A Possible Method Of Synthesizing 3,4-Diamino Pyridine, Harry William Zbinden

Theses

This study presents an attempt to evaluate the Hofman degradation as a method of synthesizing 3,4-diamino-pyridine from isoquinolinic acid. Since the pyridine ring is known to he stable under the reaction conditions, and analogous aromatic diamides have been prepared by previous investigators, the major problem studied is the effect of hypohalites on ortho-oriented aromatic diamides.

Three methods of approaching the problem were unsuccessful in producing the desired diamine, but the last method, stepwise degradation of each group separately, may be workable with some changes.

The most significant result was the observation of an unexpected side reaction when the diamide was …

Activity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, John Robert Armbruster

Theses

The theory of vapor phase activity coefficients for binary mixtures has been developed. The equations, calculation procedures and sample calculations are presented using two recently proposed methods of Joffe. These methods are then compared to the three methods presented by Engleman.

These two methods have been employed to calculate activity coefficients for 236 experimental points. The deviations of calculated values from experimental values were also determined. The systems considered are Argon - Ethylene, hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, Methane - n - Butane evaluated over wide ranges of pressure, temperature and mol fraction.

From analysis of the time required …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vincent De Paul Brown

Theses

The thesis was undertaken for the purpose of testing available experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for thermodynamic consistency, with a view to finding an intercorrelation of the activity coefficient-concentration curves, for different groups of systems, as a function of the intercepts. It was hoped that a correlation using molar volumes, parachor volumes, or molecular weights would be developed which could be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding.

The Redlich and Kister^{1 equations were used to smooth the experimental data and to obtain values for the constants B, C and D. Redlich and Kister state that these constants serve as …}

The Effect Of Reaction Block Configuration On Unit Pressure In Rubber Forming, James Everett Gilmer

Theses

This investigation was made to determine the effect of reaction blocks on the forming pressures produced in solid pad rubber forming. The pressures developed after the addition of six basic reaction block designs, at four distances from the form block, were determined and compared to the pressures developed without a reaction block.

The effect of rubber hardness was determined by conducting duplicate tests with pads having a durometer hardness of 50 and 65 Shore "A".

The addition of a reaction block produced a maximum increase in pressure of 9.75% and was found to be detrimental under many of the test …

Self-Heating Of Wood Fiber, Kenneth Norman Smith

Theses

An investigation was made to determine what portion of wood is responsible for the self-heating of wood fiber, where self-heating is defined as the increase in temperature of a material above the temperature of its surroundings due to an exothermic reaction occurring within the material. The phenomenon of self-heating of wood fiberboard has long been known, but very little has been done to discover the particular part of the wood which generates the heat.

Wood fiberboard was tested for self-heating by placing a. cubical sample in a specially constructed furnace and heating it to a uniform temperature of 325?F. As …

Continuous Chlorosulfonation Of Benzene Ii Phase Relations, Ernest Eugene Wiegleb

Theses

This work presents data for the separation of materials involved in the chlorosulfonation of benzene using carbon tetrachloride as an inert extraction solvent. Equilibrium and tie line data for the liquid ternary systems; carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid; Benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride - sulfuric acid; benzenesulfonyl chloride ehiorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid and for the quaternary system benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid have been determined. The tie line data has been correlated by the method of Othmer and Tobias.

Data for two chlorosulfonations made under differing conditions is also given.

A Study Of The Mixed Acid Nitration Of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine, Harold Edward Ehrenbeck

Theses

The mixed-acid nitration of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine has been studied and improvements in yield and quality made.

2-Nitramino-5-chloropyridine has been prepared in high purity with a yield of 87.5%, an improvement over the results of Stokes, who reported 80.0%, and Harris, who reported 63.0%, as their best yields. The quality of the product, as indicated by melting points, has been increased.

This improvement involves the addition of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine to a pre-mixed nitrating acid. This nitrating acid consists of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The composition is based on an optimum nitric ratio of 1.04, and an optimum D.V.S. of 2.25.