Engineering Commons^™

Diffusion Of Single And Multicomponent Solutes From Capillaries, Oleh S. Sklepkowycz

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diffusion coefficients of several single and multi-component solutes, and to establish the relations between the diffusivity, the solute composition) and the diffusion rate. Such information pertinent to the extraction and leaching operations, can not be found in literature.

The procedure developed by Piret, Wbel, and Armstrong (25), involving observation of the extraction rate of two-phase mixtures from straight capillaries, was adopted and verified on a known sodium chloride-water system.

In the course of the experimental work diffusion coefficients more determined for ursolic acid, palmitic acid, and tripalmitin in methyl isobutyl ketone. …

The Reaction Of Urea With Primary Alkyl Bromides, Ronald Lewis Stabile

Theses

The reactions between urea and the primary alkyl bromides from 1-bromobutane to 1-bromooctane were investigated. The effect of concentration, temperature, and solvents on the yield was determined. Second order reaction rate constants at temperature of 80°, 100°, and 132°C were calculated from the data for yield. The yield is defined as the percent of bromine from the alkyl bromide titrated as bromide ion.

The results indicate that the reactions of the primary alkyl bromides with urea are similar; the reaction being of the second order and the ex. tent of reaction being approximately the same for each alkyl bromide for …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Perfluoropropane, Frank Fang

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of perfluoropropane (octafluoropropane) have been determined by the author for the saturated region from -100°C to the critical temperature, 71°C. Properties in the superheated region were likewise determined by the author for temperatures from -35°C to 300°C and over a pressure range from 1 atmosphere to 40 atmospheres. Enthalpies, entropies, densities, and specific volumes are reported for both vapor and liquid phases where applicable. The datum point used in these calculations is based on a zero value for vapor enthalpy and vapor entropy at -100°C and 0.0183 atmospheres.

Constants used in the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state were …

Interphase Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Study In A Horizontal Channel, Bruce R. Marx

Theses

The rate of transfer of hydrogen sulfide and of carbon dioxide from an atmosphere of the gas saturated with water to a flowing stream of water in a horizontal channel was investigated over a range of water flow velocities and absolute pressures.

Mathematical models describing the system in terms of the penetration and boundary layer theories were inadequate when used to calculate the diffusivity of each gas in water at various conditions. The results of the hydrogen sulfide-water system study shows a relationship between the diffusivity, the interfacial concentration and the liquid flow rate. The calculated diffusivity of the carbon …

Amination Of Alkyl Halides, Frank Joseph Stulb

Theses

The possibility of aminating alkyl halides with urea was the prime interest of the research undertaken in this thesis. Alkyl halides and urea react only to a slight degree. However the reaction is rapid when dimethylformamide is used as a solvent.

In working with compounds containing halogen on the aromatic ring we always found the halogen to be replaced by the amino group. With alkyl halides, however, this was not so. In the case of the reaction between an alkyl halide and urea in a solvent, a compound of composition close to that of a di-alkylurea was isolated and the …

Salt Effects In Liquid-Liquid Equilibria, Edwin Otto Eisen

Dissertations

The effect of lithium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride on the distribution of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid between benzene and water at 25° C has been studied. The method of Hand, which has previously been used to correlate tie line data in salt-free ternary systems, has now been successfully employed to correlate distribution data for quaternary systems containing salt.

The slope and intercept of the Hand equations have been expressed as linear functions of the salt concentration in each system studied. Equations for slope and intercept possessing high statistical significance have been formulated using a linear …

Polypropylene Fibers, Anthony Vincent Galanti

Theses

One of the latest members of the rapidly growing therrnoplastic polymer family which appears capable of successfully competing with the currently saturated textile and chemical markets is polypropylene fiber. The objectives of this Thesis were to: (1) examine the effects of polymer characteristics and fiber processing conditions on the properties of polypropylene fibers, and (2) correlate all existing information on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of polypropylene fibers and comparatively evaluate this material with other fibers, natural and synthetic.

Polypropylene is the first member of a new group of polymers prepared by a mechanism defined as "stereospecific" polymerization. From …

Mass Transfer Into Cylindrical Liquid Films Measurement Of Liquid Diffusivities, Ronald Francis Lovenguth

Theses

This thesis was undertaken to augment and validate the previous work of Ratcliff and Reid⁽⁷⁾ in the area of diffusion of immiscible liquids. Their novel approach to this particular problem of liquid diffusion led the author to consider an experimental technique that has been used in gas-liquid studies. A short vetted-wall column was used to determine the rate of mass transfer of benzene and toluene into thin cylindrical films of water. A general analytical solution for the rate of mass transfer has been derived and is given below. This solution was checked using the system benzene-water.

G=3.63(Π(ρ_ω-ρ …

The Virial Equation Of State Based On Critical Constants, Ghanshyam R. Patel

Theses

Results obtained from the Epstein equation of state¹⁵ i.e. equation (8), which is theoretically valid up to the critical density, are compared with the experimental values of the compressibility factor. The calculated values of compressibility factor or ethylene, ethane, propane, and n-butane were obtained using two methods of evaluation for the second and third virial coefficients. In addition, using these two methods and excluding fourth, fifth, and sixth virials in the Epstein equation of state, compressibility factors were calculated for all the four compounds to test the effect of higher virial terms. In the proposed method-(A) and method-(C), the …

Esterification Of Oleic Acid With Oleyl Alcohol, Robert Persurance

Theses

The esterification of oleic acid with oleyl alcohol was studied. A literature search showed that the chemical kinetics for this reaction had not been studied previously.

In the temperature range of 150 to 200°C. and up to a conversion of about 85 per cent, the esterification was found to be a second order reaction when the water of reaction was removed from the system by simple distillation.

Para-toluenesulfonic acid is an effective catalyst for this system, and the observed specific rate constant is a linear function of the catalyst concentration.

The effect of temperature on the specific rate constant for …

Thermal Conductivity Of Solid Materials, Irwin N. Huppert

Theses

A literature search on the methods of determining the thermal conductivity of solids has been made.

A compilation of the various methods of determining the thermal conductivity of solids presented in the literature is given in the report. In general, the literature is lacking in correlations of thermal conductivity with other properties of solid materials. A review of the correlations found is presented. A summary of data presented in the literature is presented in the text.

A method of determining the thermal conductivity of solid materials without measuring the heat flow through the test specimen is presented. The use of …

The Purification, Analysis And Growth Of Single Crystals Of Organic Semiconductors, Melvin Leonard Druin

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to design and construct a furnace for growing large single crystals of organic compounds by slow crystallization from the melt by the Bridgman technique. The crystals obtained by this furnace will be used in a later investigation of the intrinsic electrical and optical properties of organic semiconductors.

The methods describe have been used width success to produce large single crystals of anthracene and ethyl-p aminobenzoate with diameters of 1/2 inch.

The most promising methods of purification of anthracene, which were chemical synthesis, washing, recrystallization from solvents, sublimation, dimerization, co-distallatian and zone refining have been …

Effect Of Liquid Viscosity On Performance Of Wire Mesh Entrainment Separators, Raymond Paul Vogel

Theses

The knitted wire mesh entrainment separator, commonly referred to as a demister*, is in common use to separate entrained liquid from vapor streams. However, little quantitative information is available concerning the effect of physical properties of the entrained liquid on allowable gas velocities.

Studies were made on two demister styles to determine the effect of liquid viscosity on demister performance, Liquid viscosities from 0.9 to 12 centipoise were investigated using water, glycerine-water mixtures and heavy no. 2 fuel oil as the test liquids. Air was used as the gas medium in all cases.

Regression analysis of the test data indicates …

Prediction Of Extruder Performance For Thermoplastic Materials, Aldo Bergonzoni

Theses

The object of this thesis was to predict the output of an extruder, for thermoplastic materials, by using simplified equations relating output to screw speed and screw geometry.

Three different extruders were used for this purpose and several addition-type polymers were studied. These materials included: stabilized and unstabilized polypropylene, low-density and high-density polyethylene, general-purpose polystyrene and rubber-modified poly-styrene.

The results obtained show that, by using relatively low screw speeds (up to 140 r.p.m.), shallow screw channels and back pressures at the die up to 2000 psig., a theoretical output can be calculated with a maximum deviation from the experimental data …

The Electrical And Optical Properties Of Organic Semiconductors. Part 1 : Preliminary Survey And Purification Techniques, Bohdan Robert Czorny

Theses

The purpose of this work was to investigate the field of organic semiconductors and in particular to develop the means for preparing these materials in suitable condition for measurement and study of semiconducting properties. The first aspects of this project concerned with a preliminary survey of the field and techniques of ultra purification are covered in this work.

Anthracene was selected for investigation because it is the organic semiconductor most commonly studied by other investigators, and considerable published information exists for corroboration.

The preliminary survey elucidated the most promising methods of purification, which were chemical synthesis, sublimation, recrystallization from solvents …

Application Of Transient Response Analysis To An Automatically Controlled Liquid Level System, Armando Anthony Gregoli

Theses

System instability or poor control are problems which occur in commercial automatically controlled liquid level installations. A simple level control system was constructed to define the parameters which affect a level control system response. Special problems which occur in commercial installations were evaluated.

The system parameters were defined. To simplify the mathematical analysis, a negligible measurement and controller time constant were assumed. These were later shown to be reasonable assumptions. Transfer functions were derived for each component and were used to describe the system response. The system response was predicted by transient response analysis and compared with experimental results. An …

The Design And Fabrication Of A Cell To Measure The Thermal Conductivity Of Viscous Fluids, Donald William Hagedorn

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to design and construct a device to measure the thermal conductivity of viscous fluids. The thermal conductivity data obtained with this device will be used in later work on predicting film coefficients of heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids.

A cell of the concentric cylinder type was fabricated. Main features of the cell are: two concentric bronze cylinders separated by a 1/8 inch annular space, a central water capable of producing a 10° C temperature gradient in the annular space, and two guard heaters on individual rheostats to control the end looses. The temperatures are …

Separation Of Mononitrotoluenes By Clathration, Eugene Ivashkiv

Theses

Thirty-one Werner-type compounds have been prepared, at least 10 of which were not previously investigated. Manganus tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate, zinc tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate, ferrous tetra(4-methylyridine)dithiocyanate, nickel tetra(4-methylpyridine)dithiocyanate and nickel tetra(pyridine) dithiocyanate can be used for clathration of mononitrotoluenes. The best results have been obtained with the complex formed between nickel dithiocyanate and l-methylpyridine. Three clathration stanges are needed to obtain 99 percent pure para-nitrotoluene. A clathration efficiency of 60 percent has been achieved per stage. A new process for the recovery of clathrated compounds has been developed. Clathration can be carried out as a cyclic process without the complex consumption when the developed method …

A Correlation Of Viscosity Of N-Paraffin Hydro-Carbons, Sheldon Krueger

Theses

A linear relationship between the Log viscosity and the Log vapor pressure is shown to exist for each n-paraffin hydrocarbon from C₃ to C₂₀. The average error of these equation e is ± 1.5 per cent of the American Petroleum Institute's¹ experimental values. The use of individual slopes for each equation is shown to be store accurate than one alone for all the viscosity data. These slopes e:thibit an unusual behavior by having a minimum value at undecane.

The slopes and intercepts are correlated with carbon number (the number of atoms in a n-paraffin Chain). These …

Slow Compression Crushing Of Glass In Fluids, Peter Joseph Lucchesi

Theses

Generally only a small fraction of the energy used in crushing, on the order of 1 or 2%, appears as new surface energy in the product. The purpose of this work was to determine if higher efficiencies could be achieved by the use of different fluids surrounding the particle during crushing.

Single particles of solid glass cylinders, standing on. end, were crushed by slow compression in the presence of air, water, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, and glycerol. No effect was found with the various fluids even when considerable pressure was developed in the surrounding fluid in some of the glycerol experiments. …

Synthesis Of Trimethyl Borate By Ester Interchange, Hugh Murphy

Theses

Trimethyl borate was prepared by transesterification of a high—boiling methyl ester with a high—boiling trialkyl borate using a metal alcholate catalyst. Interchange occurred between n—amyl borate and the following methyl esters: dimethyl sulfate, parahydroxy methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, and methyl stearate. Interchange also took place between methyl stearate and tribenzyl borate, tri—n—propyl borate, and tri—m, p—cresyl borate. Highest yields and purities resulted from reactions involving methyl stearate. Catalysts employed were magnesium—aluminum ethylate and aluminum Isopropoxide.

Two methods of separating the methanol—methyl borate azeotrope were evaluated: sulfuric acid extraction and salt splitting. Extraction with sulfuric acid was determined to be the …

Carbon Tetrachloride-Xylene Equilibria, Michael Jay Ram

Theses

The liquid-liquid equilibria of the ternary systems carbon tetra-chloride-xylene-propylene glycol and carbon tetrachloride-xylene-diethylene glycol were investigated. The effectiveness of the glycols as selective solvents for xylene was represented by a plot of weight ratio xylene to carbon tetrachloride in each phase. It was found that the diethylene glycol was the better of the two solvents at concentrations resulting in more than 75% xylene in the xylene-carbon tetrachloride rich layer. At the lower xylene concentrations the propylene glycol was found more effective as a selective solvent.

A Study Of The Fatty Alcohol-Epichlorohydrin Reaction, Roy Henry Schaufelberger

Theses

The reaction between "Lorol" 5 fatty alcohol and epichlorohydrin was found to proceed at a rate which could easily be followed, at temperatures of 80 to 140°C, when catalyzed with 0.05 percent of a boron trifluoride ether-ate catalyst, based on the total weight of reactants. The reaction was followed by determining the decrease in epichlorohydrin concentration with time using standard analytical techniques.

Kinetic studies showed that the fatty alcohol/epichlorohydrin reaction was not a simple pseudo first order or second order reaction but rather a complex one probably composed of:

1. A second order reaction between primary fatty alcohol and epichlorohydrin. …

Viscosity Of A Three Component System : Benzene-Ethanol-Acetic Acid At 20 Degrees C., 25 Degrees C., And 30 Degrees C, Alan Alvin Schetelich

Theses

The viscosity for the ternary system benzene-ethanol-acetic acid, has been determined. The viscosity maximum shown in the ethanol-acetic acid system is clearly distinguished in the ternary system as well. The viscosity minima which occur in the benzene-ethanol, and benzene-acetic acid systems are too slight to be readily apparent in the ternary system.

The ternary system viscosity was determined at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30° C. The effect of increasing the temperature from 20° C for the ternary system was to produce corresponding curves of lower viscosity. The maximum viscosity noted in the ternary system as well as the maximum …

Vapor Liquid Equilibria, Niranjan Prasad Shukla

Theses

A survey of the literature gave no reference to the n-Propanol Glycol system while the n-Propanol-Benzene system had been previously studied. Experimental data were found to agree closely with those existing in literature for the n-Propanol-Benzene binary system.

A ternary miscibility diagram at fixed temperature was found to give first-type of miscibility curve, i.e. n-Propanol was completely miscible in all proportions with Benzene and Ethylene Glycol, while Benzene and Ethylene Glycol were found to be partially miscible. The plait-point was determined by drawing tie-lines and using the Sherwood method as well as by the loga rithmic method of Hand. Both …

Equations Of State For Propyne, Thomas Marshall Stark

Theses

P-V-T data for propyne have been fit using the Martin-Hou and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equations of state. The Martin-Hou equation, with its constants calculated from the critical properties and a vapor pressure point for the gas, fit up to 1.1 to 1.5 times the critical density with deviations of less than 1%. The Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation, with its constants calculated by the method of Joffe, resulted in greater deviations in the low pressure region than did the Martin-Hou equation; however, it also provided a better approximation of the data at high pressures and lower temperatures. The best over-all fit was obtained using …

Electromotive Deposition, Storage And Dissolution Of Active Hydrogen Upon Carbon Electrodes, Joseph Gabriel Di Masi

Theses

The electromotive deposition, storage and dissolution of hydrogen upon carbon electrodes having real surface areas varying from one meter²/ gram to one-hundred ten meters²/ gram vas inves-tigated.

It has been found that a correlation exists between hydrogen storage and real area of the inner electrode. However, it has been further shown that storage of electromotive hydrogen is only for short periods of time, that is, several hours.

The Corrosiveness Of Phenols, Edgar George Kaup

Theses

The effects of oxidizing agents, heat, light, and metallic catalysts on coloration in phenols is discussed, using data collected from the literature. The oxidation reaction is concluded to be the con-trolling factor in coloration. Corrosion data from laboratory experiments, field tests, and operating plants is presented for metals and non-metals in concentrated phenolic systems.

A Study Of Continuous Photochemical Hydrolysis, Robert Parlante, Theodore Arthur Gropler

Theses

In this investigation, the ultraviolet absorption spectra and the batch photochemical hydrolysis of monochloroacetic and monobromoacetic acid, and their potassium and sodium salts, have been measured and compared with those existing in the literature.

The continuous photochemical hydrolysis of sodium chloroacetate has been investigated for the first time. The continuous photolysis of uranyl oxalate was investigated and used as a chemical actinometer.

Gaseous material in the reactant feed has been found to be important at low flow rates.

The Investigation Of Frequency Response And Stability Of A Heat Exchanger Under Condensate Control, Louis F. Fornoff

Theses

Control of a condensing steam heat exchanger by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by a frequency response analysis. The theoretical analysis was verified by experimental operation of the heat exchanger.

The system was characterized by heat transfer calculations and Laplace transform functions. The transfer functions were used to complete a frequency response analysis of the system which predicted the controller settings, the stability of the system and its response to a step set point change. The calculations were verified by experimental operation and reasonable agreement was obtained.

It was calculated that condensate throttling can be used to obtain stable control …