Engineering Commons^™

3d Tunnel Inspection With Photogrammetric And Hybrid Systems, Michael Mett, Heiner Kontrus, Nina Müller, Stefan Eder

Shotcrete for Underground Support XIV

The trend in tunnel assessment is towards comprehensive 3D measurement, either based on high quality digital imagery (photogrammetric systems) or the combination of laser and photo systems (hybrid systems). With digital 3D data, quantification and categorization of damage to the tunnel surface as well as the determination of thickness or volumes of layers (e.g. shotcrete) can performed in a comprehensive, fast and economic way.

The faster such tunnel assessment can be executed on site, the lower are the tunnel block times and environmental impairments related to the building measures. The costs for the operating companies can be significantly reduced as …

Production Of Zika Virus-Like Particles (Vlps) By Perfusion Processes, Renata G. F. Alvim, Leda R. Castilho

Integrated Continuous Biomanufacturing IV

Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a major international public health concern in 2015 and rapidly spread to more than 80 countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. ZIKV infection has been shown to cause Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, as well as severe congenital malformations in fetuses from as much as 42% of infected mothers (Brasil et al., 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602412). While no ZIKV vaccine becomes approved for human use, periodic outbreaks will continue to occur in endemic regions and the risk of spreading to non-endemic regions will continue to exist, especially because ZIKV persists in body fluids for very long time …

Conference Program, Franco Berruti, David Chiaramonti, Ondrej Masek, Manuel Garcia-Perez

Bio-Char II: Production, Characterization and Applications

No abstract provided.

A Vaccine For Ebola Virus – Approaches And Results Of Accelerated Process Development And Characterization Studies, Randi Saunders, Joseph P Califano, Dusan Ruzic, Kristin Valente

Vaccine Technology VII

In 2014, West Africa experienced the worst outbreak of Ebola virus in history with 10 times more cases than in all previous outbreaks combined. In response to this public health emergency, MSD and a global network of partners collaborated to speed the research, development, and deployment of a candidate vaccine that ultimately provided the first evidence of efficacy in human subjects for any Ebola vaccine. While work continues to ultimately license the candidate vaccine, a risk-based approach to process development and characterization was used to accelerate and prioritize the study of parameters. Risk was evaluated by experts familiar with unit …

High-Titer Rapid Response Platform For Epidemic Preparedness, José Castillo

Vaccine Technology VII

Recent epidemics & pandemics have exposed serious flaws in global response to infectious disease outbreaks, as no vaccine were available to stop the diseases, due to limited market incentive.

New initiatives, such as the CEPI “Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations” are focusing on accelerating vaccine development for priority disease and ensuring their global availability.

In this light, Univercells is dedicated to designing novel biomanufacturing technologies to accommodate new products at short notice.

Univercells innovative manufacturing concept is designed to enable the rapid generation of potent vaccine candidates against a broad spectrum of targets, with the capacity to rapidly scale-up and …

Development Of A Vaccine Production Platform For Poultry Diseases In Africa: Newcastle Disease Virus Non-Replicative Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine, Omar Farnos, Amine Kamen, Héla Kallel, Khaled Trabelsi, Martha Yami, Esayas Gelaye

Vaccine Technology VII

Poultry are a vital village livestock playing an important economic and nutritional role in the livelihoods of poor rural households in developing countries, including the Sub-Saharan Africa. Poultry production in Africa is threatened by infectious diseases such as Newcastle Disease (ND), which is highly contagious and endemic, with recurrent outbreaks that provoke heavy losses every year. ND is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus from the genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. In particular, ND is one of the major problems in village chickens in most parts of Ethiopia where commercial poultry is routinely vaccinated …

Conference Program, Amine Kamen, Tarit Mukhopadhyay, Charles Lutsch, Nathalie Garçon

Vaccine Technology VII

No abstract provided.

An Outbreed Mouse Model Of Yellow Fever For Study Of Pathogenesis And Development Of Vaccines And Therapeutics, Yakhya Dieye, Moussa Dia, André Bedekelabou, Ousmane Faye

Vaccine Technology VII

Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is endemic in several African and South American countries. YF virus (YFV) causes subclinical infections with mild and non-specific symptoms, to severe, potentially lethal illness with jaundice, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Despite the existence of safe and efficient vaccines, epidemics continue to occur, mostly in Africa where the burden of YF is estimated to represent 1.7 million annual cases and up to 80,000 deaths per year. Moreover, emergence of YF has been reported in new, previously unaffected areas, because of the introduction of the mosquito vectors into these lands. There is …

Conference Program, John L. Provis, Waltraud M. Kriven, Cristina Leonelli, Aldo Boccaccini, Arie Van Riessen

Alkali Activated Materials and Geopolymers: Versatile Materials Offering High Performance and Low Emissions

No abstract provided.

Cell Culture Bioprocess Learnings: Past Successes And Future Challenges, Günter Jagschies

Cell Culture Engineering XVI

Therapeutic proteins, vaccines and – further away – cell and gene therapies are considered essential to find efficacious interventions and preventive measures to a rather long list of prioritized needs in healthcare. The challenge is developing into a ‘tsunami’ of sorts as the global demographic transition causes populations to age, dramatically accelerating the growth of non-communicable disease (NCD) in all parts of the world. India and China are the markets with the largest patient population for almost any NCD, or they are going to be in that position soon. Competition in this field is ramping up with an intensity that …

Geoscan-M Use At Ma’Aden Phosphate Al Jalamid Mine, Saudi Arabia, Luke Balzan, Zoran Bauk, Andrew Harris

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Access to real-time data is critical for process control. Scantech’s GEOSCAN-M elemental analyser has been utilized in the minerals industry for the past two decades in a range of different commodities. Already established for use in the coal and cement industries, commodities such as iron ore, copper, lead zinc, manganese, bauxite and lithium have benefited from the real-time access to elemental composition data on conveyed flows provided by the GEOSCAN. The phosphate industry has also recognized the benefits of the equipment and a number of operators and companies have installed GEOSCANs to provide real-time analysis back to the plant.

A …

Can Your P2o5 Be Commercially Exploited?, Ewan Wingate, Michael E. Kelahan, M. Robert Kelahan

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

World reserves of high-grade, high-quality phosphate rock are steadily decreasing. As a result, lower quality rock is being increasingly evaluated to determine its potential for commercial exploitation. It is well known that the chemical and mineralogical composition of phosphate rock varies widely from deposit to deposit, and therefore, the conditions for processing different phosphate rock types also varies.

Unfortunately, most early stage phosphate feasibility studies tend to focus on the P₂O₅ content and neglect the other chemical constituents or impurities in the rock. It is the remainder of the chemical constituents that often define the quality of …

Milling Of The Phosphate Rock Flotation Circuit Circulating Load Aiming Production Increase And Iron Content Reduction In The Final Concentrate, André Carlos Silva, Michelle Fernanda De Lira Teixeira, Anastácio Honório De Melo Filho, Thiago Drumond De Alvarez De Araújo, Maurício José De Oliveira Júnior, Wanderson Ferreira Borges Júnior, Bruno Palhares Milanezi, Jailson Pinto Cardoso

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Phosphorus has its main application in the production of phosphoric acid, being the apatite series its main ore. The Brazilian main phosphorus reserves are igneous, as is the case of Catalão alkaline dome, were Copebras/CMOC International has operations. The content of P₂O₅ in the ROM has been reduced over the years and, as a consequence, the content of the contaminants in the concentrate, produced by flotation, which enhances the difficulty in the phosphoric acid production. Only traces of arsenic, iron, and heavy metals can be present in high-purity phosphoric acid. The circulating load of the Copebras’ phosphate …

Revisiting The Merseburg Process: Economic Opportunity And Environmental Benefit?, Gary Albarelli

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The process for manufacture of ammonium sulfate from gypsum, known as the Merseburg Process, named for the town in Germany where it was developed, has been commercially produced in plants in Austria, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom in the past. It is based on reacting ammonia and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium carbonate, which is then reacted with gypsum to produce ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate. Ammonium sulfate is mainly used as direct fertilizer or in producing compound fertilizers. The global ammonium sulfate market is projected to grow 4% annually through 2025, from $4.6 billion to $6.8 billion. As …

Influence Of The Impeller Speed On Phosphate Rock Flotation, André Carlos Silva, Elenice Maria Schons Silva, Fernanda Santos Andrade

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Flotation represents, at present, the technology capable of efficiently concentrate the minerals of interest, separating them from other gangue minerals. The flotation process is based on interactions between minerals (solid phase), water (liquid phase), and air (gas phase). However, it depends on physical forces driving the system. If mineral particles do not have enough momentum during the collision with the air bubble no attachment between them occurs, and consequently no flotation. Impeller rotation speed is undoubtedly a factor that changes the hydrodynamic conditions of the flotation system playing a vital role on it. It supplies the flotation system with air …

Latest Trend For Fluorine In The Phosphoric Industry: Absorption Efficiency Improvement, Conversion Into Raw Material, Tibaut Theys

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Almost all the phosphate apatite used in the world to produce phosphoric acid trough the wet process contains fluorine. When not properly controlled, this element creates process, health and environmental issues that can have dramatic impact. In recent year several technologies have been established or improved to tackle these challenges.

F absorption has been improved by simple changes that ensure a high efficiency while minimizing the CAPEX.

F usage has also been largely investigated to produce valuable product as AlF3 or HF but also easy to transport raw material as CaF2. This paper will describe some recent development related to …

Alternative Depressor For Apatite Flotation, André Carlos Silva, Débora Nascimento Sousa, Diego Valentim Crescente Cara, Alex Malue Machado, Elenice Maria Schons Silva

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The reality of the phosphate mines in the world has been changing. The reserves content has reduced over the years. As a consequence of this reduction, contaminants such as iron, silica and magnesium contained in phosphate rock concentrate are affecting the stability of the chemical plants, which compromises the rate of phosphate utilization and the quality of the products produced. In order to obtain a concentrate of phosphatic rocks of market acceptable quality (35% P₂O₅), the flotation process is the most suitable method for processing this. The present study aims to evaluate the potential of replacing …

The Surface Chemistry And Microflotation Of Xenotime And Depression Of Gangue Minerals, Corby Anderson, Yicheng Zhang

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

A pre-concentrated xenotime sample and four selected gangue minerals, ilmenite, zircon, schorl and staurolite were used in this project. Using Octano-hydroxamic acid as a collector, the surface chemistry was investigated through surface area measurements, zeta potential tests and adsorption density determinations. The results of adsorption studies were then correlated with microflotation tests conducted at room temperature in a Partridge-Smith cell. In this paper, the surface chemistry and microflotation behaviors are then discussed based on both lab observations and a literature review.

Further, because of their selective depressing power, sodium silicate and lignosulfonate have been widely used as depressants in rare-earth …

Using Two Alternative Vegetable Oil’S As Collector In Apatite Froth Flotation, André Carlos Silva, Elenice Maria Schons Silva, Alex Malue Machado, Diego Valentim Crescente Cara, Débora Nascimento Sousa

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The Brazilian phosphate deposits are of igneous origin exhibiting a complex mineralogy where fluorapatite is the predominant mineralogical variety fron the apatite group, this deposits still contain carbonateapatite and hydroxyapatite associated with secondary phosphates, iron oxides (magnetite, goethite and limonite), micas and minerals bearing niobium, titanium and barium. The flotation process as a separation and enrichment of the acceptable levels by the P₂O₅ market (35%) is the most efficient. Brazilian mineral industries use synthetic collectors from international companies. Many of these oils were initially produced to sort out the demand for biodiesel production, with their market being …

Effect Of Calcium Concentration On Calcite Flotation From Apatite Using Carbonic Gas, Amanda Soares, Suzanne Ferreira De Mello, Rafael Teixeira Rodrigues

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The most widely industrial flotation process for the treatment of phosphate ores containing carbonate as gangue minerals, especially in China, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, use strong acids, such as H₃PO₄ and H₂SO₄ as apatite depressants, and the carbonate minerals (especially calcite and dolomite) are selectively floated with the use of fatty acids as collectors at pH between 5.5 - 6.0. The flotation process currently considered for apatite concentration for the Santa Quitéria ore (Brazil) was developed in the middle of the 1980´s at the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology and involves bulk flotation of …

History And Future Of Phosphate Mining And Beneficiation In South Africa, Marius Porteus

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The major igneous phosphate deposit in Phalaborwa was discovered in 1904. The establishment of the Phosphate Development Corporation (Foskor) in 1951 catalyzed the development and growth of phosphate mining and phosphate fertilizer manufacturing in South Africa as well as associated businesses. This keynote address covers four major topics: 1) chemical and mineralogical properties of major phosphate deposits in South Africa, 2) mining and beneficiation practices, 3) technical challenges and evolution of processing technologies, and 4) future trends.

Mine Arnaud Project: Flotation Circuit Adjustment And Collector Reduction, Christine Croteau, Patrick Laflamme, Michel Lafontaine

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

The Mine Arnaud open deposit is located in Sept-Iles in the province of Quebec, Canada. The project, which is currently under development, consists of igneous apatite ore grading around 5% P₂O₅.The target metallurgical performances are set to a concentrate of P₂O₅ grade of at least 39% with an overall P₂O₅ recovery above 90%.The beneficiation of the ore is achieved by grinding to the liberation size, magnetic separation to remove the titaniferous magnetite and phosphate flotation. Most of Mine Arnaud’s apatite beneficiation flowsheet development testwork was realized by COREM. The most …

Hydrothermal Pre-Treatment Process Of Phosphogypsum For Enhanced Rare Earths Recovery, Volha Yahorava, Eugene Lakay, Wilma Clark

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) production from phosphate ore by sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) digestion, commonly known as the “wet acid” process. Phosphate rock often contains some valuable rare earth elements (REE) and it is well-established that from 70% to 85% of REE originally present in the phosphate rock end up in the PG, with an average REE content of ~0.4 wt. % [1-4]. PG is considered to be an attractive secondary resource of REE. However, processes available currently for REE recovery are often very expensive, sometimes impractical, …

Surface Chemistry And Flotation Behavior Of Monazite, Apatite, Ilmenite, Quartz, Rutile, And Zircon With Octanohydroxamic Acid, Corby Anderson, Josue Mushidi

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Global increase in rare earth demand and consumption has led to a further understanding of their beneficiation and recovery. Monazite is the second most important rare earth mineral that can be further exploited. In this study, the surface chemistry of monazite in terms of zeta potential, adsorption density, and flotation response by microflotation using octanohydroxamic acid is determined. Apatite, ilmenite, quartz, rutile, and zircon are minerals that frequently occur with monazite among other minerals, hence were chosen as gangue minerals in this study. The Iso Electric Point (IEP) of monazite, apatite, ilmenite, quartz, rutile, and zircon are 5.3, 8.7, 3.8, …

Benefication Of Estonian Phosphate Ore By Flotataion, Kadriann Tamm, Indrek Piir, Rein Kuusik, Kaia Tõnsuaadu

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

Sole active mining phosphate operation in European Union (EU) is in Finland Siilinjärvi with limited resources available for approximately next 20-30 years [1]. In this context it is important that Estonia holds the largest unused sedimentary phosphate rock reserve in EU. Estonian phosphate is a sedimentary rock composed of variegated sandstone that contains abundant remains (detritus) of (biogenic) phosphatic brachiopod shells [2]. Phosphate enriched beds occur stratigraphically at the transition between Cambrian and Ordovician and the phosphatic sandstones belong to Kallavere formation. The biogenic phosphate is dominated by francolite mineral phase. The P2O5 content of the sandstone beds is quite …

Conference Program, Patrick Zhang, Jan Miller, Laurindo Leal Filho, Marius Porteus, Neil Snyders, Ewan Wingate, Guven Akdogan

Beneficiation of Phosphates VIII

No abstract provided.

Multi Layered Shotcrete Design For Tunnel Construction, Matthias Werner Beisler, Sebastian Höser, Vladimir Bartos

Shotcrete for Underground Support XIII: New Developments in Rock Engineering, Tunneling, Underground Space and Deep Excavation

Shotcrete linings have been applied successfully for a large number of tunnel constructions within the last couple of decades all around the world. While up to the 1980’s the structural design of the shotcrete linings mainly was based on experience gathered throughout the construction and some simplified analyses in the following years the application of the Finite Element Method lead to much more sophisticated design and more accurate estimation of deformations and stress state in the shotcrete lining. This was amongst others achieved by considering the time and construction sequence - dependent development of the deformations as well as by …

Life Cycle Assessment Of Biochar Production From Southern Pine, Sudhagar Mani, Yu Qiu

BIO-CHAR: Production, Characterization and Applications

Biochar, a major co-product from the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is rich in carbon and is often used as a soil amendment to promote crop production and as a soil carbon sequestration medium to maintain long-term soil health of marginal lands. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen to primarily produce bio-oil with biochar being a co-product. Biochar is also primarily produced from wood logs using conventional carbonization methods (eg. Missouri kilns). For sustainable production of biochar, the most sustainable production route is important for large-scale production of biochar for soil carbon sequestration applications. The …

The Role Of Bio-Char As An Agro-Environmental Tool: Formation Mechanism And Potential For Control Water Release, Bacterial Retention And Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Waled Suliman, Manuel Garcia-Perez

BIO-CHAR: Production, Characterization and Applications

In our poster we will present information on the relationship between biochar physico-chemical properties and its performance as a soil amendment. Experimental results will be presented to document how feedstock source and pyrolysis conditions influence biochar bulk and surface properties and what effects these properties have on greenhouse gas emissions, soil water retention and movement of bacteria in sandy soils. Three lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks (poplar wood, pine bark and pine wood) were used to produce biochars at six different pyrolysis temperatures (from 350 to 600 oC).

Please click on the file below for full content of the abstract.

Analysis Of Product Distribution And Characteristics Of Bio-Oil And Bio-Char From Fast Pyrolysis Of Date Palm Tree Waste, Yassir Makkawi, Paul Nancarrow, Ahmed El Sharkawy, Tony Bridgwater, Scott Banks, Stuart Jones

BIO-CHAR: Production, Characterization and Applications

According to recent reports, there are more than 120 million date palm trees worldwide, with the estimated Middle East and North Africa combined share of more than 80%. Date palm trees produce huge amounts of waste amounting to 15-35 kg per tree per year. This represents a challenging environmental problem, since disposal is so far mainly based on landfill and uncontrolled combustion.

Please click on the file below for full content of the abstract.