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Articles 2341 - 2370 of 2904

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Independent Source Extraction Applied To Radar Imaging, Jeffrey Brandon Hall Jan 2009

Independent Source Extraction Applied To Radar Imaging, Jeffrey Brandon Hall

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Multiple scattering and random interactions among scattering elements and between the scatterers and the background adversely affect the radar image quality and target detection capability. In radar images formed using physical optics (PO) based techniques, multiple scattering and interactions appear as non-physical scattering centers. A method to enhance the performance of PO based radar imaging systems by extracting independent scattering centers is investigated in this thesis. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is applied to returns of a radar system to extract independent scattering elements based on their non-Gaussianity. As an example, this method of target extraction is implemented in inverse synthetic …

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Modeling And Simulation Of The Flight Dynamics Of Morphing Wing Aircraft, Borna Obradovic Jan 2009

Modeling And Simulation Of The Flight Dynamics Of Morphing Wing Aircraft, Borna Obradovic

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Aircraft with variable wing geometry (morphable wings) are of considerable interest, not only for mission-specific optimization, but for enhanced maneuverability as well. In the nascent field of mini- or micro-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), large and rapid changes in wing geometry are achievable, resulting in significant changes of the dynamics of the vehicle. In this thesis, we present a simulation methodology suitable for such aircraft, accounting for the changes in both the aerodynamic and inertial properties. Due to the complexity of the possible wing configurations, the aerodynamics are simulated using an unsteady Vortex-Lattice approach, solved concurrently with six(+) degrees of freedom …

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Direct Numerical Simulation Of Interaction Of Detonation Wave With Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence, Hari Narayanan Nagarajan Jan 2009

Direct Numerical Simulation Of Interaction Of Detonation Wave With Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence, Hari Narayanan Nagarajan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The propagation of a shock or detonation wave through a reactive mixture has been the subject of research for over a century. The basic understanding has been shaped by one-dimensional Euler models, namely, those of Chapman-Jouguet and Zeldovich-Neumann-Doring, despite the fact that the detonation front is multidimensional. Other complications include observations of detonation instability, and spinning and galloping detonations. Recent advances in CFD have made it possible to examine detonation waves in great detail. These studies have revealed the complex nature of detonations that were observed experimentally. Some outstanding issues include the influence of inhomogeneities in the reactive mixture on …

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Thermo-Mechanical Interaction Within Engineered Tissue During Freezing, Tenok Dehoyos Jan 2009

Thermo-Mechanical Interaction Within Engineered Tissue During Freezing, Tenok Dehoyos

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Cryopreservation is the preserving of biological tissues at sub zero temperature. There are many useful applications to cryopreservation such as storing donated organs till they are needed rather than letting them go to waste. When tissues are frozen and thawed, their original functionality and vitality are not usually maintained. It's been shown that when tissue is frozen its mechanical properties change, such as tensile strength and modulus. Each tissue has an extra cellular matrix made up of many collagen fibrils that is responsible for the structural integrity of the tissue. This study is to investigate the structural changes of ECM …

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Applications Of Gis For Mapping And Tracking Underground Infrastructure, Anurag Babu Bhogenahally Lakshminarayanappa Jan 2009

Applications Of Gis For Mapping And Tracking Underground Infrastructure, Anurag Babu Bhogenahally Lakshminarayanappa

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The main objective of this research is to apply Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for construction and renewal of underground infrastructures. As a first step, a suitability analysis to determine location of existing underground infrastructure is performed. Next, a GIS template is developed using a digital elevation model (DEM) to get a three dimensional visualization of the underground infrastructure. Creating a Google Map using ArcGIS is one of the key features of this research, which provides an exact location of the existing site and distances from the nearby reference points. Once the GIS data is exported to Google Map and Google …

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Long Term Durability Studies On Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (Rap) Materials, Vijay Krishna Ganne Jan 2009

Long Term Durability Studies On Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (Rap) Materials, Vijay Krishna Ganne

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is a well known construction material which has been used in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to reduce material costs and stabilizing the pavements for several years. It has been reported that out of 45 million tons of RAP produced every year in US, only 33% is being used in HMA. It is clear that a large amount of RAP produced is disposed off as a waste material in landfills. Hence, in order to utilize the maximum percentage of RAP and reduce the disposal rate, stabilized RAP can be effectively used as a base layer instead of …

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Managed Lanes Weaving And Access Guideliness, Chulsu Yang Jan 2009

Managed Lanes Weaving And Access Guideliness, Chulsu Yang

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

To maximize the potential for successful managed lanes (MLs) operations, there are critical design issues that require special attention. Adequate ML access spacing and length of the ML access opening are required for the preservation of freeway capacity, level of service, and safety. The traffic weaving from an entrance ramp to the general purpose lanes across to a ML access point and vice versa are effectively modeled as a two-sided Type C weave. The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methodology was calibrated for the major weave without lane balance or merging (standard Type C weave) but not for the two-sided …

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Comparative Damage Of Different Truck Configurations On Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, Tito P. Nyamuhokya Jan 2009

Comparative Damage Of Different Truck Configurations On Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, Tito P. Nyamuhokya

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

This study estimated the damage done by trucks with 35 different configurations on a typical structure of a Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement. The configurations were proposed by New York Department of Transportation, the sponsor of this study. The generalized three dimensional finite element program Abaqus was used to calculate the response of linear elastic rigid pavement structure under truck loading. The loads for each truck case were placed at critical locations on the surface of the pavement to obtain the maximum tensile stresses at the bottom of concrete slab. The computed tensile stresses were used in Darter fatigue model (1977) …

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Morphology And Cathode Optimization For Efficient Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells, Yi Yang Jan 2009

Morphology And Cathode Optimization For Efficient Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells, Yi Yang

Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

Efficiency of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cell is highly dependent on the active layer morphology and can be controlled by specific experimental conditions. In this work, the influences of P3HT:PCBM blend composition, solution concentration, and the thermal annealing on the cell performance are presented. The maximum of Jsc and FF are reached when the weight percentage of PCBM in the blend is 60 % under which both high density of donor and accepter interfaces expecting the formation of efficient percolated electron transport paths. 36 mg/ml is found to be the optimum solution concentration for P3HT:PCBM blend and it can be …

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Effect Of Aging On The Transformation Of Phases In Solder Joint Of Pbga Packaging, Jeong-Min Kim Jan 2009

Effect Of Aging On The Transformation Of Phases In Solder Joint Of Pbga Packaging, Jeong-Min Kim

Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

This study investigates the microstructural characteristics of 3.0Ag-0.5Cu-Sn (SAC305) solder joint as in assembled state, and their evolution with aging treatment at 100 and 150°C for various hours. Specific aim of the study is 1) to understand thermodynamic stability of as-reflowed microstructure (β-Sn dendrite, inner dendrite Cu6Sn5 intermetallic (IMC) compound, and the eutectic structure), 2) to find direction of their change with aging, and 3) to relate interfacial reaction to such evolution in microstructures. This investigation is spurred by the findings made in a separate study where fatigue resistance of solder joint and failure location shows markedly keen dependence on …

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Structural, Magnetic And Surface Properties Of Rf Magnetron Sputtered Undoped Lanthanum Mangnite Thin Films, Varad Rajan Sakhalkar Jan 2009

Structural, Magnetic And Surface Properties Of Rf Magnetron Sputtered Undoped Lanthanum Mangnite Thin Films, Varad Rajan Sakhalkar

Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

In the present study, polycrystalline and epitaxial undoped Lanthanum Manganite (LMO) thin films were deposited by using RF magnetron sputtering on three substrates, Si (100), MgO (100) and LaAlO₃ (100) to study the influence of the misfit strain at the substrate/film interface. The effect of processing conditions on the synthesis of LMO films was studied by conducting deposition on Si wafer. Films were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) to investigate the influence of processing parameters on their structure and properties. Based on the initial study on …

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A Study On The Effect Of Mechanical Stretch And Aligned Scaffold Architecture On Morphology Of Rat Ventricular Cells, Shruti Kanakia Jan 2009

A Study On The Effect Of Mechanical Stretch And Aligned Scaffold Architecture On Morphology Of Rat Ventricular Cells, Shruti Kanakia

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Heart disease is one of the major causes of death in developing and industrialized countries. Myocardial infarction leads to remodeling of the left ventricle, which severely affects the pumping efficiency of the heart. In order to provide mechanical support to left ventricle the scaffold material should be elastic and mechanically strong. For the success of cardiac graft in vivo one of the important factor is ability of cardiac myocyte morphology to resemble that in vivo. The goal of this study is to build thick, prevascularized cardiac graft for myocardial infarction repair. Mechanical stress has been recognized as one of the …

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An Evaluation Of The Biomechanical Properties Of The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, Matthew David Ruff Jan 2009

An Evaluation Of The Biomechanical Properties Of The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, Matthew David Ruff

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) is a well defined tissue layer of the face commonly utilized in facial surgery, including facelifts. There are several reasons for the utilization of this tissue, including aesthetic results and reliability. Basic to the outcomes for these procedures are the inherent biomechanical properties of the SMAS. Most important for the surgeon in this regard are tissue burst pressure, elasticity, stress-relaxation under load, and creep. This study experimentally determines the biomechanical properties for human cadaveric tissue specimens. As well as defining the cited biomechanical properties, the study examines how they change, as sampled from different regions …

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Signal Processing Techniques For Artifact Removal In Electroencephalogram (Eeg), Jyoti Bhat Jan 2009

Signal Processing Techniques For Artifact Removal In Electroencephalogram (Eeg), Jyoti Bhat

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

The electroencephalographic recordings measure the electric impulses generated in the brain, in response to a given stimulus. The spontaneous EEG data is used for diagnosis and treatment of some brain diseases. For the data to be used for clinical applications, it needs to be free of the various artifacts like the eye blinks, movement, head movements and muscle activity. These artifacts need to be corrected or the affected parts need to be removed in the preprocessing of the EEG dataset. This pre-processing is normally done manually, which tends to be not only time-consuming but also subjective. With large number of …

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Diffuse Optical Imaging Of Brain Function Under Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Sameer C. Dhamne Jan 2009

Diffuse Optical Imaging Of Brain Function Under Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Sameer C. Dhamne

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which measures the changes in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations at a high temporal resolution based on the principle of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.DOI was combined with repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to assess the neuronal changes induced in the cortical regions, which are directly under rTMS and the connected areas, by applying 1Hz rTMS to the left hemisphere of the motor cortex followed by the stimulation to the prefrontal cortex for two visits. The DOI signals were simultaneously acquired from both ipsilateral and contralateral brain regions before, during, and after rTMS. We observed …

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Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran Jan 2009

Electrical Apparoaches For Selective Detection Of Cancer Biomarker Proteins With Aptamers, Priyanka Pachampettai Ramachandran

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Cancer is a disease that is the central focus of many a researcher's attention. As it is a disease that can spread very rapidly and can be fatal in many cases, its early detection and early treatment can dramatically change mortality. Towards the early detection of the disease, antibodies are most commonly used for the detection of cancer biomarkers. The use of antibodies in diagnostics has proven fruitful in the past. But advancements in molecular biology have introduced aptamers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Aptamers are oligonucleotides or peptides that are usually synthesized by a selective process called SELEX. Aptamers …

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Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye Jan 2009

Biaxial Investigation Of Periosteal Mechanics, Olumide O. Aruwajoye

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

Limb lengthening procedures are used commonly to correct limb length discrepancies. Current methods in limb lengthening require a distraction of 1 mm per day using an external fixation device. Although the underlying mechanisms of new bone growth have been studied and discussed extensively, they remain not fully understood. It is thought, however, that mechanoreceptor cells of the periosteum play an important role. In an attempt to understand the contribution of periosteum, the biaxial mechanical properties of the periosteum are studied. Freshly excised porcine periosteum was used to investigate the effects of preload on the material symmetry, and the effects of …

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Analysis Of Oxygen Uptake During Blood Flow Through A Rectangular Microchannel: A Two Phase Eulerian Model With Oxygen-Hemoglobin Reaction, Jamie Wright Jan 2009

Analysis Of Oxygen Uptake During Blood Flow Through A Rectangular Microchannel: A Two Phase Eulerian Model With Oxygen-Hemoglobin Reaction, Jamie Wright

Bioengineering Theses - Archive

The evolution of oxygenator design has culminated in the current strategy of utilizing micro-porous membranes to separate blood and oxygen phases while utilizing extra-luminal blood flow orientations to promote passive and active secondary mixing of the blood to inhibit the build up of concentration boundary layers near oxygen transfer surfaces that impede efficiency. Advances in fabrication techniques could allow for the manufacturing of oxygenators employing microchannels to decrease the diffusion path between oxygen and the red blood cells, more closely mimicking the strategy employed by the body. Because blood is actually a complex suspension, it is difficult to model. Furthermore, …

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Novel Nonparametric Control Charts For Monitoring Multivariate Processes, Panitarn Chongfuangprinya Jan 2009

Novel Nonparametric Control Charts For Monitoring Multivariate Processes, Panitarn Chongfuangprinya

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The objective of this dissertation is to develop novel nonparametric control charts to effectively monitor and diagnose multivariate processes with a minimal set of modeling assumptions. Statistical process control (SPC) is a set of procedures that uses statistical techniques to measure, analyze, and reduce process variation. A control chart, which is a special type of graph showing the results of periodic inspections over time, is the primary and most successful SPC tool in real-world applications. This dissertation proposes two nonparametric multivariate control charts based on (1) a support vector machines (SVM) algorithm and (2) a linkage ranking algorithm. The first …

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Unsupervised Data Mining Methods For Functional Data Analysis And Feature Selection, Panaya Rattakorn Jan 2009

Unsupervised Data Mining Methods For Functional Data Analysis And Feature Selection, Panaya Rattakorn

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The objective of this dissertation is to develop new unsupervised data mining methods for functional data analysis and feature selection. Unsupervised learning is a modeling process that facilitates the extraction of implicit patterns and elicits the natural groupings within the dataset without using any information from the output (response) variable. This dissertation consists of two main parts: (1) unsupervised clustering approaches for functional data analysis and (2) unsupervised feature selection. Functional data analysis has gained significant attention from a variety of disciplines. In this dissertation we propose an effective clustering procedure to categorize a number of profiles that are formed …

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Methodology To Forecast Product Returns For The Consumer Electronics Industry, Amit Potdar Jan 2009

Methodology To Forecast Product Returns For The Consumer Electronics Industry, Amit Potdar

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Reverse logistics has gained much attention in recent years. It is becoming a value added area of a supply chain network day by day. For enterprises, it has therefore become essential to manage the reverse flow of materials in an efficient way to gain competitive advantage. One important aspect of reverse logistics is to have a correct and timely estimation of the reverse flow of materials. Improved forecast accuracy leads to a better decision making in strategic, tactical and operational areas of an organization. Intrinsic (time series) and extrinsic (causal) forecasting are some of the well known and frequently used …

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Room-Temperature Single-Electron Devices Based On Cmos Fabrication Technology, Vishva Priyo Ray Dec 2008

Room-Temperature Single-Electron Devices Based On Cmos Fabrication Technology, Vishva Priyo Ray

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Single-electron devices, in which the transport and storage of individual electrons is precisely controlled, have many potential benefits in the field of electronics, optics, and sensors. Fabrication of these devices requires the arrangement of device components (Coulomb island, source, drain, and gate electrodes) with nanometer scale precision. Although several methods have successfully demonstrated single-electron behavior, large-scale fabrication of single-electron devices has not been possible.This research aims to - * Come up with a method which would allow the fabrication of single-electron devices on a large scale,* Make the fabrication method compatible with current CMOS technology, and,* Enable room-temperature operation of …

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Operations-Oriented Performance Measures For Freeway Management Systems: Final Report, Robert E. Brydia, Stephen P. Mattingly, Melanie L. Sattler, Auttawit Upayokin Dec 2008

Operations-Oriented Performance Measures For Freeway Management Systems: Final Report, Robert E. Brydia, Stephen P. Mattingly, Melanie L. Sattler, Auttawit Upayokin

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive

This report describes the second and final year activities of the project titled “Using Operations-Oriented Performance Measures to Support Freeway Management Systems.” Work activities included developing a prototype system architecture for testing the use of performance measures in real-time. Outputs from this effort included operator’s screens, a prototype database, and a concept of operations for using the real-time measures. Additional work showcased the application of a multi-criterion screening approach to the selection of competing performance measures.

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Empirical Two-Point Α-Mixing Model For Calibrating The Ech2o Ec-5 Soil Moisture Sensor In Sands, Toshihiro Sakaki, Anuchit Limsuwat, Kathleen M. Smits, Tissa H. Illangasekare Nov 2008

Empirical Two-Point Α-Mixing Model For Calibrating The Ech2o Ec-5 Soil Moisture Sensor In Sands, Toshihiro Sakaki, Anuchit Limsuwat, Kathleen M. Smits, Tissa H. Illangasekare

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive

Recently improved ECH2O soil moisture sensors have received significant attention in many field and laboratory applications. Focusing on the EC-5 sensor, a simple and robust calibration method is proposed. The sensor-to-sensor variability in the readings (analog-to-digital converter (ADC) counts) among 30 EC-5 sensors was relatively small but not negligible. A large number of ADC counts were taken under various volumetric water contents (?) using four test sands. The proposed two-point a-mixing model, as well as linear and quadratic models, was fitted to the ADC – ? data. Unlike for conventional TDR measurements, the effect of sensor characteristics is lumped into …

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Impact Of Vegetable Oil On Distribution Of Trichloroethylene In Groundwater During Enhanced Bioremediation, M. Pu, Ryan Dupont, William J. Doucette Oct 2008

Impact Of Vegetable Oil On Distribution Of Trichloroethylene In Groundwater During Enhanced Bioremediation, M. Pu, Ryan Dupont, William J. Doucette

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Vegetable oils are increasingly being used as long-term carbon donors to stimulate reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). Besides potential enhancement of biodegradation, the addition of vegetables oils may impact TCE fate and distribution within the aquifer by acting as non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Distribution coefficients for TCE between groundwater and four vegetable oils were determined using a slow-stir technique. Log vegetable oil/water distribution coefficients (log Kvw) were found to range from 1.0 to 2.56. TCE/vegetable oil distribution coefficients statistically increased with an increase in oil weathering while the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the water did not change …

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A Parallel Spectral Element Method For Dynamic Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Elasticity Problems, S. Dong, Z. Yosibash Sep 2008

A Parallel Spectral Element Method For Dynamic Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Elasticity Problems, S. Dong, Z. Yosibash

PRISM: NNSA Center for Prediction of Reliability, Integrity and Survivability of Microsystems

We present a high-order method employing Jacobi polynomial-based shape functions, as an alternative to the typical Legendre polynomial-based shape functions in solid mechanics, for solving dynamic three-dimensional geometrically nonlinear elasticity problems. We demonstrate that the method has an exponential convergence rate spatially and a second-order accuracy temporally for the four classes of problems of linear/geometrically nonlinear elastostatics/elastodynamics. The method is parallelized through domain decomposition and message passing interface (MPI), and is scaled to over 2000 processors with high parallel performance.

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A Mathematical Model Development And Sensitivity Analysis Of Two Photon Polymerization For 3d Micro/Nano Fabrication, Nitin Uppal Aug 2008

A Mathematical Model Development And Sensitivity Analysis Of Two Photon Polymerization For 3d Micro/Nano Fabrication, Nitin Uppal

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Two photon polymerization (2PP) is an effective technique for the fabrication of complex polymeric 3-D micro/nano features using ultrashort pulses from a NIR laser source. The photosensitive material absorbs two photons and initiates the chain polymerization reaction. The interaction of laser pulses with photo responsive resin creates a voxel (volumetric pixel) which defines the resolution of 2PP process. In this work, a mathematical model of the polymerization process that considers the effects of molecular diffusion and polymerization kinetics on the formation of voxel. The increase in temperature upon polymerization and their effect on the polymerization kinetics and molecular diffusion is …

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A Least-Squares/Galerkin Split Finite Element Method For Incompressible And Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations, Rajeev Kumar Aug 2008

A Least-Squares/Galerkin Split Finite Element Method For Incompressible And Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations, Rajeev Kumar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Over the years Galerkin finite element method along with its variants has been used to solve incompressible and compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The Galerkin method which is more suited for self-adjoint type system of equations like in solid mechanics and heat conduction struggles when applied to non self-adjoint type systems like one encountered in fluid dynamics. Velocity and pressure variables have to be approximated using functions which belong to different spaces and must satisfy the tough LBB condition. The least-squares finite element method (LSFEM), which is based on minimizing the l2-norm of the residual, has many attractive advantages over Galerkin finite …

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The Development And Testing Of Pulsed Detonation Engine Ground Demonstrators, Philip Koshy Panicker Aug 2008

The Development And Testing Of Pulsed Detonation Engine Ground Demonstrators, Philip Koshy Panicker

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The successful implementation of a PDE running on fuel and air mixtures will require fast-acting fuel-air injection and mixing techniques, detonation initiation techniques such as DDT enhancing devices or a pre-detonator, an effective ignition system that can sustain repeated firing at high rates and a fast and capable, closed-loop control system. The control system requires high-speed transducers for real-time monitoring of the PDE and the detection of the detonation wave speed. It is widely accepted that the detonation properties predicted by C-J detonation relations are fairly accurate in comparison to experimental values. The post-detonation flow properties can also be expressed …

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Analytical Thermal Model Of A Generic Multi-Layer Spacerless 3d Package, Erantha Nuwan Rodrigo Aug 2008

Analytical Thermal Model Of A Generic Multi-Layer Spacerless 3d Package, Erantha Nuwan Rodrigo

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Analytical Thermal Model of a Generic Multi-Layer Spacerless 3D Package Abstract The need for more functions in a single device has lead to die stacking architecture. Although the number of functional die increases further to accommodate package functionality, the overall package dimensions have not increased, they have stayed the same or decreased. Recently, Samsung announce a 16 die stacked device. In order to keep the same package height, alternate stacking structures need to be investigated. One suck opportunity is spacerless die stacking architecture. Using dummy silicon spacers add cost to a package and do not increase the memory of functionality. …

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