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Articles 1741 - 1770 of 2904
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Syntheses, Characterization, And Applications Of Injectable Citrate-Based Mussel-Inspired Biodegradable Adhesive (Icmba) Polymers And Hydrogels, Mohammadreza Mehdizadeh
Syntheses, Characterization, And Applications Of Injectable Citrate-Based Mussel-Inspired Biodegradable Adhesive (Icmba) Polymers And Hydrogels, Mohammadreza Mehdizadeh
Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Tissue adhesives are increasingly gaining more popularity in various areas of biomedical applications. They are utilized as surgical adhesives, as a replacement or adjunct to conventional wound closure and bleeding control techniques such as suturing, as well as in other applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery.Unfortunately, the existing surgical adhesives are not ideal for wet tissue adhesion required in many surgeries such as those for internal organs. Developing surgical adhesives with strong wet tissue adhesion, controlled degradability and mechanical properties, and excellent biocompatibility has been a significant challenge. Herein, learning from nature, we report a one-step synthesis of …
Ammonia Measurements And Emissions From A California Dairy Using Point And Remote Sensors, Kori D. Moore, E. Young, C. Gurell, Michael D. Wojcik, Randy S. Martin, G. E. Bingham, R. L. Pfeiffer, J. H. Prueger, J. L. Hatfield
Ammonia Measurements And Emissions From A California Dairy Using Point And Remote Sensors, Kori D. Moore, E. Young, C. Gurell, Michael D. Wojcik, Randy S. Martin, G. E. Bingham, R. L. Pfeiffer, J. H. Prueger, J. L. Hatfield
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications
Ammonia (NH3) is an important trace gas species in the atmosphere that can have negative impacts on human, animal, and ecosystem health. Agriculture has been identified as the largest source of NH3, specifically livestock operations. NH3 emissions from a commercial dairy in California were investigated during June 2008. Cattle were held in open-lot pens, except for young calves in hutches with shelters. Solid manure was stored in the open-lot pens. Liquid manure from feed lanes was passed through a solids settling basin and stored in a holding pond. Passive sensors and open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometers (OP-FTIR) were deployed around …
A Comparison Of Traditional And Bayesian Statistical Models In Fluvial Sediment Transport, Mark L. Schmelter, David King Stevens
A Comparison Of Traditional And Bayesian Statistical Models In Fluvial Sediment Transport, Mark L. Schmelter, David King Stevens
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications
The characterization of sediment transport is an important problem that has been actively studied for some time. Numerous approaches have been demonstrated in the literature, including mechanistic models, probabilistic arguments, machine learning algorithms, and empirical formulations. Most implementations of sediment transport relations are deterministic in nature and require the specification of model parameters. These parameters are traditionally assumed fixed (i.e., a single value), and subsequent predictions are not necessarily representative because of uncertainty because they are fixed (i.e., a line). In this paper, a Bayesian statistical sediment transport model is presented, and its ability to infer critical shear values from …
Nitric Oxide Releasing Polymers For Vascular Graft Applications, Ifeanyi U. Onyejekwe
Nitric Oxide Releasing Polymers For Vascular Graft Applications, Ifeanyi U. Onyejekwe
Biomedical and Chemical Engineering - Dissertations
Nitric oxide [NO] is an endogenous gas involved in a multitude of physiological functions, ranging from vasodilatation, inflammatory response to inhibition of platelet aggregation. Significant interest exists for therapeutic application of exogenous NO, particularly for the improvement of foreign-body responses of biomaterials. One challenge amongst several others that must be taken into consideration is NO's short half-life, ranging from 2-3 s, in physiological systems. Researchers have worked on synthesizing materials, formally referred to as NO donors/NONOates capable of preserving NO and spontaneous gas release upon contact with blood under physiological conditions. Two groups of these commercially available NO donors known …
Auto-Fluorescence Lifetime And Light Reflectance Spectroscopy For Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Potential Tools For Intraoperative Margin Detection, Vikrant Sharma, Shivaranjani Shivalingaiah, Yan Peng, David Euhus, Zygmunt Gryczynski, Hanli Liu
Auto-Fluorescence Lifetime And Light Reflectance Spectroscopy For Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Potential Tools For Intraoperative Margin Detection, Vikrant Sharma, Shivaranjani Shivalingaiah, Yan Peng, David Euhus, Zygmunt Gryczynski, Hanli Liu
Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive
This study investigates the use of two spectroscopic techniques, auto-fluorescence lifetime measurement (AFLM) and light reflectance spectroscopy (LRS), for detecting invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in human ex vivo breast specimens. AFLM used excitation at 447 nm with multiple emission wavelengths (532, 562, 632, and 644 nm), at which autofluorescence lifetimes and their weight factors were analyzed using a double exponent model. LRS measured reflectance spectra in the range of 500-840 nm and analyzed the spectral slopes empirically at several distinct spectral regions. Our preliminary results based on 93 measured locations (i.e., 34 IDC, 31 benign fibrous, 28 adipose) from 6 …
A Modeling Approach To Assessing The Effect Of Multiple Lakes In Sequence On Nutrient Transport, Dave M. Epstein, Bethany T. Neilson, Keli J. Goodman, David King Stevens, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
A Modeling Approach To Assessing The Effect Of Multiple Lakes In Sequence On Nutrient Transport, Dave M. Epstein, Bethany T. Neilson, Keli J. Goodman, David King Stevens, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications
The effects of a single lake on downstream water chemistry may be compounded by the presence of additional lakes within the watershed, augmenting or negating the effects of the first lake. Multiple, linked lakes are a common feature of many watersheds and these resemble reactors in series often studied in engineering. The effects of multiple lakes in series on nutrient transport are largely unexplored. We populated and calibrated a simple lake model to investigate the role of a sub-alpine lake (Bull Trout Lake (BTL), Rocky Mountains, USA) on the transport of the macronutrients during the summer of 2008. Further, we …
Delayed Observation Planning In Partially Observable Domains, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, Janusz Marecki
Delayed Observation Planning In Partially Observable Domains, Pradeep Reddy Varakantham, Janusz Marecki
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Traditional models for planning under uncertainty such as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) or Partially Observable MDPs (POMDPs) assume that the observations about the results of agent actions are instantly available to the agent. In so doing, they are no longer applicable to domains where observations are received with delays caused by temporary unavailability of information (e.g. delayed response of the market to a new product). To that end, we make the following key contributions towards solving Delayed observation POMDPs (D-POMDPs): (i) We first provide an parameterized approximate algorithm for solving D-POMDPs efficiently, with desired accuracy; and (ii) We then propose …
Improving Optical Contact For Functional Near-Infrared Brain Spectroscopy And Imaging With Brush Optodes, Bilal Khan, Chester Wildey, Robert Francis, Fenghua Tian, Mauricio R. Delgado, Hanli Liu, Duncan Macfarlane, George Alexandrakis
Improving Optical Contact For Functional Near-Infrared Brain Spectroscopy And Imaging With Brush Optodes, Bilal Khan, Chester Wildey, Robert Francis, Fenghua Tian, Mauricio R. Delgado, Hanli Liu, Duncan Macfarlane, George Alexandrakis
Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive
A novel brush optode was designed and demonstrated to overcome poor optical contact with the scalp that can occur during functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and imaging due to light obstruction by hair. The brush optodes were implemented as an attachment to existing commercial flat-faced (conventional) fiber bundle optodes. The goal was that the brush optodes would thread through hair and improve optical contact on subjects with dense hair. Simulations and experiments were performed to assess the magnitude of these improvements. FNIRS measurements on 17 subjects with varying hair colors (blonde, brown, and black) and hair densities (0–2.96 hairs/mm2 ) …
Sparsity Enhanced Spatial Resolution And Depth Localization In Diffuse Optical Tomography, Venkaiah C. Kavuri, Zi-Jing Lin, Fenghua Tian, Hanli Liu
Sparsity Enhanced Spatial Resolution And Depth Localization In Diffuse Optical Tomography, Venkaiah C. Kavuri, Zi-Jing Lin, Fenghua Tian, Hanli Liu
Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive
No abstract provided.
Real-Time Detection Of Implant-Associated Neutrophil Responses Using A Formyl Peptide Receptor-Targeting Nir Nanoprobe, Jun Zhou, Tsai Yi-Ting, Hong Weng, Ewin N. Tang, Ashwin Nair, Dave P. Digant, Liping Tang
Real-Time Detection Of Implant-Associated Neutrophil Responses Using A Formyl Peptide Receptor-Targeting Nir Nanoprobe, Jun Zhou, Tsai Yi-Ting, Hong Weng, Ewin N. Tang, Ashwin Nair, Dave P. Digant, Liping Tang
Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive
Neutrophils play an important role in implant-mediated inflammation and infection. Unfortunately, current methods which monitor neutrophil activity, including enzyme measurements and histological evaluation, require many animals and cannot be used to accurately depict the dynamic cellular responses. To understand the neutrophil interactions around implant-mediated inflammation and infection it is critical to develop methods which can monitor in vivo cellular activity in real time. In this study, formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-targeting nearinfrared nanoprobes were fabricated. This was accomplished by conjugating near-infrared dye with specific peptides having a high affinity to the FPRs present on activated neutrophils. The ability of FPR-targeting nanoprobes …
Assessment Of Student Outcomes Using Industry-Academia Assessment Teams, James Hanson Civil Engineering, M. Robinson, K. Sutterer, T. Chow, M. Reeves, A. Twarek
Assessment Of Student Outcomes Using Industry-Academia Assessment Teams, James Hanson Civil Engineering, M. Robinson, K. Sutterer, T. Chow, M. Reeves, A. Twarek
Faculty Publications - Civil Engineering
No abstract provided.
Passive Wireless Antenna Sensors For Crack Detection And Shear/Compression Sensing, Irshad Mohammad
Passive Wireless Antenna Sensors For Crack Detection And Shear/Compression Sensing, Irshad Mohammad
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Despite the fact that engineering components and structures are carefully designed against fatigue failures, 50 to 90% of mechanical failures are due to fatigue crack formation. The severity of the failure depends on both the crack length and its orientation with respect to the loading direction. Many types of sensors are available that can detect fatigue crack propagation. But, crack orientation detection has been rarely reported in the literature. We evaluated a patch antenna sensor capable of detecting crack propagation as well as crack orientation changes. The aim of the sensors would be to evaluate the real-time health condition of …
Illustration Of Fundamentals Of Mechanical Vibration Using Computable Document Format, Shiva Deshmukh
Illustration Of Fundamentals Of Mechanical Vibration Using Computable Document Format, Shiva Deshmukh
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The main objective of this study is focused on the better understanding of the basic concepts of mechanical vibrations and its free and ready availability to the entire student community all over the globe.In this study the concepts of vibrations are projected in the form of mathematical models. The mathematical models are designed using MATHEMATICA. These models are graphical in nature and can be animated at will. They are compiled and converted to the Computable Document Format referred as CDF.A very special function Manipulate is used in making the models. This function has given the models an ability to compute …
Photoelectrochemical Activity Of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films, Aida Mehdinezhad Roshan
Photoelectrochemical Activity Of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films, Aida Mehdinezhad Roshan
Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is considered as an oxide semiconductor with several unique properties, including environmental sensing capabilities, biocompatibility and photocurrent generation, long-term stability, cost efficiency, and chemical inertness. TiO2 thin films have a wide range of applications in dye-sensitized solar cells. TiO2 films have been deposited on two different substrates, aluminum and titanium. Two different methods used for deposition of the thin films namely: Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). In order to study the effect of roughness of the substrate on photocurrent generation of the deposited films, one group of substrates were “patterned” by Electrolytic Plasma …
Graph Theoretic Framework Based Cooperative Control And Estimation Of Multiple Uavs For Target Tracking, Mousumi Ahmed
Graph Theoretic Framework Based Cooperative Control And Estimation Of Multiple Uavs For Target Tracking, Mousumi Ahmed
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Designing the control technique for nonlinear dynamic systems is a significant challenge. Approaches to designing a nonlinear controller are studied and an extensive study on backstepping based technique is performed in this research with the purpose of tracking a moving target autonomously. Our main motivation is to explore the controller for cooperative and coordinating unmanned vehicles in a target tracking application.To start with, a general theoretical framework for target tracking is studied and a controller in three dimensional environment for a single UAV is designed. This research is primarily focused on finding a generalized method which can be applied to …
Lumped Parameter Modeling Of Fluid Line Dynamics With Turbulent Flow Conditions, Yi-Wei Huang
Lumped Parameter Modeling Of Fluid Line Dynamics With Turbulent Flow Conditions, Yi-Wei Huang
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
A procedure for obtaining rational polynomial transfer functions representing ordinary differential equations for time domain transient response simulations of systems with fluid transmission lines with incompressible turbulent flow is formulated and presented. The method is based on the use of an inverse frequency least squares algorithm applied to the distributed parameter model for laminar flow with added lumped resistance to match the additional resistance associated with turbulence. Guidelines for using the algorithm are included with focus on the use of weighting parameters, the number of resonant modes to be included, and the bandwidth of the pressure/flow pulsation dynamics in the …
Computer Simulation, Fabrication And Characterization Of Inverse Frustum Nanosphere Metal Arrays For Fiber-Based Plasmonic Sensors, Jiaqi Wu
Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive
In recent years, a number of metal nanostructures have attracted huge attention from scientists and researchers for its plasmonic property and surface enhanced Raman scattering effect. They have been utilized to monitor molecule adsorption, antibody-antigen reorganization event, and to enhance scattering for identification of molecules even in very low concentration. They both have also been exploited for real time biosensing.In this thesis, we are investigating a new plasmonic structure, inverse frustum nanosphere gold arrays, and exploring its optical fiber-based sensing application. The nanostructure was fabricated by electro-deposition of gold into pre-assembled templates, which are made of monodispered colloidal polystyrene nanospheres …
Cuinse2: Electronic Activities Of Grain Boundaries And Solar Cell Fabrication Studies, Mehmet Eray Erkan
Cuinse2: Electronic Activities Of Grain Boundaries And Solar Cell Fabrication Studies, Mehmet Eray Erkan
Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive
This dissertation is composed of three studies related to chalcopyrite solar cells. The first study is on electronic activities of grain boundaries (GBs) in CuInSe2 (CIS). Despite being polycrystalline, chalcopyrite thin film solar cells have reached record power conversion efficiencies. This is against the classical understanding on the effect of GBs in semiconductor materials. Because GBs are expected to be recombination centers and barriers against the carrier flow, reducing the device efficiency. Therefore, a complete understanding on the electronic behavior of chalcopyrite GBs is missing. Moreover, the high efficiency chalcopyrite solar cells are grown with Na impurities which positively …
Solution To Three Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations Using Finite Element Method, Shrinivas Ganesh Apte
Solution To Three Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations Using Finite Element Method, Shrinivas Ganesh Apte
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
A primitive variable mixed order formulation of finite element method for solving three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The method of weighted residuals is used to obtain the approximate solutions of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. The physical domain is discretized by using unstructured tetrahedral elements. Unequal order interpolation functions are used for pressure & velocity variables while the temporal discretization is carried out by using an implicit time marching scheme based on finite differencing.One of the major difficulties arising during the finite element solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is the efficient factorization/preconditioning of the resulting indefinite …
High Enthalpy Characterization Of The Uta Hypersonic Shock Tunnel, Raheem Temitope Bello
High Enthalpy Characterization Of The Uta Hypersonic Shock Tunnel, Raheem Temitope Bello
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In hypersonic wind tunnel testing, matching the flow enthalpy conditions for the hypersonic air-breathing corridor is of great importance in order to assure the validity of experimental results. The flow enthalpy of the UTA hypersonic shock tunnel is increased by a shock induced detonation driver. The detonation mixture consist of hydrogen and oxygen in stoichiometric quantities ( 2H2+O2 ? 2H2O). Experimental variations of pressure and the volume of the detonation section were performed to characterize the enthalpy limits, and overall performance of the UTA hypersonic shock tunnel. The UTA HST test section is designed for a nominal Mach number of …
Wear And Tribofilm Formation With Zinc-Free Antiwear Additives, Pradip Sairam Pichumani
Wear And Tribofilm Formation With Zinc-Free Antiwear Additives, Pradip Sairam Pichumani
Material Science and Engineering Theses - Archive
Engine oil is used in all internal combustion engines to lubricate the moving parts & mitigate the wear due to friction. Along with the mentioned two functions, engine oil also serves to protect the engine from corrosion, clean debris, improves sealing and serves in thermal conductivity. Engine oil is either derived from petroleum derivatives or made synthetically. A number of additives are added to the engine oil (Base oil) to improve its performance and longevity. Antioxidants, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, antifoaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, etc are some of the additives that are added to improve the engine oil‘s …
Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Mass Transfer In Microreactors, Wei-Tsen Han
Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Mass Transfer In Microreactors, Wei-Tsen Han
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
In this work, two types of microreactors for reactions have been studied, which were involving multiple fluid phases: liquid-liquid (immiscible liquids) phase and gas-liquid phase. Investigation of mass transfer within reacting flows in microreactors has been carried out in these two multiphase systems. For the liquid-liquid phase, a microfluidic system was designed and fabricated to generate a slug flow pattern of immiscible liquids. This system was used to demonstrate the effect of the flow pattern on mass transfer and the effect on chemical reaction rate for a simple acid-base reaction. The reaction progression was tracked by measuring the pH along …
Experimental Identification Of Force Coefficients Of Hybrid Air Foil Bearings, Yu Ping Wang
Experimental Identification Of Force Coefficients Of Hybrid Air Foil Bearings, Yu Ping Wang
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Successful applications for air foil bearings in small to midsize turbo-machinery have been acknowledged. Air foil bearings do not require oil lubricant thus they are capable of operating under much higher temperature than oil-lubricated bearings and they entail less maintenance costs if well-designed. However, when rotor size increases beyond 100 mm in diameter, reliability becomes an issue due to comparable increase in rotor weight with respect to increase in load capacity of the bearing. Furthermore, dry rubbing during starts and stops also causes concerns due to typical slow acceleration and deceleration characteristics of large turbo-machinery. The concept of hybrid air …
Experimental Feasibility Study Of Radial Injection Cooling Of Three-Pad Radial Air Foil Bearings, Suman K. Shrestha
Experimental Feasibility Study Of Radial Injection Cooling Of Three-Pad Radial Air Foil Bearings, Suman K. Shrestha
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Air foil bearings use ambient air as a lubricant allowing environment-friendly operation. When they are designed, installed, and operated properly, air foil bearings are very cost effective and reliable solution to oil-free turbomachinery. Because air is used as a lubricant, there are no mechanical contacts between the rotor and bearings and when the rotor is lifted off the bearing, near frictionless quiet operation is possible. However, due to the high speed operation, thermal management is one of the very important design factors to consider. Most widely accepted practice of the cooling method is axial cooling, which uses cooling air passing …
Thermal Behavior Of Dielectric Materials During Rapid Heating, Daipayan Sarkar
Thermal Behavior Of Dielectric Materials During Rapid Heating, Daipayan Sarkar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The objective of this research is to understand the temperature variation in dielectric materials of different geometry. The work is divided into three major segments. The Thermal Wave model has been taken into consideration as the classical Fourier law of heat conduction breaks down when a dielectric material of sub-micron geometry is heated rapidly. The first partof the work discusses primarily about the temperature distribution in a semi-infinite dielectric material, followed by the temperature profile in a finite body (plate) and finally mathematical formulation is presented for a two-layered body. The thermal wave equation is used because in dielectric materials …
Mitigation Of Hot-Spots In High-End Microprocessors Using Bulk And Thin Film Thermoelectric Coolers, Agat Hirachan
Mitigation Of Hot-Spots In High-End Microprocessors Using Bulk And Thin Film Thermoelectric Coolers, Agat Hirachan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Due to localized high heat fluxes, hot-spots are created in silicon chips. Cooling of the hot-spots is one of the major thermal challenges in today's integrated circuit (IC) industry. Many researches have been conducted to find ways to cool hot-spots using different techniques as uniform heating is highly desired. First part of the thesis focuses on cooling of hot-spot using conventional thermoelectric cooler (Melcor_CP1.0-31-05L.1) and a micro heat pipe. A chip package with conventional integrated heat spreader and heat sink was designed. Hot-spot was created at the center of the silicon die with background heat at rest of the area. …
Dynamic Performance Of Offset-Preloaded Two Pad Foil Bearings, Shrikant Ashok Yadav
Dynamic Performance Of Offset-Preloaded Two Pad Foil Bearings, Shrikant Ashok Yadav
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Commercial application of the air foil bearing (AFB) in microturbomachinary have been acknowledged. Absence of external pressurizing and lubricating system makes them light and compact. Simple construction, low friction drag and reliability at high speed operations are few more advantages of the AFBs. With all these advantages AFB proves to be the suitable option for oil-free small turbomachinery which includes micro gas turbines with shaft power less than 1000hp. Micro gas turbine generators are typically two shaft configuration with power generation capacity less than 500KW. Although many micro gas turbines with AFBs have been developed, due to the proprietary nature …
Dynamic Mode Decomposition Of Detonation Waves, Rahul Kumar
Dynamic Mode Decomposition Of Detonation Waves, Rahul Kumar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Dynamic mode decomposition is applied to study the self-excited fluctuations supported by transversely unstable detonations. The focus of this study is on the effect of forcing on the limit cycle solutions. Using DMD, only the most coherent modes are analyzed. The most coherent modes in this case are the fundamental and the fourth harmonic. The analysis is based on the coherency of the self-excited detonation modes due to turbulence. Analysis reveals coherency is significantly affected with a turbulent Mach number greater than 0.3 and also the regions downstream of the shock are more affected by turbulence than the region just …
Trajectory Generation And Constrained Control Of Quadrotors, Carlos Alberto Tule
Trajectory Generation And Constrained Control Of Quadrotors, Carlos Alberto Tule
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Unmanned Aerial Systems, although still in early development, are expected to grow in both the military and civil sectors. As part of the UAV sector, the quadrotor helicopter platform has been receiving a lot of interest from various academic and research institutions because of their simplistic design and low cost to manufacture, yet remaining a challenging platform to control. Four different controllers were derived for the trajectory generation and constrained control of a quadrotor platform. The rst approach involves the linear version of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to solve the state constrained optimization problem. The second approach uses …
Stress Analysis In Curved Composite Due To Thermal Loading, Jared Cornelius Polk
Stress Analysis In Curved Composite Due To Thermal Loading, Jared Cornelius Polk
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Many structures in aircraft, cars, trucks, ships, machines, tools, bridges, and buildings, consist of curved sections. These sections vary from straight line segments that have curvature at either one or both ends, segments with compound curvatures, segments with two mutually perpendicular curvatures or Gaussian curvatures, and segments with a simple curvature. With the advancements made in multi-purpose composites over the past 60 years, composites slowly but steadily have been appearing in these various vehicles, compound structures, and buildings. These composite sections provide added benefits over isotropic, polymeric, and ceramic materials by generally having a higher specific strength, higher specific stiffnesses, …