Engineering Commons^™

Bitseat: Reimagining The Financing For Airliners Using Nonfungible Tokens (Blockchain Technology), Edwin S. Ongola

Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering

This essay describes how blockchain technology, particularly nonfungible tokens, can be used to raise funding for airliners. The essay begins with a brief overview on the costs, categories, and acquisition methods of airliners. After that, the essay introduces concepts on blockchain technology, tokens, and smart contracts. The essay then touches on how nonfungible tokens can be used to facilitate fractional ownership of airliners. From there, the essay discusses Bitseat, a conceptual nonfungible token for fractional ownership of airliners, covering its overall design, appeal, marketplace alternatives, and challenges. Finally, in the discussion, the essay summarizes the overall concept and outlines its …

The Evolution Characteristics Of Gas Pressure Around Coal Seam Directional Long Extraction Boreholes With Nonlinear Extraction Negative Pressure, Zhang Qi, Jia Jinlong, Li Zhiguo, Zhang Longgang, Qin Zhengyuan, Zhang Weizhong, Li Jin

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Nonlinear pressure of coal seam gas in the directional borehole and surrounding areas affects extraction efficiency. A multi-field coupling numerical model, including gas desorption, diffusion, fracture seepage, and borehole extraction, is developed for the No. 3 coal seam of the GJH mine. Using the numerical simulation method of control variables, extraction was developed to investigate the nonlinear evolution of axial pressure gradients in directional long borehole and the spatiotemporal response characteristics of gas pressure. Results show that coal seam seepage pressure exhibits a nonlinear radial gradient attenuation around the borehole, evolving through rapid pressure change, stabilization, and slow adjustment. The …

Hyperlattice-Valued And Superhyperlattice-Valued Uncertain Sets With Decision Applications, Takaaki Fujita, Ajoy Kanti Das, Sankar Prasad Mondal, Arif Mehmood, Arkan Ghaib

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Fuzzy set theory enriches classical sets by assigning to each element a graded membership in [0,1], thereby capturing partial inclusion and uncertainty. The notion of an Uncertain Set further abstracts this idea by allowing membership to take values in a general degree-domain, providing a unified language that subsumes fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, neutrosophic, plithogenic, and related models. On the algebraic side, a hyperlattice replaces one lattice operation by a multivalued hyperoperation, enabling the representation of ambiguous or non-deterministic combinations, while a superhyperlattice iterates this structure through powerset lifting to obtain higher-order layers of interaction. Motivated by these developments, we introduce HyperLattice-valued …

An Interval-Valued Spherical Fuzzy Critic–Waspas Framework For Prioritizing Healthcare Delivery Models To Enhance Patient Satisfaction Under Uncertainty, Mariam Hamada, Ahmed Samy, Mohamed M. Abdelhafeez, Shrouk El-Amir

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Selecting an appropriate healthcare delivery model is important for improving the quality of healthcare services and enhancing patient satisfaction. However, this decision is complex because it involves several criteria, uncertainty, and different expert opinions. To handle this uncertainty, this paper uses Interval-Valued Spherical Fuzzy Sets (IVSFSs), which allow experts to express their evaluations more flexibly. This paper proposes an integrated interval-valued spherical fuzzy CRITIC-WASPAS approach to prioritize healthcare delivery models. The CRITIC method is used to determine the objective weights of the evaluation criteria, while the WASPAS method is used to rank the healthcare delivery models. Expert evaluations are expressed …

A Neutrosophic Event-Graph Legal Ai System For Detecting Contradictions In Witness Testimonies Under Egyptian Law, Shimaa Abdelghany Attalla, Alaa Elmor, Nada Hesham, Abduallah Gamal

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Witness testimony is an important source of evidence in criminal proceedings, but it may contain contradictions, incomplete details, or conflicts with other case-file materials. This paper proposes a neutrosophic event-graph legal AI framework for detecting materially contested claims in witness testimonies under the Egyptian criminal-procedure context. The framework converts testimony and related records into structured claims containing actor, action, object, time, location, source, and modality. These claims are then connected through an event graph and evaluated using neutrosophic components of support, indeterminacy, and opposition. The system produces source-grounded legal-review alerts when a claim has sufficient opposition from other claims or …

A Unified Framework For Neutrosophic Estimation Using Fractional Power, Exponential, And Logarithmic Functions With Bivariate Auxiliary Information, Anchal Yadav, Anuj Yadav

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This study develops a generalized neutrosophic ratio-type estimator for estimating the population mean by incorporating information from two auxiliary variables under Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). The proposed methodology extends the conventional single-auxiliary-variable approach by jointly incorporating bivariate auxiliary information within the neutrosophic framework, thereby accounting for uncertainty, indeterminacy, and inconsistency in the available information. The bias and mean squared error of the proposed estimator are derived using first-order approximations, and the corresponding efficiency conditions are established through theoretical comparisons with existing neutrosophic estimators. The performance of the proposed estimator is further examined using a real medical dataset represented …

20 Years Of Neutrosophic Statistics: A Bibliometric Analysis, Hammad Khalid, Arshad Hameed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Florentin Smarandache introduced neutrosophic statistics (NS), a formalism for representing uncertainty and indeterminacy in observations, parameters and statistics in an extension to classical and interval statistics. Although widespread in various contexts, such as statistical quality control, hypothesis testing, medical diagnosis, and decision science, and increasingly used and developed, the scientific evolution and conceptual framework of the science of decision making remain largely unexamined. To fill this gap, the present study has been conducted with a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of NS research articles published between 2003 to 2025 from Scopus which has been conducted following the SPAR-4-SLR protocol. In all, 501 …

Monitoring System In The Georeactor Area During The Underground Coal Gasification Process, Aleksandra Tokarz, Jacek Grabowski, Krzysztof Korczak

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Safety control of the underground coal gasification (UCG) process involves ensuring that the process runs smoothly, monitoring changes occurring on the surface and in the rock mass, and counteracting the negative environmental impact of the process. The article presents the application of a monitoring system implemented in Poland, both in pilot tests conducted in shallow coal seams at the Barbara Experimental Mine and in deep coal seams at the Wieczorek mine, where a full-scale gasification process was tested. The analysis of the monitoring results carried out during the gasification experiment in an operating mine allowed for the identification of key …

Studying Electromagnetic Wave Scattering From Small Dielectric Particles Using Neural Networks, Bryan Taylan, Patrick Corzo, Chris Velissaris, Theodoros Panagiotakopoulos

Undergraduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Physics-informed neural networks solve the Helmholtz equation without labeled data, but a low residual alone does not confirm that a solution preserves the physical distinction a downstream task depends on. We trained a four-layer SIREN with physics-based residuals, a Sommerfeld condition, Adam, and L-BFGS, modeling a Gaussian source and a plane wave scattering from a small dielectric inclusion. Fine-tuning from four base models produced 600 complex fields spanning omega = 4 to 20. A compact CNN, three ResNet-18 variants, and a frozen OpenCLIP encoder classified these fields under five random seeds. The CNN achieved (95.65 +/- 0.77)% accuracy, outperforming OpenCLIP …

Microwave Thermal Pre-Treatment To Improve Nickel Extraction From Lateritic Ore, Johana Borda, Daniel Sosa, Robinson Torres

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Two heat treatment processes for a nickeliferous laterite sample are presented, one by the conventional muffle route and the other by microwave. The heating was carried out in order to improve the dissolution of nickel in an acid medium. The study describes the changes observed in the mineral for the increase in temperature as a consequence of radiation in the microwave and in the muffle. The changes in the mineral crystalline phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The leaching media consisted of a 1 M sulfuric acid solution at ambient conditions for 7 h. The interaction between the reagent and …

Individualized Bayesian Inference Identifies Novel Genetic Variants For Parkinson's Disease, Jin Ren, Yasaman J. Soofi, Md Asad Rahman, Qing Lu, Jinling Liu

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a significant genetic component. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been instrumental in identifying genetic variants associated with PD, the reliance on large sample sizes and population-level analyses may overlook variants with lower minor allele frequencies or individual-specific relevance. Individualized Bayesian Inference (IBI) offers a promising method to complement GWAS by identifying and prioritizing candidate genetic markers at both the individual and patients-like-me subgroup levels. This study evaluates the application of IBI to PD genetics, using GWAS as a baseline for comparison. We analyzed genetic data from the Fox Insight online …

The Sliding Aperture Transform: A Mathematical Method Applied To Radiation-Induced Dlts Capacitance Transients, Md Abu Bakkar Siddique

Graduate Masters Theses

This thesis presents the Sliding Aperture Transform (SLAPt), a novel mathematical technique for extracting exponential argument and pre-factor  from experimental data. The method transforms measured waveforms into an inverse-domain representation where exponential decay processes appear as distinct peaks, simplifying data analysis and reducing the effects of baseline offsets and noise. The technique is here applied to time dependent capacitance transients associated with irradiated and non-irradiated silicon pn junction diodes. The technique is further developed and applied to positive argument exponentials using an axillary function. This allows forward bias  current-voltage measurements, and forward pulse-bias current transient measurements to be SLAP analyzed, …

Motor Imagery Eeg Decoding For Brain-Computer Interfaces: Structured Representation, Transfer, And Drift, Yiming Shen

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Motor imagery EEG decoding is often summarized by the accuracy of a final classifier, but the classifier is only the last stage of the pipeline. Before classification, the signal has already been shaped by preprocessing, feature extraction, source-session organization, and adaptation. This dissertation studies how feature representation, source-session transfer, and drift shape reliable MI-EEG decoding for brain-computer interfaces.

It first studies within-session decoding on public MI-EEG datasets using nested validation that keeps preprocessing, feature fitting, and model selection inside the training folds. This analysis separates gains from feature representation from gains due to nonlinear classification, and relates both comparisons to …

In Situ Electrochemical Characterization Techniques For Active Hydrogen In Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction To Ammonia, Hong-Mei Li, Mei Yi, Zhao-Yu Jin, Ming-Hao Xie, Khalid M. Omer, Yong Guo, Pan-Pan Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NitRR) represents a sustainable pathway that integrates environmental remediation with the production of high-value ammonia. However, the activity and selectivity of this process are limited by the generation, consumption, and dynamic equilibrium of the key transient intermediate—active hydrogen (*H). Precise modulation of *H necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its behavior, which relies fundamentally on advanced in situ electrochemical characterization techniques. However, a systematic review dedicated to the rational selection and application of in situ electrochemical techniques for the specific characterization of *H in NitRR, with clear definitions of each technique's "detectable targets, quantitative accuracy, and …

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Of Core-Shell Structured Pd@Pdptcufe Recessed Truncated Octahedral Nanocrystals For Multifunctional Electrocatalysis, De-Zhong Hu, Wen-Dan Jiang, Wei Keat Ng, Jun Yang, Xiong-Wu Kang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Developing cost-efficient and durable multifunctional electrocatalysts of hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is crucial for improving energy conversion efficiency in electrolytic water splitting electrolyzer and advancing rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Polyhedral shaped nanocrystals with well-defined crystal facets represent a type of model catalysts that enables the exploration of structure-activity relationships. However, it is still very challenging to prepare alloy nanocrystals with multiple metal components due to their complicated redox potentials and mixing enthalpy. Herein, we report a rapid microwave-assisted polyol reduction method for syntheses of core-shell Pd@PdPtCu, Pd@PdPtCuNi, Pd@PdPtCuCo and Pd@PdPtCuZn octahedral nanocrystals, and recessed truncated-octahedral …

Neural Network Driven By Electrochemical Performance Data For Predicting The Discharge Termination Time Of Seawater Electrolyte-Based Metal-Air Batteries, Peng-Peng Shen, Yi-Chi Pan, Yu-Rong Liu, Lu-Dan Zhang, Ning Niu, Guan-Jun Wang, De-Kun Yang, Xin-Long Tian, Peng Rao

Journal of Electrochemistry

Seawater electrolyte-based metal-air batteries exhibit great promise for marine energy supply systems. However, conventional statistical analysis methods, though applicable to seawater metal-air battery lifetime prediction, have inherent limitations of insufficient prediction accuracy and large error. Herein, a deep time-series regression framework based on InceptionTime and incorporating prior-biased attention pooling is proposed to construct a nonlinear mapping between electrochemical performance sequences and the discharge termination time of catalysts. Specifically, chronoamperometric profiles are employed to extract long-term stability features, while prior knowledge derived from linear sweep voltammetry is introduced to strengthen the attention weighting over critical potential regions. Under a nested leave-one-catalyst-out …

Modeling Of Supersonic Wave And Shock Propagation Using The Lattice Boltzmann Method, Timothy P. Schroeder

Beyond: Undergraduate Research Journal

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has emerged as a mesoscopic alternative to traditional Navier-Stokes solvers for modeling fluid dynamics offering advantages in computational efficiency, parallelization, and handling of complex boundaries. Despite these strengths, accurately reproducing compressible, shock-driven phenomena remains challenging. This study investigates the performance of LBM in simulating the Sod shock tube problem, a classical benchmark for compressible flow-using both single and double distribution function formulations across one- and two-dimensional lattice stencils. A MATLAB-based solver was developed to model the flow under isothermal conditions and compared to the analytical solution using the L2 norm error. The one-dimensional models achieved …

Table Of Contents, The Editors

Coal Geology & Exploration

No abstract provided.

Resilience-Oriented Geological Safeguards For Damage Mitigation In Coal Resource Exploitation, Wang Shuangming, Sun Qiang, Yan Meixin, Miao Lintian, Liu Lang, Qiao Junwei, Niu Chao, Geng Jishi, Fang Chenxi, Zhang He, Xiao Lele, Li Shibo

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Coal remains a fundamental component of China’s energy security system. With the westward shift of coal development and continuous expansion into deeper strata, coal mining is confronted with increasingly complex geological conditions and growing ecological constraints. Geological damage induced by mining disturbance has evolved from isolated geological issues into a coupled Earth-system problem involving the lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, characterized by uncertainty, hysteresis, concealment, and cross-scale accumulation. Resilience-based damage mitigation emphasizes reducing the probability, intensity, and recovery costs of geological damage through proactive identification, dynamic regulation, damage suppression, and post-disturbance restoration under mining disturbance and external environmental …

Key Technologies And Their Application Of Vertical Large Models For Geological Guarantee In Coal Mining, Liu Zaibin, Fan Tao, Liu Borui, Chen Changyuan, Li Guihong, Li Wei, Jing Xiaotian, Li Xiping, Du Yiming

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background General-purpose large language models (LLMs) have remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and complex-task reasoning. However, when applied to geological guarantee in coal mining, these models still suffer from several inherent limitations, including insufficient professional geological knowledge, limited insights into industrial terminology, and inadequate integration of engineering logic and rules. Consequently, they face challenges in accurately capturing domain-specific knowledge and reasoning mechanisms required for geological interpretation, early warning of disasters, and decision-making for disaster prevention and control. These issues lead to limited applicability and reliability of general-purpose LLMs. On the other hand, geological guarantee in coal mining involves multi-source …

Mechanisms And Implications Of The Novel Cast Model Of Coal Graphitization, Wang Shaoqing, Zhang Jingzhe, Zhang Xiaomei, Wang Xiaoshuai, Chen Hao, Wang Xiaoling, Li Wu, Tang Yuegang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods Coal graphitization is a multi-stage process with abrupt changes rather than linear evolution. So far, its inherent driving mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Notably, twisted graphene was observed in the process of coal graphitization in 2025, providing a new opportunity to reveal the essence of this structural transformation. Results and Conclusions By combining previous research results, this study proposes a novel coal graphitization model that consists of condensation, alignment, stacking, and twisting (CAST). The four parts of the CAST model are organically integrated, collectively forming a continuous and dynamic evolutionary process. Most especially, no absolute …

Microstructure Evolution Characteristics Of Coal Briquettes During Hot Pressing Carbonization And A Temperature Control Method, Gan Qingqing, Xu Jiang, Peng Shoujian, Cai Guoliang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Coal briquettes used for physical simulations of gas disasters in coal mines generally exhibit low strength and high permeability. To address this challenge, this study developed a new hot pressing process and a temperature control method to optimize the mechanical and seepage performance of coal briquettes. Methods First, an optimal mixing ratio scheme was determined based on the Horsfield close-packing theory, and coal briquettes were prepared at different temperatures using an independently developed hot pressing system. Subsequently, the microstructure evolution patterns of the hot-pressed coal briquettes were characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), a …

3d Geological Modeling And Its Application For Steeply Dipping Coal Seams In The Miquan Area, Xinjiang, Wu Luofei, Li Yong, Zhang Weiqi, Han Yiyang, Zhang Jie, Cao Mingliang, Li Qiang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Influenced by multi-stage compression from the North Tianshan and Bogda mountains, the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang exhibits the widespread development of steeply dipping coal seams. The extreme stratigraphic occurrence, combined with complex structural superimposition styles, poses significant challenges to the fine-scale characterization of these coal seams. Correspondingly, the planar and regional distribution patterns of gas content in these coal seams remain poorly understood, rendering it difficult to effectively determine the sweet spots of coalbed methane (CBM). Methods Focusing on the Miquan area, Xinjiang, this study investigated the methodology for 3D geological modeling of representative steeply …

Evolutionary Characteristics And Fine-Scale Zoning Of Overburden Fractures For Pressure-Relief Mining Of Soft Coal Seams, Wang Long, Deng Zhiliang, Zhang Zongxiang, Guo Baohua, Tan Hongchen, Zhao Pengtao, Hu Longsheng

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective During the mining of coal seam groups, substantial gas is prone to rush into the mining face from adjacent coal seams through interconnected mining-induced fractures. This poses a threat to safe coal mining. Under pressure-relief mining of soft coal seams, their low permeability and high stress sensitivity present challenges to the successive mining of protective and protected coal seams. Specifically, mechanisms behind the overburden fracture evolution remain poorly understood, and it is difficult to identify preferential pathways for gas migration accurately. Methods This study investigated coal seam groups in the Jiahe mining area of Hunan Province as the engineering …

Spatial Topological Configurations Of Cleats And Geometrical Quantitative Characterization Of Matrix Blocks In Deep Coal Seams, Shen Jian, Li Wei, Tian Yongjing, Ma Tianyu, Zhang Hewei, Dong Jiying, Zhu Peipei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Cleats in deep coal seams are characterized by strong heterogeneity, and their topological configurations, as well as their topological relationships with matrix blocks, remain poorly understood. On the other hand, the assumptions regarding the size and geometry of matrix blocks adopted in representative reservoir structure models and numerical simulations do not fully reflect actual reservoir conditions. Methods Deep coal cores collected from the northeastern Ordos Basin were investigated in this study. Using CT scanning and topological theory, a multi-dimensional topological parameter system was established to characterize cleats in deep coal seams. Furthermore, four topological configurations of cleats in deep …

Stable Isotope-Based Origin Identification And Enrichment Zone Division Of Medium- To Low-Rank Coalbed Methane, Wang Qiong, Xu Fengyin, Ren Pengfei, Xu Hao, Lu Pengda, Hu Han, Zhou Siyuan

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Medium-to low-rank coalbed methane (CBM) exhibits complex origins with significant vertical differentiation, leading to unclear origin identification and enrichment patterns. This study aims to determine the genetic mechanisms, enrichment patterns, and efficient exploitation pathways of medium- to low-rank CBM. This will help improve the theoretical system for the exploration and exploitation of such CBM. Methods CBM data from 14 typical low- to medium-rank coalfields and coal-bearing basins across the world were comprehensively analyzed, including CBM compositions C₁/(C₂+C₃), carbon and hydrogen isotopes of CH₄ (δ¹³C-CH₄ and δD-CH_{4 …}

Dynamic-To-Static Elastic Parameter Conversion Models For Coals Under Temperature-Pressure Coupling: A Case Study Of The No. 8 Coal Seam In The Daning-Jixian Block, Zhang Wei, Wu Peng, Liu Conghui, Zhang Sidun, Sun Xuedong, Yang Haixing, Ma Zhuang, Shi Rui, Shen Jian

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Existing dynamic-to-static elastic parameter conversion models for coals fail to fully account for the actual in situ pressure and temperature conditions of deep reservoirs. This leads to significant deviations in directly evaluating the mechanical properties of reservoirs using log-derived dynamic parameters. To address this challenge, this study investigated dynamic-to-static elastic parameter conversion under the in situ stress and geotemperature conditions of strata. Accordingly, high-precision parameter conversion models were established. Methods This study examined coal samples from the No. 8 coal seam at a burial depth of approximately 1200 m in the Daning-Jixian block along the eastern margin of the …

A Geochemical Evaluation Method For Geological Sweet Spots Of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale Gas: A Case Study Of The Shan$^3_2 $ Sub-Member, Eastern Margin Of The Ordos Basin, Zhu Xingcheng, Li Yong, Lu Jungang, He Qingbo, Li Shuxin, Xiao Zhenglu, Li Xiang, Jiang Qijun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background China boasts abundant marine-continental transitional shale gas resources. However, marine-continental transitional shales in the country exhibit complex geological conditions characterized by rapid lateral facies transition, vertical superimposition of multiple lithologies, and small single-layer thickness. These characteristics pose a challenge to shale gas sweet spot prediction. Therefore, establishing a sweet spot grading and evaluation system tailored to these shales is of great significance for guiding decision-making in hydrocarbon exploration and supporting large-scale production. Methods Based on core observations, this study systematically evaluated the geochemical characteristics of marine-continental transitional shales in the 3rd submember of the 2nd member of the Permian …

Sources And Occurrence Patterns Of Hydrocarbons In The Surrounding Rocks Of Coal Seams: A Case Study Of The Jurassic Yan'an Formation In The Xinzhuang Mine Field, Longdong Area, Zhang Peng, Chen Dongdong, Zhao Junfeng, Zheng Kaige, Wang Chunxin, Zhou Xingtian

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods This study aims to ascertain abnormal hydrocarbon outflows from the surrounding rocks of coal seams in the Jurassic Yan'an Formation within the Xinzhuang mine field in the Longdong area, southwestern Ordos Basin. Based on the fundamental principles of petroleum geology, sedimentology, and coal geology, this study systematically analyzed the sources, occurrence patterns, and primary controlling factors of hydrocarbons in the surrounding rocks of coal seams using methods including core observation, sample analysis, and statistical mapping. Results and Conclusions In the Xinzhuang mine field, hydrocarbon outflows are primarily identified in the floor of the No. 8 coal seam …

Investigating Seepage In Rough Porous Media Fractures Using Fractional Brownian Motion Simulation, Liu Weitao, Kong Debin, Mao Qingfu, Zhao Jiyuan, Gu Yulong, Zhang Xiao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Natural rock fractures are often partially filled with permeable materials such as silt and minerals under long-term geological and hydraulic actions, forming complex structures containing unfilled voids. The seepage characteristics of such fractures significantly influence petroleum extraction, mine water prevention, and the stability of underground engineering projects. Methods To reveal the underlying seepage mechanisms, this study generated rough profiles of unfilled voids with different fractal dimensions based on Fractional Brownian Motion. A theoretical expression for the overall permeability of partially filled fractures was derived, and a coupled free flow–porous medium flow numerical model was established. This framework was used …