Engineering Commons^™

Mechanistic Modeling Of Nanoparticle-Stabilized Supercritical Co2 Foams And Its Implication In Field-Scale Eor Applications, Doris Patricia Ortiz Maestre

LSU Master's Theses

Previous experimental studies show that nanoparticle-stabilized supercritical CO₂ foams (or, NP CO₂ foams) can be applied as an alternative to surfactant foams, in order to reduce CO₂ mobility in gas injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These nanoparticles, if chosen correctly, can be an effective foam stabilizer attached at the fluid interface in a wide range of physicochemical conditions.

By using NP CO₂ foam experiments available in the literature, this study performs two tasks: (i) presenting how a mechanistic foam model can be used to fit experimental data and determine required model parameters, and (ii) investigating the …

Experimental Study Of Low Salinity Water Flooding And Fracturing Effects In Low Permeability Carbonate Reservoir, Benny Arianto Harahap

Theses

In past decades, there were numerous research works demonstrated that salinity alteration of injected water could enhance the oil recovery. Low salinity water (LSW) injection is a type of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method, which attracts the industrial, and researchers because of its simplicity to use the implications,

Environment-friendly nature, and less cost. In addition to, hydraulic fracturing, also known as hydraulic stimulation, is another EOR method that improves hydrocarbon flow by creating fractures in the Low Permeability Formation (LPF) that connects the reservoir and wellbore. Fractures will increase the permeability of reservoir and give the flow path for hydrocarbon …

Vibration Modification To A.P.I. Fracture Short Term Conductivity Testing Procedure, Blake A. Ereaux

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

The current API Short Term Fracture Conductivity (volume number) testing procedure provided by the American Petroleum Institute doesn't consistently provide repeatable results. For example, in an independent review of three commercial lab results testing the same sample of proppant the variation between the three had a data spread of nearly 80% (Anderson, 2013). Continuing and refocusing the research performed by Kent Blair's thesis "Modifying Fracture Conductivity Testing Procedures" (Montana Tech, 2015), the goal of this thesis is to expand the lab research results on the use of vibration in the cell loading procedure to improve the repeatability of test results. …

The Effect Of Mineral Composition On Shale Oil Recovery, Andrew Fakhry

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Identifying contact angles in porous media is essential for characterizing multiphase flow of fluids in reservoirs. Traditional methods to measure contact angles assume a homogenous structure of reservoir rock; however, microscale pictures by Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) show that rock composition varies even inside a single pore. In addition, the preferentiality of oil layer formation is different according to the minerals constituting the reservoir rock. As a result, contact angles have heterogeneous behavior at the pore-scale.

For the purpose of this research, contact angles are measured on the pure minerals that make up the main components of a Bakken reservoir …

Evaluation Of Methods To Model Hydraulic Fractures In Flow Simulation, Ben Doleshal

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Modern reservoir studies use reservoir simulation to predict future production and plan reservoir development. Due to the increase in production in unconventional reservoirs in recent years, the number of hydraulically fractured wells has risen drastically. The days of using simple analytic techniques to account for the production of a single hydraulic fracture in a vertical well are gone, and the need to be able to model numerous hydraulic fractures in many stages over long horizontals is required.

This brings up the study question of this research: What is the best way to model hydraulic fractures in a flow simulator? There …

An Application Of Box-Jenkins Approach In Forecasting Nigerian Crude Oil Prices., Bashir Umar Faruk

Bullion

Nigerian government has been adopting Moving Average (MA) method in pegging crude oil price benchmark. However, large discrepancy between the projected oil price benchmark and the actual international crude oil prices is observed over time. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to investigate whether Box-Jenkins approach could provide a lasting solution to the problem of inefficient oil price forecast in the Nigerian budgeting process. In our quest for an appropriate oil benchmark, monthly bonny light crude oil prices for the period of April 1986 to December 2015 are used.

Diagenesis And Formation Stress In Fracture Conductivity Of Shaly Rocks; Experimental-Modelling Approach In Co2-Rock Interactions, Abiola Olukola Olabode

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In large scale subsurface injection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) as obtainable in carbon sequestration programs and in environmentally friendly hydraulic fracturing processes (using supercritical CO₂), long term rock-fluid interaction can affect reservoir and seal rocks properties which are essential in monitoring the progress of these operations. The mineralogical components of sedimentary rocks are geochemically active particularly under enormous earth stresses, which generate high pressure and temperature conditions in the subsurface. While geomechanical properties such as rock stiffness, Poisson’s ratio and fracture geometry largely govern fluid flow characteristics in deep fractured formations, the effect of mineralization can …

Experimental Study And Modeling Of Smart Loss Circulation Materials; Advantages And Promises, Ahmed Khaled Abdelmaksoud Mansour

LSU Master's Theses

Lost circulation occurs when mud or cement is lost to the formation while drilling. Lost circulation has been a huge problem and may cause heavy financial costs in the form of lost rig time, mud fluid and in severe cases, well blowout with serious environmental and safety consequences. Despite extensive advances in the last couple of decades, lost circulation materials used today still have disadvantages such as damaging production zones, plugging drilling tools or failing to seal the fractures. Here, we propose a new class of smart expandable lost circulation material (LCM) to remotely control the expanding force and functionality …

Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension And Phase Behavior: Interactions Of Surfactant/Polymer Solutions With Crude Oil, Michael A. Steinerd, Jaeyub Chung, Bryan W. Boudouris, Nathan C. Schultheiss, Elias I. Franses

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

Advanced oil recovery techniques, beyond primary and secondary recovery, are required in order to produce additional oil in existing reservoir rock. Here, we evaluated a combination of polymer and surfactant aqueous solutions, in order to generate a working fluid capable of achieving high-performance enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this recovery process, surfactant is added to the water flooding mixture in order to lower the interfacial tension between the oil and the water. If the interfacial tension can be decreased by ~1,000-fold, then the aqueous solution can mobilize and displace the oil. Moreover, a polymer is added to the aqueous solution …

Ultrasonic Techniques For Characterization Of Oil-Water Emulsion And Monitoring Of Interface In Separation Vessels, Embark Alshaafi

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Emulsions created at different stages of crude oil production and processing present a number of problems and challenges. There is need to monitor emulsion layer in separation vessel to avoid its ingress into separated oil or water phases. It is also important to study role of different impurities and conditions on emulsion stability which determines the ease or difficulty on its breakup to separate the individual phases. There is also need to have a good understanding of emulsion rheology and effect of different variables on its flow behavior. There is currently a lack of suitable technique to monitor emulsion layer …

Membrane Surface Engineering For Biochemical Applications, Anh T. Vu

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Synthetic membranes have been frequently used for many fields, such as, the food and beverage, biopharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. In the beer industry, microfiltration frequently suffers from fouling due to the interaction between different species. It is shown that polyphenols can form cross-links with protein molecules, forming insoluble aggregates. However, by adding an optimal amount of polysaccharides these aggregates can be disrupted thus reducing fouling by the aggregates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful technique to locate the foulants inside the wet membrane in order to understand more about the behavior of fouling in microfiltration.

Membrane surface modification …

Comparison Of Intrusive And Non-Intrusive Methods For Corrosion Monitoring Of Fuel Processing Systems, Armando Jacob Espinoza, Thomas Conner Field

Materials Engineering

This presentation contains an assessment of the best overall corrosion monitoring device, intrusive or non-intrusive, for use in the petrochemical industry. Corrosion in the petrochemical industry is a large issue because it causes a deterioration of pipe integrity in fuel processing systems. A reduction of pipe wall integrity due to corrosion could result in a leak or an explosion of fuel processing lines since those systems function at high pressures. The use of corrosion monitoring systems in the petrochemical industry helps to detect early signs of corrosion prior to failure so that proper maintenance can be performed to prevent catastrophe. …

Oil Recovery By Surfactant Flooding; Sensitivity Analysis To Technical Parameters And Economic Analysis, Hadel Mohsen Moustafa

Theses

Various enhanced oil recovery methods including miscible gas injection, chemical, thermal and other methods are applied at the third phase of production after the primary and secondary recovery have been exhausted. Surfactant flooding is one of the chemical methods that is capable of recovering more oil by decreasing the IFT and/or wettability alteration.This piece of work aims to asses and select the development options using surfactant process that maximize oil recovery for a synthetic reservoir model by optimizing technical and economic analysis.

Reservoir simulation study using ECLIPSE 100 was used to study the different development options of surfactant flooding applied …

Quantitative Analysis Of High Pressure Hazards In Oil And Gas Field Operations, Giuseppe Feo

Honors Theses

No abstract provided.

Modeling The Effect Of Methane Vs. Carbon Dioxide Injection On Oil Recovery: Case Study: The East Vacuum Grayburg-San Andres Unit, Lea County, New Mexico, Charles Ohalekwu

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

This project aims to determine if methane (CH4) injection is more effective and economical than carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in a conventional dolomite reservoir by using the East Vacuum Grayburg-San Andres Unit (EVGSAU), Lea County, New Mexico as a model. This was done by simulating a CH4 and CO2 injection system and estimating the economics for each. CH4 injection has not been done at the EVGSAU, however CO2 has been used as a method of enhanced oil recovery.

The EVGSAU is located on the eastern side of the Vacuum Field, approximately 15 miles northwest of Hobbs in Lea County, New …

Removal Of Chlorine From Chlorine-Nitrogen Mixture In A Film Of Liquid Water, Sarwan S. Sandhu

Sarwan S. Sandhu

In industry there are many examples of absorption of a gas with or without chemical reaction in the liquid phase. In physical absorption, a particular gaseous component is removed from a gas mixture due to its larger solubility in the liquid phase solvent. The removal of butane and pentane from a refinery gas mixture by a heavy oil in the liquid phase is an example of physical absorption. In absorption with chemical reaction, the gaseous component to be removed transfers across the gas-liquid interface due to a difference in the bulk chemical potentials or concentrations in the two phases. The …

C.V. - Wojciech Budzianowski, Wojciech M. Budzianowski

Wojciech Budzianowski

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Renewable Energy And Sustainable Development (Resd) Group, Wojciech M. Budzianowski

Wojciech Budzianowski

No abstract provided.

Marketing Strategies To Enhance Profitability Among International Oil And Gas Service Companies, Hesameddin Zafari

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A significant drop in oil price in 2014 resulted in enormous pressure on marketing managers of international oilfield service companies to address new market expectations. In such competitive conditions, some marketing managers lack strategies to leverage profitability during downturns. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that senior marketing managers of international oilfield service companies in the Middle East successfully used to enhance sales performance, revenues, and profits during periods of declining oil prices. Theory of market segmentation, targeting, and positioning formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews of 5 …

Evaluation Of Preformed Particle Gels Penetration And Propagation Behavior For A Conformance Control Treatment In Partially Open Conduits, Ahmed Mohamed Aldalfag

Masters Theses

"Preformed particle gels (PPGs) serve as a conformance control agent and have been used widely to control excess water production through conduits, fractures or fracture-like features. This research ranks the parameters that impact PPG resistance to water flow in partially opened conduits. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of brine concentration, PPG injection pressure, back pressure, reducing water salinity and matrix permeability on PPG resistance to water flow through conduits, PPG penetration to the matrix. PPGs were swelled in different concentration brines and were injected into the conduits at a few designed injection pressures. PPG swollen in high brine …

The Effect Of Testing Conditions On Lost Circulation Materials' Performance In Simulated Fractures, Montri Jeennakorn

Doctoral Dissertations

"Lost circulation (LOC) problems increase costs of drilling significantly. It is not only the cost of the drilling fluid that is lost into the formation but also the costs of subsequent problems that can be higher than the cost of the drilling fluids. LOC also possibly leads to a serious risk of blowout incident.

Lost circulation materials (LCM) are regularly added to the drilling fluids with an expectation of plugging the flow path. Due to the difficulties of testing and monitoring LCM sealing processes in the field, LCM evaluation in the laboratory is often used to prove and assure successful …

A Regional Study Of Wilcox Reservoirs In The Deepwater Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Margaret Elizabeth Dice

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Deepwater Wilcox trend covers more than 34,000 mi2, extending from the northwestern block, Alaminos Canyon, to Keathley Canyon, and to the north-central block, Walker Ridge. The Wilcox trend is widely studied in the oil and gas industry as it has significant proven hydrocarbons, but has considerable economic challenges due to the reservoir characteristics. The purpose of this study is to provide a regional study of the Wilcox reservoir economics and quality. Great white field is the most successful Wilcox field located in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and Jack and St. Malo are the most successful Wilcox fields located …

Effects Of Post Eviction Resettlement On Land-Use And Cover Change In Uganda’S Oil Exploration Areas, Joseph Ssekandi, John Mburu, Oliver Wasonga, Laban Macopiyo, Charles A. Francis

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Evaluation of the changes in land use and land cover change (LULCC) in respect to oil exploration across the Albertine region in Uganda has been focused around the exploration areas and protected areas, with no attention to the potential impacts of evictees’ activities on resettled areas. This study used LANDSAT images to analyze the land use and land cover changes (LULCC) among the period before eviction (2002 and 2005) at the climax of eviction and resettlements (2005-2011), and during the post-resettlement period (2011-2015) to quantify the impacts of resettlements on the environment. LANDSAT images were processed using ERDAS IMAGINE software …

Analysis Of Biomarkers In Crude Oils, Processed Oils, And Spilled Oils, Pornpetch Hattakijvilai

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Oil spills in marine are commonly come from crude oils, fuel oils and lubricating oils by accidental leakages or purposeful discharges to the surroundings. As crude oil and fuel oil which refined from the heavy fraction of crude oil have similar physical properties especially if they were weathering, it is difficult to differentiate that the spill has the origin from crude oil or fuel oil. In this study, five crude oils, two fuel oils, one fresh and one used lube oil that are typically used in Thailand were investigated. All crude oils, fuel oils, and used lube oil were weathered …

การขจัดกำมะถันแบบดูดซับจากน้ำมันดีเซลบนวายซีโอไลต์แลกเปลี่ยนไอออน, อานันท์ ศิลาจันทร์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

ปัจจุบัน 95 เปอร์เซ็นต์ ของการขนส่งขึ้นกับเชื้อเพลิงซอสซิลโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งน้ำมันดีเซล น้ำมันดีเซลไม่ได้มีส่วนประกอบแค่พาราฟินและโอเลฟินเพียงเท่านั้น ยังมีสารประกอบกำมะถันซึ่งเป็นสาเหตุหนึ่งที่ก่อให้เกิดภาวะฝนกรด การกัดกร่อนอุปกรณ์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง ความเป็นพิษต่อตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาและก่อให้เกิดปัญหาต่อระบบทางเดินหายใจ เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาดังกล่าวกระบวนการขจัดกำมะถันโดยการดูดซับถูกนำมาใช้กับน้ำมันดีเซลเพื่อลดปริมาณของกำมะถันในน้ำมันดีเซล อย่างไรก็ตามน้ำมันดีเซลยังคงมีส่วนประกอบอื่นๆ เช่น สารประกอบแอโรแมติกและไนโตรเจนอยู่ด้วย ดังนั้น งานวิจัยนี้เป็นการศึกษาผลของสารประกอบแอโรแมติกและไนโตรเจนต่อการขจัดกำมะถันในรูปของไดเบนโซไทโอฟีนและ 4,6-ไดเมทิลไดเบนโซไทโอฟีน ในน้ำมันจำลองที่มีนอร์มัลออกเทนเป็นตัวทำละลายโดยการดูดซับโดยใช้คอลัมน์แบบเบดนิ่งที่บรรจุตัวดูดซับ ตัวดูดซับที่ใช้ในการศึกษามี 6 ชนิด ได้แก่ ซีโอไลต์ Na-Y, Ni-Y, La-Y, Ce-Y, Ni-La-Y และ Ni-Ce-Y ผลการทดลองแสดงในรูปของความจุเบรคทรูและความจุทั้งหมดในการดูดซับสารประกอบกำมะถันซึ่งสามารถคำนวณได้จากเส้นโค้งเบรคทรู พบว่าความจุในการดูดซับไดเบนโซไทโอฟีนและ 4,6-ไดเมทิลไดเบนโซไทโอฟีนในน้ำมันจำลองที่มีสารประกอบแอโรแมติกและไนโตรเจนโดยใช้ตัวดูดซับชนิดต่างๆ ลดลงตามลำดับดังนี้ Na-Y ~ Ni-Ce-Y ~ Ni-Y > La-Y > Ce-Y > Ni-La-Y สารประกอบแอโรแมติกและไนโตรเจนส่งผลให้ความจุการดูดซับสารประกอบกำมะถันลดลงโดยสารประกอบไนโตรเจนส่งผลต่อการลดลงของการดูดซับสารประกอบกำมะถันมากกว่าสารประกอบแอโรแมติก นอกจากนี้ศึกษาการคืนสภาพตัวดูดซับซีโอไลต์ Na-Y ด้วยการสกัดด้วยตัวทำละลายโดยตัวแปรที่ศึกษา ได้แก่ ชนิดตัวทำละลาย อุณหภูมิและอัตราการไหลของตัวทำละลาย พบว่า การคายสารประกอบที่ดูดซับบ่งบอกประสิทธิภาพของการคืนสภาพจะขึ้นกับสภาพขั้วที่เหมือนกันของตัวทำละลายและสารที่ถูกดูดซับ ตัวทำละลายที่มีอุณหภูมิสูงมักจะช่วยให้สกัดสารถูกดูดซับได้ดีขึ้น และการใช้อัตราการไหลต่ำช่วยให้ตัวทำละลายมีเวลามากในการสกัดสารถูกดูดซับ

Overview Of Co₂ Leakage Problems And Sealants For Co₂ Leakage Remediation, Shudai Peng

Masters Theses

"Excessive Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) emission has become a serious issue and caused lots of environmental problems. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) program has been developed to reduce the CO₂ content in the atmosphere. CO₂ storage has been targeted mainly on depleted oil or gas reservoirs and deep saline aquifers. However, leakage could occur through wellbores, cap rocks, formation faults, and fractures during and after CO₂ injection. To minimize the risk, different types of sealants have been investigated to prevent CO₂ leaks. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive review of the materials which could be used as …

Analysis Of The Production Data From Marcellus Shale Wells, Amanda Parrish

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports

The increasingly prevalent practice of unconventional technologies has called for the need for the critical analysis of production decline rates to meet economic targets. The high early time production returns and transient flow make matching a production curve to known methods of decline curve analysis problematic.

This research focuses on finding a technique that best fits a known production curve and then applying that technique to another well to check its accuracy. The goal is to find the earliest time of production data necessary to predict an accurate production curve over the lifespan of the well. This is essential to …

Use Of Anionic Surfactant In Regeneration Of Spent Activated Carbon, Buch Kallapadee

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Surfactant-enhanced carbon regeneration (SECR) is a regeneration process that utilizes surfactant solution to dissolve adsorbed organic from spent activated carbon. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and methyl ester sulfonate (MES) are anionic surfactants that are used in this investigation. The study is done in 3 steps: sample characterization, regeneration and water flushing step. The proximate analysis of spent activate carbon contains 27.5% moisture, 27.2% volatile matter content, 10% total ash content. The spent activated carbon also contains 18.4% benzene. In regeneration step, the benzene removal by SDS and MES solution were compared. The effect of concentration, solution flow rate and temperature …

Conversion Of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate To Biojet Fuel Over Ni/Hy-Pditioz Core-Shell Catalyst, Chanakran Homla-Or

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Generally, jet fuel is obtained from the refining of petroleum feedstock in order to powering the aircrafts, hence the world is more confronting a problem with increasing air pollution emission. Therefore, biojet fuel is introduced as an alternative way to solve the problem. Biojet fuel can be derived from bio-based feedstock such as palm fatty acid distillate or PFAD. Which is converted via the deoxygenation reaction in order to remove oxygenated compounds, carboxylic and carbonyl groups in the fatty acid molecules then followed by hydrocracking and hydroisomerization reaction. The heterogeneous catalyst is used to convert PFAD into saturated paraffins in …

การออกแบบไซโคลนโดยจำลองกระบวนการและการพิมพ์สามมิติ, จิรวัฒน์ จึงเจริญสุขยิ่ง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การเผาไหม้เชื้อเพลิงซากดึกดำบรรพ์ และชีวมวล ภายใต้กระบวนการทางความร้อนในการผลิตไฟฟ้าของอุตสาหกรรมต่างๆ มักพบสารประกอบอนินทรีย์ในเถ้า ซึ่งเป็นมลพิษทางอากาศ ปะปนออกมากับแก๊สผลิตภัณฑ์หลังการเผาไหม้ นักวิจัยจึงพยายามจะหาวิธีแยกเถ้า หรือ อนุภาคของแข็ง เหล่านี้ออกจากแก๊สผลิตภัณฑ์ อุปกรณ์ที่ใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายคือ ไซโคลน เนื่องจากไซโคลนสามารถสร้างได้ง่าย ค่าใช้จ่ายในการบำรุงรักษาต่ำ โดยใช้แรงเหวี่ยงหนีศูนย์กลางและแรงโน้มถ่วงในการแยกอนุภาคของแข็งออกจากแก๊ส ปัจจุบันมีการพัฒนาไซโคลนให้มีรูปร่างต่างๆ แต่ยังขาดงานวิจัยที่ศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างรูปร่างไซโคลนกับประสิทธิภาพการแยกทั้งในเชิงคำนวณและเชิงทดลอง โดยงานวิจัยนี้จะแบ่งการศึกษาออกเป็น 3 ส่วน คือ การหาแบบการจำลองและภาวะที่เหมาะสมสำหรับการจำลองพลศาสตร์ของไหลเชิงคำนวณของไซโคลนในระบบสามมิติจากการทดลองของ Azadi และคณะ เพื่อนำมาศึกษาผลของความดันลด และประสิทธิภาพในการแยกของไซโคลนรูปร่างต่างๆ ที่ปรับเปลี่ยนจากไซโคลนสแตมาน และสร้างไซโคลนสแตมานต้นแบบด้วยเทคโนโลยีการพิมพ์สามมิติซึ่งมีความสามารถในการปรับแต่งรูปร่างสูง พร้อมทั้งเปรียบเทียบผลจากการทดลองไซโคลนต้นแบบกับผลจากการจำลองพลศาสตร์ของไหลเชิงคำนวณ ผลที่ได้พบว่า แบบจำลองที่เหมาะสมต่อการใช้ในการศึกษาพฤติกรรมการไหลของไซโคลนในระบบสามมิติ คือ RNG k-epsilon model ที่มีสัดส่วนโดยปริมาตรของของแข็งเท่ากับ 6×105 และมีความเร็วทางเข้าเท่ากับ 15 เมตรต่อวินาที โดยได้นำมาศึกษาผลของไซโคลนในรูปร่างต่างๆ ดังนี้ ไซโคลนสแตมาน ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าเพิ่ม 15 องศา ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าเพิ่ม 30 องศา ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าเพิ่ม 45 องศา ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าลดลง 15 องศา ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าลดลง 30 องศา ไซโคลนที่มุมของทางเข้าลดลง 45 องศา ไซโคลนที่เพิ่มขนาดเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางทางออกแก๊ส 10% และ ไซโคลนที่ลดขนาดเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางทางออกแก๊ส 10% ซึ่งมีไซโคลนเพียงรูปแบบเดียวที่ให้ผลของประสิทธิภาพในการแยกสูงกว่าไซโคลนสแตมาน คือ ไซโคลนที่ลดขนาดเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางทางออกแก๊ส 10% โดยให้ประสิทธิภาพสูงกว่าประมาณ 1.4%