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Articles 2041 - 2070 of 4583

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette Apr 2004

Evaluation Of Structural Alternatives For Seismic Risk Mitigation At Deer Creek Dam, David W. Curran, David Rees Gillette

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Deer Creek Dam is a zoned earthen embankment on the Provo River in central Utah. The site is potentially subject to very severe earthquake loading, and some foundation materials have been identified as being likely to be liquefied by strong shaking. This could lead to instability or large dynamic deformations of the downstream slope, and possibly a breach of the dam. Several structural concepts were evaluated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to determine the best method to stabilize the embankment. The selected modification concept was a rolled earthfill key under the downstream toe of the embankment, with a berm …

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Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri Apr 2004

Dynamic Geotechnical Characterization For The Microzonation Of The Seismic Area Of Catania, Antonio Cavallaro, Michele Maugeri

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The present study is part of a research programme, namely "Detailed Scenarios and Actions for Seismic Prevention of Damage in the Urban Area of Catania", financed by the National Department for the Civil Protection and National Research Council – National Group for the Defence Against Earthquake (CNR – GNDT). Among the objectives of the project there are in particular the geotechnical characterisation of soils of the city of Catania and the evaluation of site effects due to local site amplification phenomena. The investigation program was performed in seven different test areas of Catania. One of which is the "Plaja beach" …

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Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw Apr 2004

Channel Tunnel Rail Link – Contract 220 Graham Road Deep Vent Shaft, John Coupland, Peter Openshaw

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The 53m deep, 1.2m thick, heavily reinforced diaphragm wall, constructed to form this vent shaft, would not normally merit special mention. What makes this project notable is that the work was carried out within the confines of a very small city site, surrounded by residential properties, immediately adjacent to an operating rail line and with strict limits on permitted working hours and noise levels. This paper describes the construction phase of the work including the planning, preparation, means and methods undertaken to overcome the constraints noted above. Because of the potential problems and consequently the inherent significant construction risk the …

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Lining Design For Alborz Tunnel In Iran, N. S. Bulychev, N. N. Fotieva, A. S. Sammal, I. Siavoshi Apr 2004

Lining Design For Alborz Tunnel In Iran, N. S. Bulychev, N. N. Fotieva, A. S. Sammal, I. Siavoshi

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper describes the application of analytical methods if tunnel linings design under static, tectonic and seismic effects for the design of the transport tunnel Albors in Iran. The methods are based on solutions of the corresponding plane problems of the elasticity theory simulating the initial stress fields in the rock mass caused by gravitational or tectonic forces and actions of long arbitrary directed longitudinal (P) and shear (S) waves propagating in the plane of the tunnel cross-section. For the design of tunnel linings under seismic effects the original approach has been applied consisting in the determination of maximal compressive …

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Directionally Drilled Raw Water Intakes, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Brian C. Dorwart, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Michael K. Yavarow Apr 2004

Directionally Drilled Raw Water Intakes, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Brian C. Dorwart, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Michael K. Yavarow

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota obtains drinking water from both the Red River and Red Lake River through a system of raw water intakes, shallow pipelines and pump stations. During flood events, the City often loses access to the system. In addition, the banks of the rivers are subject to land sliding, which can easily damage the shallow intakes. This proved particularly true during the record flood event in 1997, and resulted in the design of a new setback levee system by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As a result, the City decided to construct a new …

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Closure Of The Woodhull Mine Chester, New Jersey, James G. Mcwhorter Apr 2004

Closure Of The Woodhull Mine Chester, New Jersey, James G. Mcwhorter

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

There are numerous abandoned iron mines that dot the landscape within the Highlands of Morris and Passaic Counties in northeastern New Jersey. In recent years, as development has continued to expand in rural communities in New Jersey, these abandoned mines have had an impact on numerous construction projects within the state. The Woodhull Iron Mine was initially developed in the 1860’s, but production was insignificant. All mining activity had ceased by the late 1880’s. The mine workings consisted of a series of northeast-southwest trending magnetite-enriched zones of some 3 to 5 feet in thickness, dipping to the southeast between 55 …

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Eleven Case Studies Of Failures In Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology, And Geophysics: How They Could Have Been Avoided, David Cummings, Frank J. Kenton Apr 2004

Eleven Case Studies Of Failures In Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology, And Geophysics: How They Could Have Been Avoided, David Cummings, Frank J. Kenton

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

When a failure occurs, geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, and geophysicists assign its cause to an event that immediately precedes the failure, such as an earthquake, heavy rainfall, flood, or other natural event. Assigning the failure to the immediate event is misplaced; the metastasis occurred because marginally stable conditions were allowed to exist through substandard investigations by the technical personnel, improper design, and inadequate review by the permitting agency. The fundamental cause of the failure is human error and is manifested in one or more of six categories. (1) Before the investigation, during discussions with the client. (2) During the investigation, …

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Study Of Theoretical And Observed Capacities Of Bored Cast-Insitu Piles In Tuff, Braccia And Weathered Basalt, V. T. Ganpule, S. M. Gupte Apr 2004

Study Of Theoretical And Observed Capacities Of Bored Cast-Insitu Piles In Tuff, Braccia And Weathered Basalt, V. T. Ganpule, S. M. Gupte

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The termination depth of bored cast in situ piles poses serious problem to the field engineers particularly on weak weathered rock, stiff clays and dense sands. Some sort of decision making tool is available for driven piles in the form of driving formulae. The first part of paper deals with a simple method based on penetration resistance to the advancement of bore and its relation with end bearing and frictional resistance offered by formation. The second and third parts of paper deal with a newly conceived dynamic method for ascertaining the safe load on pile and its comparison with the …

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O-Cell Testing Of Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles, Sanjeev Kumar, Cesar Alarcon, Alyass Hosin Apr 2004

O-Cell Testing Of Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles, Sanjeev Kumar, Cesar Alarcon, Alyass Hosin

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Precast and prestressed concrete piles, approximately 12 to 18 inch diameter or width are frequently used to support heavy building and bridge structures. Fly ash has long been recognized as a construction material used frequently in several Portland cement and concrete products, structural fills, embankments, and road bases/subbases. However, use of Illinois PCC bottom ash in construction of precast concrete piles so far has been very limited, if any, mainly due to the lack of technical data to convince the engineering community that bottom ash could be used in precast and prestressed concrete piles without jeopardizing their performance and the …

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Case Studies Of Pile Foundations Undergoing Lateral Spreading In Liquefied Deposits, K. Ishihara, M. Cubrinovski Apr 2004

Case Studies Of Pile Foundations Undergoing Lateral Spreading In Liquefied Deposits, K. Ishihara, M. Cubrinovski

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A well-documented case study from the 1995 Kobe earthquake highlighting the performance of pile foundations in liquefied deposits undergoing lateral spreading is presented. The subject of this study is an oil-storage tank supported on 69 precast concrete piles, 23 m long and 45 cm in diameter. The tank is located in the west part of Mikagehama Island, about 20 m inland from the revetment line. During the Kobe earthquake, the fill deposit surrounding the foundation of the tank developed liquefaction. The quay wall moved seawards and consequent lateral spreading of the backfill soils affected seriously the piles supporting the tank. …

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Deep Foundations For New International Airport Passenger Terminal Complex In Bangkok, Ingo Fox, Mangtao Du, Stephen Buttling Apr 2004

Deep Foundations For New International Airport Passenger Terminal Complex In Bangkok, Ingo Fox, Mangtao Du, Stephen Buttling

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The foundation of the terminal in the Second Bangkok International Airport consists of over 25,000 bored piles (drilled shafts) and prestressed concrete cylinder driven piles installed in a complex stratified subsurface formation of soft and stiff clays interbedded by silty sands. A train tunnel to be located underneath the main terminal is a cut-and-cover tunnel supported on its sides by 1-meter thick reinforced concrete diaphragm walls and at the bottom a 2-meter thick basal slab. Particular technical challenges existed in the long-term settlement and potential downdrag caused by changes in effective overburden stresses as a result of excessive pumping of …

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Dynamic Characterization Of The Doremus Avenue Bridge Substructure, Nenad Gucunski, Martina Balic, Ali Maher, Hani H. Nassif Apr 2004

Dynamic Characterization Of The Doremus Avenue Bridge Substructure, Nenad Gucunski, Martina Balic, Ali Maher, Hani H. Nassif

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Dynamic properties of the drilled shaft foundations supporting Doremus Avenue Bridge in Newark, New Jersey were determined by forced vibration testing. Doremus Avenue Bridge has been selected for instrumentation, testing and monitoring because it is first bridge in New Jersey designed according to LRFD specification. The main objectives of the substructure testing at Doremus Avenue Bridge were: (a) site evaluation with respect to the dynamic soil properties, and, (b) shaft evaluation for the purpose of definition of their dynamic stiffness. The site characterization entailed crosshole testing for the purpose of evaluation of the shear modulus profile. The drilled shaft impedance …

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Reclamations – Case Studies, Madhira R. Madhav, Norihiko Miura Apr 2004

Reclamations – Case Studies, Madhira R. Madhav, Norihiko Miura

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Increasing demands for urban water fronts and the need for continually operational airports coupled with shortages of land spaces has led to the growth of lands reclaimed from the near and off-shore regions of the world. Case histories of reclamations of recent times in the east, especially in Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, etc. are reviewed. The paper also reports the methods of reclamation, the improvement of reclaimed ground and examples of observed settlements in typical cases.

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Preliminary Observations Of Geotechnical Failures During The 21 May 2003 M 6.8 Boumerdes, Earthquake, Algeria, Said Salah-Mars, Clark Fenton, Fouad Bendimerad, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Yumei Wang Apr 2004

Preliminary Observations Of Geotechnical Failures During The 21 May 2003 M 6.8 Boumerdes, Earthquake, Algeria, Said Salah-Mars, Clark Fenton, Fouad Bendimerad, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, Yumei Wang

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

At 18:44 UTC (19:44 local time) on May 21, 2003, a strong, shallow earthquake of Moment Magnitude (M) 6.8 shook northern Algeria and caused damage in five provinces in the north-central section of the country. Damage was reported over an area about 100 km long and 35 km wide, centered on the city of Boumerdes. The hardest hit areas were in the coastal province of Boumerdes, mainly in the cities of Boumerdes, Zemmouri and Thenia. The earthquake appears to have been generated by an offshore south-dipping thrust fault oriented N54°E extending for about 35 km from Dellys to Corso. The …

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Recent Earthquakes In Japan, Susumu Iai, Tetsuo Tobita Apr 2004

Recent Earthquakes In Japan, Susumu Iai, Tetsuo Tobita

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The paper presents highlights of case histories during earthquakes in Japan in 2003. One is a river embankment of the Naruse river in Northern Miyagiken, in which the earthquake with Richter magnitude 6.2 caused failure. A particular interest in this case history is the timing of the earthquake and failure; the earthquake was coincided with the oncoming risk of flooding, with the river suffering a high water level due to continuous raining for three days before the earthquake. This warns us not to disregard the low probability event of combined risks that pose high consequence. The other case history is …

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Rion – Antirion Bridge Foundations: A Blend Of Design And Construction Innovation, Gregory L. Biesiadecki, Ricardo Dobry, George E. Leventis, Ralph B. Peck Apr 2004

Rion – Antirion Bridge Foundations: A Blend Of Design And Construction Innovation, Gregory L. Biesiadecki, Ricardo Dobry, George E. Leventis, Ralph B. Peck

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This case history discusses the design and construction of the appropriate foundation scheme for the largest cable-stayed bridge in the world. This concession project was financed through a combination of public funds, private equity and bank loans. When completed in 2004, the Rion-Antirion Bridge will connect the Peloponnese, Greece’s southernmost peninsula, with the mainland across the Gulf of Corinth. Alternative foundation concepts that were considered included traditional driven piles, deeply embedded caissons, and soil improvement. The process of how the foundation evolved from schematics to final design, what were the driving forces, how ideas were disseminated among the Design Team, …

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Uplift Bearing Tests And Calculations Of Belled Piles In Loess Of Arid Regions, Liu Wenbai, Zhou Jian, Mongke Tei-Mohr Apr 2004

Uplift Bearing Tests And Calculations Of Belled Piles In Loess Of Arid Regions, Liu Wenbai, Zhou Jian, Mongke Tei-Mohr

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The field prototype tests have been carries out for under-reamed piles bearing uplift loading in the loess of droughty area. In these tests, uplift displacement and horizontal displacement of under-reamed piles bearing uplift loading and horizontal loading, displacement of surface layer soil, relationship of loading and displacement were measured. The ultimate uplift bearing capacity, failure mechanism of piles were studied. It is very effective on improving ultimate uplift bearing capacity of pile to raise height of belled-out section of under-reamed piles. Strength failure mechanism of pile and soil is solved by gradually failure to be due to damage softening and …

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Investigation Of Structural Damage In A Corrosive Environment: A Case Study, Joanna L. Meldrum, Akshay Gupta, Brian Mcdonald Apr 2004

Investigation Of Structural Damage In A Corrosive Environment: A Case Study, Joanna L. Meldrum, Akshay Gupta, Brian Mcdonald

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper presents the methodology and results of an investigation into the causes of structural damage to a reinforced concrete block wall building in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. The structural damage was in the form of cracking and spalling of the lower courses of the block along the building perimeter. The structural damage to the building had been incorrectly attributed to the Hector Mine Earthquake by another investigator. An evaluation of the response of the building to the estimated level of ground shaking, coupled with site observations, conclusively ruled out the earthquake ground shaking as a cause for the structural …

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Analysis Of The Behavior Of The Piled Foundations Of A Group Of Earthquake Damaged Buildings, Francesco Castelli, Michele Maugeri Apr 2004

Analysis Of The Behavior Of The Piled Foundations Of A Group Of Earthquake Damaged Buildings, Francesco Castelli, Michele Maugeri

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The Sicilian earthquake of 13th December, 1990 was not very strong, but it caused considerable damages on structures, included a group of reinforced concrete buildings located in Augusta town on the east coast of Sicily (Italy). To evaluate the possibility to repair these buildings, an investigation on soil, structures and foundations was carried out. As some buildings were founded on piles, load tests on piles of the piled foundations were carried out. The site was well investigated by means of laboratory and in-situ tests including: standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, dilatometer tests and seismic tests. To evaluate dynamic stress-strain …

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Steel Pipe Pile Design, Installation, And Dynamic Testing For A New Pier In Georgetown, Sc, Edward L. Hajduk, William B. Wright, Thomas J. Casey, Robert E. Dullanty Apr 2004

Steel Pipe Pile Design, Installation, And Dynamic Testing For A New Pier In Georgetown, Sc, Edward L. Hajduk, William B. Wright, Thomas J. Casey, Robert E. Dullanty

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A new pier extension was constructed for the South Carolina State Ports Authority (SCSPA) at Pier 31C in Georgetown, South Carolina. This pier was founded on 28 steel open ended pipe (OEP) piles driven into the underlying limestone and silts of the Pee Dee Formation. To account for the expected high lateral loads the new pier may experience during ship impacts and movements, both vertical and batter piles were installed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first application of steel open ended pipe piles as a maritime foundation system in the Georgetown, South Carolina area. The soil stratigraphy at …

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Deep Foundation Design Near Flood Protection Projects, Scott A. Loehr Apr 2004

Deep Foundation Design Near Flood Protection Projects, Scott A. Loehr

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Flood protection structures (flood walls, pump plants, railroad or vehicular access opening and gatewell structures) have foundations subjected to hydrostatic pressures during flood conditions. The foundation sands below these structures are likely to produce hydrostatic pressure elevation heads which measure higher than the top of ground at the structures. Often the foundations for these structures are deep enough to penetrate the sands into the artesian pressures. Deep foundation design for the flood protection structures utilizes software programs based on load testing in many different types of soils. The load tests used to model soil-structure responses to loading are conducted on …

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Deep Caisson Sinking In Soft Soils, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Frank J. Barchok, Michael K. Yavarow Apr 2004

Deep Caisson Sinking In Soft Soils, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Gregory R. Fischer, Wayne L. Gerszewski, Frank J. Barchok, Michael K. Yavarow

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota obtains drinking water from both the Red and Red Lake Rivers using a system of river intakes, shallow pipelines, and pump stations. However, during flood events, the City often loses access to the system, and persistent landslides along the riverbanks easily damage shallow components. As a result, the City decided to construct a gravity system with new pipelines leading to the base of a 65-foot deep pump station. Several construction techniques were evaluated for the pump station, including a self-sinking caisson, which was chosen for the project. Because the proposed 60-foot-diameter caisson was …

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Case History Illustrating The Challenges Of Foundation Design And Construction In Karst Terrain, Frederick A. Brinker, Petro W. Kazaniwsky, Melissa Logan Apr 2004

Case History Illustrating The Challenges Of Foundation Design And Construction In Karst Terrain, Frederick A. Brinker, Petro W. Kazaniwsky, Melissa Logan

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This paper discusses the challenges associated with design and construction of foundation systems for a Corporate Campus located in Chester County, Pennsylvania that is underlain by Karst terrain. A comprehensive subsurface investigation was implemented to develop adequate foundation systems and related site work precautions. Because there was evidence of sinkhole activity prior to any construction work, and the subsoils revealed some variability from a consistency/density standpoint, the selected foundation system design included a combination of soil improvement using compaction grouting for shallow foundations and deep drilled-pier foundations. After construction activities began, several occurrences of solution activity were documented and repaired. …

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The Experience Of Reinforcement Of Existing Buildings During Construction In Conditions Of Compact Urban Planning, V. V. Semkim, A. Shaposhnikov Apr 2004

The Experience Of Reinforcement Of Existing Buildings During Construction In Conditions Of Compact Urban Planning, V. V. Semkim, A. Shaposhnikov

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

Two-level underground part of 12-storeyed dwelling building was constructed in the historical center of Moscow in 2000. The strengthening of foundations was carried out by pressing in of tubular and concrete piles or by placing of bore and injection piles, depending on the results of mathematical modeling. Geotechnical monitoring of the adjacent buildings was carried out in the process of strengthening and new construction. The results of monitoring confirmed the correct way of the chosen solutions: the settlements did not exceed the ultimate permissible values.

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A Foundation Chart For Historical Town Restoring, Filippo Ciuffi Apr 2004

A Foundation Chart For Historical Town Restoring, Filippo Ciuffi

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A Thematic Area called “Geotechnics and Foundation Analyses” is an important stage of a large, interdisciplinary research activity, carried out on the subsoil of a historical site, in a seismic area, in Italy: the old town of Potenza, capital of the Basilicata Region. Within the said Thematic Area, the design and the construction of a “Foundation Map of a Historical Town” have been performed. The present paper summarizes the basic methodology, the most interesting procedures and the different stages developed for constructing the said map. Described is also the very exceptional effort, made by the Research-team. Foundation and geotechnical parameters …

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Foundation Reinforcement Of The Ipanema Beach Offshore Sewage Pipeline, Jayme R. C. Mello, Nelson Szilard Galgoul Apr 2004

Foundation Reinforcement Of The Ipanema Beach Offshore Sewage Pipeline, Jayme R. C. Mello, Nelson Szilard Galgoul

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The Ipanema Beach offshore sewage pipeline was installed thirty years ago in water depths up to 31m, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It has a unique design, because steel piles were driven every 41 to 50m at joint along its length, in order to support it, keeping a constant gradient flow. These piles maintain the pipeline above mudline. After only a few years a first of these pile supports collapsed, allowing the pipeline to drop on the seabed, because of the occurrence of micro-cracks triggered by corrosion and environmental loads. Similar failures took place again before corrective measures could be …

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Unique Foundation Solution For Organic Soil Site, Keith E. Robinson Apr 2004

Unique Foundation Solution For Organic Soil Site, Keith E. Robinson

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

A soft soil site, located near Vancouver, BC, presented a unique challenge for the Owner and geotechnical engineer. The relatively narrow but long site was covered by a variable thickness of silty sand and gravel fill overlying about 3 m of peat, organic silt to 12 m depth and very soft, sensitive clay to about 35 m depth. A three/two-story, 27 by 200 m, concrete tilt-up warehouse type structure was proposed for the site. The two foundation options initially considered included the full structure and slab supported on piles driven down to refusal at about 40m depth or conventional spread …

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Case Study On The Foundation And Site Geotechnical Evaluation For The Rehabilitation Of An Emergency Hospital Building, Ion Vlad Apr 2004

Case Study On The Foundation And Site Geotechnical Evaluation For The Rehabilitation Of An Emergency Hospital Building, Ion Vlad

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

This case study is about the foundation and the site geotechnical potential evaluation for the rehabilitation of an emergency hospital building, placed in Bucharest. This building was strongly damaged by the main earthquakes that occurred in Romania, within the last 30 years (March 4th, 1977, August 30th, 1986 and May 30th, 1990). The building had, from the beginning, an unfavorable structural concept, in what concerns its shape in plane. The paper presents the methods used for the rehabilitation of the existing building foundation, together with the integration of a new foundation for a new building, that appeared necessary to be …

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Monitoring And Stabilisation Of The Giants Seat Landslip, U.K., David E. Jones Apr 2004

Monitoring And Stabilisation Of The Giants Seat Landslip, U.K., David E. Jones

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The landslip is located in the Giant’s Seat Woods area of Kearsley, Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. The ground conditions at the site comprise made ground material over mudstones of the Manchester Marls. An area of land crossed by Red Rock Lane had, since the late 1700s, experienced land slip resulting in the ground generally moving south towards the adjacent river. By the late 1990’s the movement of the slip had resulted in fractures and fissures under the road and damage to several other services. A project was developed to stabilise the land along approximately 130m of Red Rock Lane. …

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Slope Stability Aspects Of The Egnatia Odos Highway Project In Northern Greece, M. N. Skempas, A. W. Livadas Apr 2004

Slope Stability Aspects Of The Egnatia Odos Highway Project In Northern Greece, M. N. Skempas, A. W. Livadas

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

The section near the village of Koumaria of the Egnatia Odos highway included a 300 m long cut and cover structure near the foot of a slope being undercut by a river. The combination of the temporary steep cut slopes and the unfavourable weather conditions with low field shear strengths led to successive slope failures in that area and resulted in a heavily affected profile. As a result the cut and cover structure was abandoned in favour of an open cut and various remedial measures were applied for the rehabilitation of the affected area. In the case of another 140 …

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