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Articles 8371 - 8400 of 25759

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia Jul 2020

Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the loading efficiency of large-scale Web3D scene, a mechanism based on DR prediction is proposed. It combines the DR track prediction algorithm and historical path-based interest path clustering algorithm to track the field. The medium path prediction and path clustering in the traffic domain are applied to the virtual scene loading field, and a preloading mechanism of the Web3D scene is proposed. Experiment results show that the preloading mechanism can significantly improve the data transmission efficiency, optimize the loading speed of large-scale Web3D scene, and effectively improve the roaming experience of users in Web3D scene. …


Human Supremacy As Posthuman Risk, Daniel Estrada Jul 2020

Human Supremacy As Posthuman Risk, Daniel Estrada

The Journal of Sociotechnical Critique

Human supremacy is the widely held view that human interests ought to be privileged over other interests as a matter of ethics and public policy. Posthumanism is the historical situation characterized by a critical reevaluation of anthropocentrist theory and practice. This paper draws on animal studies, critical posthumanism, and the critique of ideal theory in Charles Mills and Serene Khader to address the appeal to human supremacist rhetoric in AI ethics and policy discussions, particularly in the work of Joanna Bryson. This analysis identifies a specific risk posed by human supremacist policy in a posthuman context, namely the classification of …


A Real-Time Feature Indexing System On Live Video Streams, Aditya Chakraborty, Akshay Pawar, Hojoung Jang, Shunqiao Huang, Sripath Mishra, Shuo-Han Chen, Yuan-Hao Chang, George K. Thiruvathukal, Yung-Hsiang Lu Jul 2020

A Real-Time Feature Indexing System On Live Video Streams, Aditya Chakraborty, Akshay Pawar, Hojoung Jang, Shunqiao Huang, Sripath Mishra, Shuo-Han Chen, Yuan-Hao Chang, George K. Thiruvathukal, Yung-Hsiang Lu

Computer Science: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Most of the existing video storage systems rely on offline processing to support the feature-based indexing on video streams. The feature-based indexing technique provides an effec- tive way for users to search video content through visual features, such as object categories (e.g., cars and persons). However, due to the reliance on offline processing, video streams along with their captured features cannot be searchable immediately after video streams are recorded. According to our investigation, buffering and storing live video steams are more time-consuming than the YOLO v3 object detector. Such observation motivates us to propose a real-time feature indexing (RTFI) system …


Occ Future And Obstacles Under 5g Requirements, Noor Jihad, Sinan Abdul Satar Jul 2020

Occ Future And Obstacles Under 5g Requirements, Noor Jihad, Sinan Abdul Satar

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research

Telecommunications specifications of the fifth-generation (5 G) are being established to satisfy the rising demands of high-speed broadband networks (i.e., a few tens of Gigabits every second). The 5 G standard derives primarily from a rising number of subscribers and a multitude of various apps, commonly referred to as smart devices, communicating as part of Internet-of-Things (IoT) network For 5 G, a few possible developments such as millimeter waves, large multiple-input multiple-output, and small cell connectivity have appeared. While such technologies will meet 5 G specifications, attention is being given to a complementary potential wireless optical wireless communication (OWC) system. …


Analysis Of Information Security Methods In Biosystems And Application Of Intelligent Tools In Information Security Systems, Sherzod Sayfullaev Jul 2020

Analysis Of Information Security Methods In Biosystems And Application Of Intelligent Tools In Information Security Systems, Sherzod Sayfullaev

Chemical Technology, Control and Management

In this paper, the methods of information protection in bio systems are studied. The paper considers the use of intelligent tools in information security systems and the use of adaptive information security systems. Several articles on the field of information protection in bio systems are analyzed. Disadvantages and advantages of neural network technologies in modern information security systems are described. The characteristics of bio systems and the specificity of DNA, the main features of the DNA code that provide information security and functional stability of bio systems data protection structure. Application of intelligent tools to create a comprehensive adaptive protection …


Non Infinite Stories: How Digital Allow To Create Infinite Reconformations Of A Text?, David Núñez Jul 2020

Non Infinite Stories: How Digital Allow To Create Infinite Reconformations Of A Text?, David Núñez

Electronic Literature Organization Conference 2020

Last year I presented at ELO, in Ireland, the Artistic piece "Bastard" a digital fiction that combine a fragmented novel to create 10x149 differents texts and optimized in 4 billions coherent stories with narrative structures. In Orlando we want to explain how the system works, theory and functioning, and invited all the members to produce they personal "infinite" fiction.

Non Infinite Stories is an electronic publishing house that creates a dynamic hyperliterature system to give each reader a unique book by using a digital combinatorial processes, specific narrative rules and optimization of fragmented works in chapters of short narrative blocks, …


Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong Jul 2020

Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The crowd evacuation problem is a multi-objective optimization problem in large public places under the emergency, but because of the conflict between multiple objectives in multi-objective optimization problem, it is difficult to make the multiple targets achieve the optimal at the same time. The most popular solution is an evolution multi objective optimization algorithm for the characteristics of heuristic search of population and the partial order relation. Cuckoo search algorithm is a new search algorithm which was found in the behavior of cuckoo nest spawning lies, the basic cuckoo search algorithm is lack of vitality, and search is slow. …


Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai Jul 2020

Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A new approach for wind power forecasting was proposed based on sliding window weighted recursive least squares for the defect of wind power short-term prediction in the traditional prediction methods. The historical data was weighted and the perturbation caused by the historical data was ruled out in this method, which focused on the current data on the result of prediction. This made the model have the adaptability to the change of the environment data. The harmony search algorithm was used to optimize the orders and the parameters of the predict model, which could improve the precision and accuracy of …


Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu Jul 2020

Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) has been highly concerned since it was proposed. However, the key of creating a good CPS system critically depends on the prophase design of the system model. Currently, it has become the focus and difficulty of research at home and abroad that models a CPS system with comprehensive, robustness, security. According to the previous studies, the CPS system was divided into computing entity, physical entity and control entity. A modeling method of computation entity of CPS was provided, which is DBM-UML (Dynamic behavior modeling-UML). With this method, an analysis of the entire system's structure …


Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He Jul 2020

Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the security of networks in whole, a method of making strategies for the network security reinforcement based on Generalized Stochastic Colored Petri Net was proposed. The concepts of host node utilization index and host node key degree were introduced, which enabled the vulnerable nodes that needed repairing sorted by the value of host node key degree. On this basis, security level of the target network was increased by the reinforcement according to the principle of maximum node key degree first. The network instance further validates that the proposed method for network security reinforcement is …


Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He Jul 2020

Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the appearance changing of target object in object tracking, a tracking algorithm was proposed based on superpixel and local sparse representation (SPS). In training process, a discriminative appearance model was constructed by clustering the segmented train images; sparsity-based histogram of target object was calculated to construct generative appearance model. In tracking, superpixel-based confidence map was obtained, and the confidence values of candidates was sampled and calculated; the similarity between sparsity-based histogram of candidates and target template was computed by using local patches. Then motion model and observation model of candidates according to the confidence values and …


Face Recognition Method Based On Cost-Sensitive Supervised Manifold Learning, Yeqin Cui, Jianguo Gao Jul 2020

Face Recognition Method Based On Cost-Sensitive Supervised Manifold Learning, Yeqin Cui, Jianguo Gao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Existing subspace learning-based face recognition methods assume the same loss from all misclassifications. In the real-world face recognition applications, however, different misclassifications can lead to different losses. Motivated by this concern, a cost-sensitive supervised manifold learning approach for face recognition was proposed. The proposed approach incorporated a cost matrix to specify the different costs associated with misclassifications of subjects, into locality preserving projection algorithm, which devised the corresponding cost-sensitive methods, namely, cost-sensitive locality preserving projections (Cos-Sen LPP), to achieve a minimal overall loss. Three face databases were put into the experiments and experimental results show that Cos-Sen LPP method …


Research Of Under-Determined Blind Source Separation Anti-Collision Algorithm Based On Rfid Frame-Slot, Xiaohong Zhang, Yungang Jin Jul 2020

Research Of Under-Determined Blind Source Separation Anti-Collision Algorithm Based On Rfid Frame-Slot, Xiaohong Zhang, Yungang Jin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the algorithm of under-determined blind separation’s result becomes worse as the increasing number of tags, causes the decline of the overall system performance or other issues, a novel parallelizable identification anti-collision algorithm based on NMF and framed-slot was proposed. The number of tags in each slot can be controlled within the optimum range by selecting the reasonable number of slots, remained the best condition of the RFID system. Compared with the Blind Separation and Dynamic Bit-Slot Group (BSDBG) algorithm using the same multi-antenna technology, the simulation results show that the tag identification rate improves from 180% to 389% …


Analysis Of Lateral Force And Deviation Of Permanent Magnetic Levitation Belt Conveyor, Kun Hu, Wang Shuang, Yongcun Guo, Deyong Li Jul 2020

Analysis Of Lateral Force And Deviation Of Permanent Magnetic Levitation Belt Conveyor, Kun Hu, Wang Shuang, Yongcun Guo, Deyong Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: On the basis of reasonable assumptions, lateral force mathematical model of permanent magnetic levitation belt conveyor maglev support system was simulated. The simulation results showed that conveyor lateral force and offset could have a monotonically increasing relationship. If the belt shifted, it would cause an increase in lateral force, which could cause conveyor belt further deviation. The traditional physical anti-deviation measures couldn’t apply to non-contact suspension support. In order to effectively solve the permanent magnetic levitation belt conveyor deviation problem, an automatic offset device was designed and the corresponding control strategy was proposed. The value of the lateral …


Research On Influence Factors Of Head And Face’S Heat Accumulation In Anti-Riot Helmet Based On Simulation, Hongwei Zhuang, Dehai Xiang, Fadong Zhao, Weiwei Zhuang Jul 2020

Research On Influence Factors Of Head And Face’S Heat Accumulation In Anti-Riot Helmet Based On Simulation, Hongwei Zhuang, Dehai Xiang, Fadong Zhao, Weiwei Zhuang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the serious heat accumulation problem to soldiers’ head and face while wearing anti-riot helmets in high temperatures, a 3D model of human head and an anti-riot helmet were established based on CT image data and GA294-2012 Standard of Anti-riot Helmet. The Pennes bio-heat transfer equation was chosen as the control equation, then a "head-helmet" heat transfer model was built. On the platform of ANSYS-Fluent software, the three-dimensional thermal process of "head-helmet" system were numerically simulated. And on the basis the influence brought from anti-riot helmet shell material, buffer layer material and vent hole to head facial …


3d Dynamic Simulation Of Dual Wedge Scanning Imaging System, Ma Jie, Yu Wei, Zhiwei Zhou, Wenxiu Yang, Xuegang Wu Jul 2020

3d Dynamic Simulation Of Dual Wedge Scanning Imaging System, Ma Jie, Yu Wei, Zhiwei Zhou, Wenxiu Yang, Xuegang Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Dual wedge scanning is a broad prospect method of next generation Laser imaging system. Due to the unique scanning mode and imaging characteristics, data of dual wedge Laser imaging system is sensitive to parameters and environment, and it is significant in both theory and application to research its feature of time and space. Based on the imaging principle of dual wedge scanning, the dynamic imaging process was modeled and a simulation system in three-dimensional environment was designed. Based on the imaging principle of dual wedge scanning, the dynamic imaging process was modeled and a simulation system in three-dimensional environment …


Dynamic Design For Vibratory Compaction System Basing On Chaos Identification, Peihui Shen, Shuwen Lin Jul 2020

Dynamic Design For Vibratory Compaction System Basing On Chaos Identification, Peihui Shen, Shuwen Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the shortage of traditional design method and the fact that the effects of nonlinear chaotic vibration on human health were ignored in the research of compaction system, a dynamic design method basing on chaos identification was proposed. A two degree of freedom dynamic model was established and the bifurcation diagrams were described for vibratory compaction system. The dynamic responses of the system were analyzed in the cases of three different soil parameters representing the early, medium and later stage of compacted material. Research shows that, selecting the ratio of the frame quality and the vibration wheel quality …


Design On Parallel Simulation System For Radar/Ir Dual Mode Compound Guidance, Shiming Zhao, Zhiyue Sun Jul 2020

Design On Parallel Simulation System For Radar/Ir Dual Mode Compound Guidance, Shiming Zhao, Zhiyue Sun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at simulation test requirement for Radar/IR dual mode compound guidance seeker, the HWIL simulation system for dual mode compound guidance based on parallel simulation was designed in detail, the key technology design was studied mainly, which consists of control mode and control relation, compound guidance information fusion and decision-making design, and parallel simulation Space and Time Consistency. The simulation model of parallel simulation system, missile attitude motion error model and target space error model were built for the Space and Time Consistency analysis. The simulation results show that simulation test and evaluation application requirement is satiable, and …


Method For Modulation Recognition Of Radar Signals In Complex Environment, Jiang Li, Guoqing Zhao, Li Lin Jul 2020

Method For Modulation Recognition Of Radar Signals In Complex Environment, Jiang Li, Guoqing Zhao, Li Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As the increasing application of intra-pulse modulations, modulation recognition of radar signals becomes difficult in radar reconnaissance systems. Usually, there are multipath interferences along with the intercepted signal. The conventional methods become slowdown because of the multipath interferences. Aiming at radar signals in multipath channel, a feature extraction method was proposed based on higher order ambiguity function (AF) and singular vector decomposition, adopting the linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to determine the types of the intercepted radar signals. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has good ability to suppress the influence of multipath interferences …


Joint Optimization Control Of Energy Storage System Management And Demand Response, Xueying Gao, Tang Hao, Gangzhong Miao, Zhaowu Ping Jul 2020

Joint Optimization Control Of Energy Storage System Management And Demand Response, Xueying Gao, Tang Hao, Gangzhong Miao, Zhaowu Ping

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The joint optimization problem of energy management and demand response were studied in order to reduce the long-run cost of electricity users equipped with energy storage unit and smart applications, and to increase their benefits meanwhile. The goals were achieved by controlling both the energy storage unit (charging, discharging, or idle) and the load service (access or delay). Based on the random nature of solar photovoltaic, load demand electricity and electricity price, the joint optimization problem was modeled as infinite-horizon Markov decision process model, and Q-learning algorithm was proposed to find the optimal solution. Simulation results show that the …


Grid Side Power Factor Control Strategy For Matrix Converter, Guo Hai, Quan Yue, Sun Wen, Zhiping Fan Jul 2020

Grid Side Power Factor Control Strategy For Matrix Converter, Guo Hai, Quan Yue, Sun Wen, Zhiping Fan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Since input filter is usually ignored in the modulation strategy for matrix converter, only the input current of converter is controlled in the same phase with grid voltage. Phase advance of grid current will come about as a result of current of capacitor and the power factor of grid side will be reduced. To solve this problem, the mathematical model of matrix converter was analyzed and the relationship between the real power factor and parameters of the system was studied. A grid current closed-loop control strategy was proposed. As the control objective of the strategy, the grid current was …


Fluid Network Modeling Method Based On Theory Of Signal Flow Graph, Zhang Yue, Han Pu Jul 2020

Fluid Network Modeling Method Based On Theory Of Signal Flow Graph, Zhang Yue, Han Pu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The concept of signal flow graph was introduced into the mechanism modeling process to describe the fluid network. Various structures in the fluid network were classified as node and branch, and establish the algorithm relationship between node pressure and bransh resistance. Aiming at the characteristics of nonlinear and strong coupling of fluid network, the node pressure was expressed by Taylor series near the quiescent operation point using the linear model to describe the nonlinear network. A method was proposed which used the directed graph to improve the computational efficiency of the admittance matrix at the working point. Based on …


Cell Voltage Optimization Of Aluminum Electrolysis Based On Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm, Chenhua Xu, Li Zhi Jul 2020

Cell Voltage Optimization Of Aluminum Electrolysis Based On Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm, Chenhua Xu, Li Zhi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to reduce the production cost of electrolytic aluminum, an optimization extreme method was proposed based on neural network and genetic algorithm, to find the optimal production cell voltage and the corresponding production conditions. Using kernel principal component analysis method to determine the key parameters affecting of aluminum electrolysis production, a neural network model of electrolytic aluminum was established. Using the genetic algorithm, the global optimal value of the cell voltage of the electrolytic aluminum and the corresponding production conditions were found. The simulation results show that the neural network and genetic algorithm can predict the cell …


Simulation Study Of Grid-Side Improved Control Strategy For Direct-Driven Wind Turbine Under Unbalanced Faults, Wang Dan, Chongru Liu, Gengyin Li Jul 2020

Simulation Study Of Grid-Side Improved Control Strategy For Direct-Driven Wind Turbine Under Unbalanced Faults, Wang Dan, Chongru Liu, Gengyin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to reduce the power and DC voltage fluctuations of direct-driven wind turbine under unbalanced grid faults, an integrated and improved control strategy for grid-side converter was proposed. In the analysis of grid-side power characteristics, positive and negative sequence components of grid-side voltage and current were calculated by converting them to the same reference frame and a compensation control loop to simultaneously restrain the second harmonic components of active and reactive power was designed on the basis of quasi proportional resonant control. Moreover, to reduce DC-link overvoltage, a feed-forward modified component reflecting the active power error between the …


Microscopic Online Simulation Method Of Road Traffic Accident Emergency Disposal, Peiqun Lin, Jiahui Liu, Kaibin Yao Jul 2020

Microscopic Online Simulation Method Of Road Traffic Accident Emergency Disposal, Peiqun Lin, Jiahui Liu, Kaibin Yao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An online simulation based decision making method was proposed to search for the comparatively optimal emergency disposal plan quickly and quantitatively after the traffic accident, and the evaluation index of traffic emergency disposal plans was proposed on the foundation of designing the process and framework of the online simulation, and the vehicle movement model applied to highway traffic accident was established. The online simulation based decision making system was developed using VISSIM-COM interface, and it has been applied to a typical highway of Guangdong Province. The simulation and the practical application results illustrate that multiple emergency disposal plans …


Simulation Study Of Ac/Dc Converter For Marine Medium Voltage Test Power System, Kun Xia, Zhang Shuo, Yuan Yin, Zhang Ping Jul 2020

Simulation Study Of Ac/Dc Converter For Marine Medium Voltage Test Power System, Kun Xia, Zhang Shuo, Yuan Yin, Zhang Ping

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to realize the simulation of marine medium voltage power system of 40kW capacity in laboratory, it is necessary to convert AC 380V of generators outputs to the stable 4kV DC output. Two level transformations were applied in the system. The bridgeless boost PFC circuit was applied in AC/DC conversion in front. Four roads of full bridge PWM converters in cascade mode were applied to boost the voltage in DC/DC conversion at the end. One of them was the phase-shift full bridge to achieve the control of adjusting voltage output. The other three bridges were common full bridge …


Cpcw Design And Performance Analysis For Mimo Radar, Shen Dong, Li Qiang, Liu Xin, Zhou Yu Jul 2020

Cpcw Design And Performance Analysis For Mimo Radar, Shen Dong, Li Qiang, Liu Xin, Zhou Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the good correlation and random property of chaotic phase coding waveform (CPCW), a method is proposed to increase the target detection performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with CPCW. CPCW can be generated by uniform quantifying and quadriphase coding for chaotic sequences. Comparing the correlation property of four kinds of CPCW, the longer Tent phase coding waveform is chosen to increase the target detection performance of MIMO radar, especially for the close small target. Meanwhile, signal processing model is built by CPCW, and multiple pulse compression accumulation can help to reduce the cross-correlation and auto-correlation sidelobes of …


Research On Flame Radical Imaging And Extreme Learning Machine To Prediction Of Nox Emissions, Xinli Li, Li Nan, Yujia Sun, Lu Gang, Yan Yong, Liu Shi Jul 2020

Research On Flame Radical Imaging And Extreme Learning Machine To Prediction Of Nox Emissions, Xinli Li, Li Nan, Yujia Sun, Lu Gang, Yan Yong, Liu Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Flame radicals are crucial for an in-depth understanding of the combustion mechanisms. The spectral characteristics of flame radicals were studied based on digital imaging and feature extraction techniques. The information obtained was used to establish the extreme learning machine (ELM) model which can be used to predict the NOx emissions based on the experimental data and digital simulation from a biomass-gas-air combustion process. The digital images of four flame radicals, i.e., OH*, CN*, CH* and C2*, were collected using an EMCCD (Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device) camera. The image segmentation was performed using the fuzzy C-means (FCM) …


Optimal Linear Moment Estimation Method For Gumbel Distribution, Yumei Zhai, Ruixing Zhao Jul 2020

Optimal Linear Moment Estimation Method For Gumbel Distribution, Yumei Zhai, Ruixing Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Linear moment is one of the important methods to estimate the extreme value distribution function in engineering practice. In order to improve the estimation performance for Gumbel distribution, the estimating results of twelve empirical distribution functions were simulated by using Monte Carlo method. The optimal linear moment estimation method was constructed based on the empirical distribution function with the minimum estimation error, and compared with ordinary moment, traditional linear moment and maximum likelihood method. The study shows that choosing an appropriate empirical distribution function can enhance the estimation accuracy. The optimal empirical distribution function varies depending on the sample …


Application Of Pso-Bp Algorithm In Hydraulic System Fault Diagnosis, Handong Zhang, Liusong Tao Jul 2020

Application Of Pso-Bp Algorithm In Hydraulic System Fault Diagnosis, Handong Zhang, Liusong Tao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: It is of great significance to monitor, forecast and diagnose hydraulic systems’ fault timely and accurately. First, this paper describes the basic fault model theoretical knowledge of BP neural neystem failure neural network modeling has created and simulated. PSO-BP neural network has been raised, this paper has established PSO optimize model of the BP neural system fault diagnosis. BP network has been created and simulated in Plunger pump hydraulic system failure. The correct results indicate that this mixed PSO-BP algorithm is better than the improved BP algorithm, and can meet the requirements of Hydraulic system fault diagnosis.