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Articles 5311 - 5340 of 24207

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma Jul 2020

Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: After the traction system virtual prototype model of mountain orchard transport was established, virtual simulation test was done to get the force of wire rope and the dynamic characteristics. Compared with trapezoidal velocity, under S type velocity curve, vehicle vibration amplitude was decreased obviously in each stage, average maximum force and average force of four key points was respectively decreased by 9.2% and 12.7%. Average relative error between kinetic parameters calculation and simulation values was 4.8%. Average relative error between test and simulation values was 4.02 %. This research results have provided a simulation platform and reference to whole …


Cqpso Algorithm Based Control System Parameter Optimization, Genyuan Wei, Xinqiang Feng, Han Pu Jul 2020

Cqpso Algorithm Based Control System Parameter Optimization, Genyuan Wei, Xinqiang Feng, Han Pu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the shortcomings of optimization methods of control system parameters, and the result of PSO algorithm usually falling into the partial optimum, Chaos Search and Quantum Space Search were added to the PSO algorithm, constituting the Chaos Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, which was applied to the typical thermal control system parameters optimization. Introducing the selection of object functions of control system parameter optimization, describing the CQPSO algorithm process, the CQPSO algorithm was tested and analyzed through multiple test functions. The result shows that, compared with PSO and CPSO algorithm, CQPSO algorithm makes the particle swarm get out …


Simulation Research On Cantilever Piezoelectric Generator With Mass, Yan Zhen, He Qing, Dongping Wang Jul 2020

Simulation Research On Cantilever Piezoelectric Generator With Mass, Yan Zhen, He Qing, Dongping Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Piezoelectric vibration generator made in MEMS can supply infinitely and continuously energy for low power electronic devices. In order to improve the adaptive capacity to environment of cantilever piezoelectric vibration generator, through the finite element simulation and experimental study, effect law of additional mass on the natural frequencies and output voltage was analyzed. Results show that, as the mass increases, natural frequency of the piezoelectric beam decreases monotonically, while relative displacement of the end monotonically increases; in the same incentive environment, output voltage of piezoelectric beam with close to the natural frequency and same to the end amplitude are …


Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han Jul 2020

Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Torsional vibration of large converter is very easy to cause the transmission gear failure. In order to solve large converters' torsional vibration during working, a converter multi-body dynamic analysis model on rigid-flexible coupling method was built by using of multi-body dynamics simulation software RecurDyn and the finite element analysis software ANSYS. And the dynamic simulation study of this model was carried out. The effects of torsional vibration by different parking methods, parking times, the converters' vibration frequency and the amplitude were obtained through the dynamics simulation calculation. The results show that the torsional vibration amplitude of converter can …


Robust Coordinated Motion Control Of Free-Floating Space Robot With Flexible-Link And Flexible-Joints, Xiaoyan Yu, Chen Li Jul 2020

Robust Coordinated Motion Control Of Free-Floating Space Robot With Flexible-Link And Flexible-Joints, Xiaoyan Yu, Chen Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Robust coordinated motion control and vibration hierarchical suppression of a free-floating space robot with one flexible link and two elastic revolute joints was proposed. The dynamical Lagrange equation was established by the momentum conservation. A singularly perturbed model was formulated, which consists of a slow subsystem and two fast subsystems. Based on the singularly perturbed model, a reduced-order controller was proposed, which consists of a robust slow control component and two fast control components. The virtue of this control scheme is that the linear position, linear velocity, linear acceleration of the base needn’t be measured directly. …


Simulation Study On Scheduling Strategy Of Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem, Ning Tao, Guo Chen, Chen Rong, Jin Hua Jul 2020

Simulation Study On Scheduling Strategy Of Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem, Ning Tao, Guo Chen, Chen Rong, Jin Hua

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the purpose of solving the rescheduling of dynamic vehicle routing problem, the simulation model was established to minimize the cost and optimize the stability. The method of double chains structure coding was proposed. An improved hybrid multi-phases quantum particle swarm algorithm was proposed. An AHP (Analytic hierarchy process strategy) was introduced to obtain the optimal strategy from the Pareto solution. A novel method was applied to a dynamic simulation and the result of comparing with other classical algorithms verifies its effectiveness.


Pinning Control For Synchronization Of Hr Biological Neural Networks:Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Approach, Wei Wei, Wen Jiao Jul 2020

Pinning Control For Synchronization Of Hr Biological Neural Networks:Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Approach, Wei Wei, Wen Jiao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Synchronization of a complex network whose nodes are Hindmarsh-Rose biological neurons was considered. Coupling strengths of the whole network were always taken as the tuning variables. However, coupling strengths may not be changeable. In addition, synchronization was affected by different disturbances. In view of above factors, pinning control was utilized and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) was designed. By this approach, synchronization was achieved in according to synchronization errors of the controlled nodes and the couplings among nodes. In the simulations, coupling strength was fixed at a relative small value, and no external disturbance case …


Simulative Study Of Machining Mechanism Of Material In Micro-Edm, Wang Shi, Jianwen Guo, Wuxue Jiang, Wenliang Cao Jul 2020

Simulative Study Of Machining Mechanism Of Material In Micro-Edm, Wang Shi, Jianwen Guo, Wuxue Jiang, Wenliang Cao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Great complexity and randomness exist in micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) process. Considering the limitations of molecular dynamics model and numerical model based on heat transfer theories in studies on machining mechanism of micro-EDM, a hybrid modeling method in which the two-temperature model and molecular dynamics simulation model were integrated was used to construct the machining model for the anode in micro-EDM process, and the corresponding parallel simulation platform was built based on MPI technology. In this simulation model, a heat source was placed in the electron system to mimic the thermal action of the discharge channel on the anode …


Study Of Adaptive Dynamic Search Pso Based Svm Parameter Optimization, Chunneng Gao, Zhang Biao, Zhicheng Ji Jul 2020

Study Of Adaptive Dynamic Search Pso Based Svm Parameter Optimization, Chunneng Gao, Zhang Biao, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to critical control points (CCPs) selection problem in wheat processing HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point), an automatic identification method based on SVM model was introduced. In order to improve the model’s recognition stability and accuracy, an adaptive dynamic search particle swarm optimization (ADS-PSO) for the optimization of kernel function parameters in SVM was proposed. ADS-PSO introduced an evolutionary factor and threshold (ET) to estimate the evolutionary state and adjusted the search strategy adaptively. Besides, an inertia parameter for the velocity was defined in ADS-PSO. The simulation results show that the improved SVM model can identify …


Protocol Algorithm Design Of Location Privacy Preserving For Sink Node Based On Security Area, Peiyu Li, Zhixue Zhang Jul 2020

Protocol Algorithm Design Of Location Privacy Preserving For Sink Node Based On Security Area, Peiyu Li, Zhixue Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of problems appear in location privacy protection for sink node of wireless sensor networks, a location privacy preserving routing algorithm for sink node based on security area was proposed. This protocol protected location privacy of sink node through methods such as sending real package or fake package probabilistic from safe area to unsafe area and forming a circular sink area around the sink node. Performance evaluation was compared between this proposed dynamic routing algorithm and existing one. Network simulation results show that the routing algorithm has advantages such as low energy consumption, small network delay, and …


Simulation Analysis Of Virtual Platform Of Close-Coupling Multiple Robots Combined Lifting System, Su Cheng, Yanlin Wang, Jitao Liu, Zhigang Zhao Jul 2020

Simulation Analysis Of Virtual Platform Of Close-Coupling Multiple Robots Combined Lifting System, Su Cheng, Yanlin Wang, Jitao Liu, Zhigang Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A framework of virtual simulation platform of close-coupling multiple robots combined lifting system was constructed. The model of the multiple robots system was established based on UG. The mathematical model of the mobile robot and the static equilibrium equation of the operated object was established. A collaborative control simulation system was set up based on ADAMS and MATLAB closed loop. In close-coupling multiple robots combined lifting system, according to two different trajectory planning, calculating draw of the mathematical model and the co-simulation model output curves were compared and analyzed to verify the correctness of the mathematical model of the …


Optimized Composite Input Shaping Based On Residual Oscillation Suppressing, Huasen Liu, Wenming Cheng Jul 2020

Optimized Composite Input Shaping Based On Residual Oscillation Suppressing, Huasen Liu, Wenming Cheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The optimized input shaping control method was proposed to reduce the under actuated overhead crane’s oscillation caused via the inertia force. The dynamic model of the overhead crane was proposed according to the physics structure of the crane. The probability distribution function of the crane’s swing frequency was obtained. The optimized multi-model composite based on the probability distribution function of the crane’s swing frequency was used as the feed-forward input to increase the frequency of robustness. Simulation results indicate that the optimized multi-model composite input shaping can reduce the oscillation the overhead crane.


Simulation Research On Impact Of Consumer Bounded Rationality On Optimal Pricing Strategy In Supply Chain, Li Feng, Wei Ying Jul 2020

Simulation Research On Impact Of Consumer Bounded Rationality On Optimal Pricing Strategy In Supply Chain, Li Feng, Wei Ying

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Noticing increasing market responses to online sales channel, the impact of bounded rationality of consumer on pricing strategy was studied in a dual-channel supply chain system, which consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. A multiple-agent based modeling and simulation approach was proposed and employed. In a Stackelberg game setting with the manufacturer the leader, optimal pricing decisions were calculated from the simulation model. Impacts of consumer behavior parameters on channel prices and sales revenue were analyzed, i.e., degree of consumer bounded rationality, consumer’s acceptance of online channel, as well as consumer’s valuation distribution to the product. Results …


Signal Denoising Method Based On Atom Curve Fitting Improved Dictionary Learning, Gao Bo, Wang Jun, Gege Zhang Jul 2020

Signal Denoising Method Based On Atom Curve Fitting Improved Dictionary Learning, Gao Bo, Wang Jun, Gege Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In signal denoising problems, using K-SVD and other classic dictionary learning algorithm can not effectively eliminate the noise impact. The method made some amendments for classical dictionary learning by applying nonlinear least squares curve fitting and particle swarm optimization. K-SVD algorithm was used to train the dictionary. Nonlinear least-squares approach was used to fit every atom in the dictionary. Particle swarm optimization method was used to solve the sparse representation of the signal. The reconstructed signal was obtained. The experimental results show that, the denoising effects of the proposed method apparently has increased compared with K-SVD and RLS-DLA.


Three-Dimensional Relief Generation On Freedom Surface Based On Monocular Image, Meng Yue, Mingquan Zhou, Wuyang Shui, Zhongke Wu Jul 2020

Three-Dimensional Relief Generation On Freedom Surface Based On Monocular Image, Meng Yue, Mingquan Zhou, Wuyang Shui, Zhongke Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For better protection of relief relics which was apt to be corroded and destroyed, the three-dimensional reconstruction technology was utilized to reconstruct 3D model from monocular image. Namely, the SFS (Shape From Shading) method estimated metric depth of relief model according to monocular image, and then restored it using filter transformation and model superposition. For most relief, their carrier surface was irregular curved surface, so estimated metric depth should be map to curved surface. The carrier model was put into Riemannian geometry space, parameterizing local region which position and size was assigned using exponential map. Corresponding vertex coordinate …


Ontology Based Devs Modeling Method, Rong Gang, Xiao Jun, Yunping Hu, Yiping Feng Jul 2020

Ontology Based Devs Modeling Method, Rong Gang, Xiao Jun, Yunping Hu, Yiping Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the field of modeling and simulation, it’s difficult to reuse the models because the models and simulation system are coupled seriously. The Ontology-driven modeling theory is a simulation modeling methodology for model reuse. A new DEVS modeling method was proposed based on this theory. The DEVS modeling ontology DEVSMO was built and the DEVS model could be described as the instance of the DEVSMO. This form of DEVS model was independent of the DEVS simulation environment, which improved the model reusability. A tool was developed to translate the DEVSMO instance to DEVS executable models to verify the …


Study On Lane Keeping Performance With Electric Power Steering System, Sun Tao, Zhengjin Xu, Songlin Zheng, Zhendong Zhang, Yuedong Sun Jul 2020

Study On Lane Keeping Performance With Electric Power Steering System, Sun Tao, Zhengjin Xu, Songlin Zheng, Zhendong Zhang, Yuedong Sun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With consideration of the characteristics of Electric Power Steering system (EPS), vehicle lane keeping system can make full use of EPS function as steering actuator for lane following assist. A couple of vehicle dynamic equations were derived for two operational modes including steering assistant mode and active steering mode. Meanwhile, vehicle single track handling model, nonlinear tire model, driver model, EPS model and corresponding optimal lane tracking algorithm were built and developed respectively. The lane keeping algorithm with EPS actuator was validated by virtue driver-in-the-loop approach based on the EPS experimental map from a certain type of …


Modeling And Simulation For Ultra Supercritical Units Load Regulation By Condensate Throttling, Junjie Gu, Wang Peng Jul 2020

Modeling And Simulation For Ultra Supercritical Units Load Regulation By Condensate Throttling, Junjie Gu, Wang Peng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Dynamic model of the condensate flow and load of ultra supercritical units was given. Reasonable inference and simplified were made by the conservation of volume, conservation of mass and conservation of energy and dynamic model of the condensate flow and load of supercritical units was offered, which could provide theoretical basis for the implement of the power plant condensate throttling and load control. Taking a 1000 MW ultra supercritical unit as an example, simulation of the model was made and compared. Results show that the gain coefficient and the time constant of the transfer function of the condensate …


Modeling And Scheduling Of Reentrant Automatic Assembly Equipment Based On Cpn Tools, Zhang Mei, Guangsen Chen, You Jia Jul 2020

Modeling And Scheduling Of Reentrant Automatic Assembly Equipment Based On Cpn Tools, Zhang Mei, Guangsen Chen, You Jia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The idea about treating automatic immunoassay detection equipment as a reentrant dual-armed automatic assembly equipment was brought forward. Using timed colored Petri nets (TCPN) to model the equipment according to its detection, the performance of model and simulation experiment were evaluated. To optimize the detection process, DPC dynamic feeding strategy and LSPON, FIFO scheduling strategy were designed. Based on that, a hybrid control strategy was proposed to schedule the model more efficiently. Batch-detecting projects of different scale examples were scheduled on the platform of CPN tools according to the strategies above. The simulation results illustrate the reasonability and feasibility …


Improved Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization For Solving Multi-Objective Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems, Tian Na, Zhicheng Ji Jul 2020

Improved Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization For Solving Multi-Objective Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems, Tian Na, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the complexity of flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP), it is still the hot topic for research. FJSP was given deep insight into with three objectives to be minimized simultaneously: makespan, maximal machine workload and total workload. Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) with different coefficient selection methods was compared. The benchmark function tests show that QPSO with adaptive coefficient outperforms other selection methods in unimodal functions, while QPSO with cosine coefficient performs better in multi-modal functions. Therefore, QPSO with cosine decreasing coefficient is adopted to solve the multi-objective FJSP, which is a complex multi-modal optimization problem. Simulation results …


Improved Apit Localization Algorithm Based On Wireless Sensor Network, Wu Dong, Zhicheng Ji, Zhang Biao Jul 2020

Improved Apit Localization Algorithm Based On Wireless Sensor Network, Wu Dong, Zhicheng Ji, Zhang Biao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To address the problems of Approximate Point-In-Triangulation Test (APIT) algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network requiring high anchor node density, Out-To-In or In-To-Out error judgment, nodes failure and so on, an improved APIT localization algorithm based on Wireless Sensor Network was proposed. The method based on directional searched node and combined with RSSI ranging calculation by Gaussian fitting method was used to deal with error judgment. Besides, a geometrical method was used to process the failure nodes. The simulation results show that the improved localization algorithm performs greatly better, both in positioning accuracy and number of error judgment, than the …


Energy Saving Control Research On Mine Drainage System Based On Model Predictive Control, Zhiling Ren, Jiahao Han Jul 2020

Energy Saving Control Research On Mine Drainage System Based On Model Predictive Control, Zhiling Ren, Jiahao Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Grey model of water inflow in tunnel and time with measuring data and economic model was established after analysis for energy conservation issue of mine drainage system. Using model predictive control, a coal mines pumping water pump scheduling in non-peak periods was establish, executing the simulation of the gray model based on model predictive control and predicting the water inflow at times of peak demand in morning and evening. A load shifting schedule for system was formulated. The result show that the pump scheduling established in non-peak periods based on model predictive control can reduce the cost of electricity …


Improved Anonymous Communication Protocol Based On Crowds, Gaofeng He, Chen Lu, Zhang Tao, Yuanyuan Ma Jul 2020

Improved Anonymous Communication Protocol Based On Crowds, Gaofeng He, Chen Lu, Zhang Tao, Yuanyuan Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The Crowds system is effective and practical, however there are two deficiencies: intermediate nodes can know receivers’ identities and there is no upper bound for the route length. To address the deficiencies mentioned above, an improved anonymous communication protocol is proposed. The new protocol is based on Crowds, while it is added with more designs of Pseudo receiver and Max-Min route length. Pseudo receivers’ addresses substitutes as receivers’ in packets to prevent intermediate nodes getting receivers’ identities; Users can decide max and min route length to limit the route length and meet the anonymity demand. By comparing the …


Modeling And Quaternion Control Of X-Type Quadrotor, Shaobin Ding, Changshi Xiao, Jingen Liu, Yuanqiao Wen Jul 2020

Modeling And Quaternion Control Of X-Type Quadrotor, Shaobin Ding, Changshi Xiao, Jingen Liu, Yuanqiao Wen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A comprehensive dynamic model of X-type quadrotor was established and simulated. Different from other widely used models that usually treated quadrotor as a single-rigid-body system, the rotors, propellers and the aircraft body were treated as a multi-rigid-body system in the proposed model. The 3D model wireframe was constructed using Solidworks and the important inertial parameters were extracted from the design data. Two types of multi-channel-double-loop vector PD flight controller were designed and fine tuned, one was based on quaternion feedback and the other was based on Euler angle feedback. The close-loop systems were simulated on Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results …


Research On Bifurcation Of A Class Of Cortical Eeg Model With Time Delay, Chunsheng Li, Zhang Xue Jul 2020

Research On Bifurcation Of A Class Of Cortical Eeg Model With Time Delay, Chunsheng Li, Zhang Xue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The bifurcation characters of a cortical-model with bidirectional time delays were studied, proposed by Robinson, et al. before. Considering transmitting delay between excitatory and inhibitory populations, the stability, bifurcation characters and bifurcation region were achieved. The relationship of cortical potential spectrum density and transmit delay was analyzed when white noise was introduced. Result shows that time delay between different population acts as an important role of model’s dynamic characters and stability, and numerical simulation verifies the theoretical analysis. This research shows the importance of transmit delay in cortical-model, and provides theoretical illustration for further research of epileptic …


Pipeline Design And Simulation Optimization Of Hydraulic Driving System For Rape Windrower, Caixia Shu, Yan Lei, Li Lei, Cairui Han, Yajun Jiang, Youchun Ding, Qingxi Liao Jul 2020

Pipeline Design And Simulation Optimization Of Hydraulic Driving System For Rape Windrower, Caixia Shu, Yan Lei, Li Lei, Cairui Han, Yajun Jiang, Youchun Ding, Qingxi Liao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on disadvantages with large pipeline size and tube loss about the existing hydraulic driving system of rape windrower, according to the pipelines of hydraulic drive system for rape windrower, the relationship between the tube loss and pipeline structure parameters was analyzed and determined. Combined with the effect of tube losses, minimum bend radius and cost, the comprehensive scoring method was used to optimize the pipe diameter of the header, horizontal and vertical conveyor assembly operating branches. Consistency was.determined between the simulation of the tube loss by FLUENT module of the ANSYS and the result obtained by fuzzy evaluation …


Building Arc-Sprial Search Models Of Dipping Sonar Based On Transcendental Target Moving Course, Wu Min Jul 2020

Building Arc-Sprial Search Models Of Dipping Sonar Based On Transcendental Target Moving Course, Wu Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the known probable moving course of submarine targets, and the actual searching process of anti-submarine airplane, to search the target in the finite domain, the wind factor to affect searching process was analyzed. The arc-spiral searching model of dipping sonar and submarine moving models were built. In the factor of given ocean environments, the experimental results simulated and analyzed the arc-spiral searching course of dipping sonar. The experimentation compared and analyzed the influence of searching probabilities on curve searching, sector searching, and arc-spiral searching manners. The experimental results indicate that the searching probability of arc-spiral searching …


Autonomous Flight Control And Simulation Study Of Independent Developed Soft-Wing Uav, Juntong Qi, Jinda Liu, Shang Hong, Liying Yang, Mei Sen, Jianda Han Jul 2020

Autonomous Flight Control And Simulation Study Of Independent Developed Soft-Wing Uav, Juntong Qi, Jinda Liu, Shang Hong, Liying Yang, Mei Sen, Jianda Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Soft-wing UAV is composed of ram air parafoil hanging powered vehicle with ropes. The special structure of soft-wing UAV makes it possess apparent mass, flexible structure and relative motions, which are the difficulties of modeling and controlling of soft-wing UAV. Autonomous flight controller design method based on mathematical model can low-costly and high-efficiently achieve control algorithms for UAV. Based on the physical parameters of the self-designed soft-wing UAV, a 6 DOF mathematical model was built. A flight controller and visual simulation system was designed. By using the trajectory points simulation, the numerical and visual simulation was synchronously realized which …


Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao Jul 2020

Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to explore the internal relationship between Command Information System (CIS) network and combat system, a layered combat system model was built, including organizational relationship layer, information interaction layer and communication link layer. Conception of the system coupling intensity was defined, which reflected the influence of network architecture to combat system. An optimization model of CIS network architecture aimed at maximizing the ratio of system coupling intensity to cost coefficient was built. A route programming genetic algorithm was designed and applied into simulation of Air Offensive Campaign (AOC) system network. The results show that the model and algorithm …


Research On Damage Ratio Considering Target-Location Error, Xieen Song, Weidong Song, Ma Qian Jul 2020

Research On Damage Ratio Considering Target-Location Error, Xieen Song, Weidong Song, Ma Qian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Different computing methods for target-location error have much influence on the result of cluster target damage ratio. In order to find a suitable method, based on existing damage ratio analytical method and error combination method, several new ideas, such as error synthesis method, random target method, were proposed. By analyzing specific examples and comparing the results, the accuracy and application conditions for each method were reached. Random target method was proved to be the best on the whole; error combination method was optimal when it could meet the conditions of analytical method and data error combination; target-location …