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Articles 9781 - 9810 of 14163
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
The Solids Flow In The Riser Of A Cfb Viewed By Positron Emission Particle Tracking (Pept), Chian Chan, Jonathan P.K. Seville, Jan Baeyens
The Solids Flow In The Riser Of A Cfb Viewed By Positron Emission Particle Tracking (Pept), Chian Chan, Jonathan P.K. Seville, Jan Baeyens
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The PEPT study of the riser of a CFB determines (i) the acceleration length and time, (ii) the upwards and downwards velocities; (ii) the population densities; (iii) the flow pattern at the riser bottom; and (iv) the existence of different flow regimes for associated operating conditions of gas flow rate (U) and solids circulation flux (G).
Design Of New Fluidized Bed Reactors For Cvd - Processes, T. Strer, M. Schober, K.-E. Wirth
Design Of New Fluidized Bed Reactors For Cvd - Processes, T. Strer, M. Schober, K.-E. Wirth
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A new concept of fluidized bed will be shown which can be used for various gas-tosolids reactions (e.g. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) reactions) with high throughput like the production of new materials. For the design and scale-up of the new bubbling fluidized bed with vertically aligned vertical nozzles the fluid dynamics of the fluidized beds have to be determined and analysed, especially the flow around the gas nozzles. A jet region around a single centrally arranged injector lance in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor is characterized by different parameters like solids concentration and jet gas distribution. It can be shown …
Experiments And Modelling Of Micro-Jet Assisted Fluidization Of Nanoparticles, J. Ruud Van Ommen, David M. King, Alan Weimer, Robert Pfeffer, Berend Van Wachem
Experiments And Modelling Of Micro-Jet Assisted Fluidization Of Nanoparticles, J. Ruud Van Ommen, David M. King, Alan Weimer, Robert Pfeffer, Berend Van Wachem
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The fluidization of nanoparticle agglomerates can be largely improved by using downward pointing micronozzles, creating a high-velocity jet, as experimentally shown. By discrete particle simulations – treating the agglomerates as single particles – we show that the main reason is probably the reduction of the agglomerate size by agglomerate-agglomerate collisions.
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition On Particles In An Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed, J. Ruud Van Ommen, Elena Abadjieva, Yves L.M. Creyghton
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition On Particles In An Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed, J. Ruud Van Ommen, Elena Abadjieva, Yves L.M. Creyghton
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition is an attractive technqiue to provide particles with a thin film. Applying a cold plasma enables us to work with temperature-sensitive materials. Using a CFB with an incorporated volume dielectric barrier discharge reactor we coated 20-30 m CuO particles with a thin SiOx layer.
Challenges With The Coupling Of Fluidized Beds For Chemical Looping Combustion, Marvin Kramp, Andreas Thon, Ernst-Ulrich Hartge, Stefan Heinrich, Joachim Werther
Challenges With The Coupling Of Fluidized Beds For Chemical Looping Combustion, Marvin Kramp, Andreas Thon, Ernst-Ulrich Hartge, Stefan Heinrich, Joachim Werther
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
In the present work the system of interconnected fluidized bed reactors of a Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) process is simulated in pilot plant scale and 100 MWth scale. Attrition models, derived from small scale laboratory experiments, are employed to predict the behavior of a large scale CLC process in terms of attrition and oxygen carrier (OC) losses. Realistic circulation mass flows of OC are calculated and the sources of the losses are further investigated. Different arrangements of cyclones are evaluated for their potential to improve the solids recovery. For example the introduction of a second-stage cyclone separation for the air …
Co-Gasification Of Coal And Wood In A Dual Fluidized Bed Gasifier Variation Of Fluidization Conditions And Load Ratio, Christoph Pfeifer, Isabella Aigner, Hermann Hofbauer
Co-Gasification Of Coal And Wood In A Dual Fluidized Bed Gasifier Variation Of Fluidization Conditions And Load Ratio, Christoph Pfeifer, Isabella Aigner, Hermann Hofbauer
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Within this work the use of coal has been tested in a dual fluidized bed 100 kW - steam blown- gasifier originally designed for wood. With adjustments like fluidization conditions and fuel load, it is possible to gasify coal in load-ratios from 0 % to 100 % with this technology.
A Model On An Entrained Bed-Bubbling Bed Process For Co2 Capture From Flue Gas, Jeong-Hoo Choi, Chang-Keun Yi, Sung-Ho Jo
A Model On An Entrained Bed-Bubbling Bed Process For Co2 Capture From Flue Gas, Jeong-Hoo Choi, Chang-Keun Yi, Sung-Ho Jo
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A simplified model has been developed to investigate effects of important operating parameters on performance of an entrained-bed absorber and bubbling-bed regenerator system collecting CO2 from flue gas. The particle population balance was considered together with chemical reaction to determine the extent of conversion in both absorber and regenerator. Effects of several absorber parameters was tested in a laboratory scale process. The CO2 capture efficiency decreased as temperature or gas velocity increased. However, it increased with static bed height or moisture concentration. The CO2 capture efficiency was exponentially proportional to each parameter. Based on the absolute value of exponent of …
Characteristics And Kinetics Of Biomass Pylolysis In A Micro Fluidized Bed Reactor, Guangwen Xu, Shiqiu Gao, Jian Yu, Qiang Li, Jianhong Zhu, Zhengkang Duan
Characteristics And Kinetics Of Biomass Pylolysis In A Micro Fluidized Bed Reactor, Guangwen Xu, Shiqiu Gao, Jian Yu, Qiang Li, Jianhong Zhu, Zhengkang Duan
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A Micro Fluidized Bed Reactor (MFBR) was developed to enable on-line pulse feeding and isothermal differential reaction of particle reactant. Application of the MFBR to biomass pyrolysis demonstrated that the resulting globe kinetics parameters were 11.77 kJ/mol and 1.45 s-1 on the gas release characteristics, respectively.
Influence Of Process Parameters On Fluidised Bed Drying Of Powdered Materials, Piero Bareschino, Antonio Marzocchella, Piero Salatino
Influence Of Process Parameters On Fluidised Bed Drying Of Powdered Materials, Piero Bareschino, Antonio Marzocchella, Piero Salatino
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The present study reports preliminary characterization about the fluidised bed drying of powdered materials. Tests were carried out in a Lexan® lab-scale fluidised bed with solids selected to effectively surrogate powders of interest in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The process was monitored to correlate the temperature and the flow rate of the fluidising gas, the temperature and the moisture level in the bed, the qualitative fluidisation patterns. Bed material was characterized to assess the modifications of the population of agglomerates as a function of the operating conditions.
Heavy Metal Vaporization In Fluidized Bed Combustion Of Solid Waste And Coal, Q. Falcoz, J. Liu, Daniel J. Gauthier, G. Flamant, S. Abanades
Heavy Metal Vaporization In Fluidized Bed Combustion Of Solid Waste And Coal, Q. Falcoz, J. Liu, Daniel J. Gauthier, G. Flamant, S. Abanades
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Solid samples, either of realistic waste model or coal, and spiked with Cd, Pb or Zn, were burned in an electrically-heated fluid bed reactor coupled to a customized ICP spectrometer, for on-line analysis of vaporized metals. For waste samples, a single kinetic law (whatever the metal), predicting the vaporization characteristic time and the time course of the metal concentration in the solid, was obtained. Tests with burning coal samples, spiked with Cd (at 820°C) and Zn (temperature range 680°C to 820°C), proved that this law is still valid, with a slight tendency to underestimation for both Cd and Zn vaporization …
Novel Two-Interconnected Fluidized Bed System For Selective Solid Circulation, Ho-Jung Ryu, Jaehyeon Park, Dowon Shun, Seung-Yong Lee
Novel Two-Interconnected Fluidized Bed System For Selective Solid Circulation, Ho-Jung Ryu, Jaehyeon Park, Dowon Shun, Seung-Yong Lee
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A novel two-interconnected fluidized bed system was developed to separate fine and coarse particles by means of particle size difference. Coarse (212~300 μm) and fine (63~106 μm) particles were separated perfectly using the solid separator. The effects of the fluidizing velocity, solid injection velocity, diameter of solid injection nozzle, and solid height on the solid separation rate were investigated. Moreover, continuous solid separation and circulation test up to 20 hours was performed to check feasibility of stable operation.
Combustion Characteristics And Emission Of Hazardous Air Pollutants In Commercial Fluidized Bed Combustors For Sewage Sludge, Ha-Na Jang, Seong-Bum Park, Jeong-Hun Kim, Yong-Chil Seo
Combustion Characteristics And Emission Of Hazardous Air Pollutants In Commercial Fluidized Bed Combustors For Sewage Sludge, Ha-Na Jang, Seong-Bum Park, Jeong-Hun Kim, Yong-Chil Seo
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Since the disposal of sewage sludge in ocean has been prohibited recently according to London Dumping Convention, technological need for treating sewage sludge safely and efficiently are getting increased in Korea. FBC (Fluidized Bed Combustor) technology has been selected and utilized as one of the alternatives because of combustible content in sludge, on-going process development to maintain the best combustion efficiency, and good heat recovery for energy utilization. In this paper, the process and combustion characteristics of commercially operating FBC incineration plants with the capacity ranging from 50 – 150 tons of sludge per day were investigated by comparing emission …
Investigation Of Change Of Volumetric Flow In Fluidized-Bed Reactors, Andrés Mahecha-Botero, Franz Haseidl, Alexander Nguyen, Tingwen Li, John R. Grace
Investigation Of Change Of Volumetric Flow In Fluidized-Bed Reactors, Andrés Mahecha-Botero, Franz Haseidl, Alexander Nguyen, Tingwen Li, John R. Grace
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Volumetric flow can change due to such factors as variation in the number of moles due to reaction, feed distribution, change of phase, membranes and changes in temperature and pressure. This change in volumetric flow was investigated by varying the fluidized-bed pressure in a two-dimensional steel column. Pressure was impulsively adjusted, showing large transient voids during the transitions after rapid growth of the existing bubbles. The effects of sudden depressurization as well as elevated pressure fluidization were also investigated.
Attrition Of Bed Materials And Fuel Pellets For Fluidized Bed Gasification Application, P. Ammendola, R. Chirone F. Miccio, G. Ruoppolo, Fabrizio Scala
Attrition Of Bed Materials And Fuel Pellets For Fluidized Bed Gasification Application, P. Ammendola, R. Chirone F. Miccio, G. Ruoppolo, Fabrizio Scala
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
This paper reports on a study of the attrition/fragmentation behavior of different bed materials and fuel pellets for application in fluidized bed gasification. Three different bed materials displaying catalytic activity, namely fresh and sintered dolomite and a Ni-alumina catalyst, were tested for their resistance to fragmentation and attrition in fluidized bed. The fresh dolomite displayed extensive particle breakage upon calcination and a large production of attrited fines during fluidized bed operation. The other two materials were much more resistant to attrition and appeared to be suitable for further long-term operation testing. The attrition/fragmentation resistance of three pelletized fuels, one based …
Shear-Assisted Fluidized Bed Powder-Coating, Piero Bareschino, Francesco Pepe, Piero Salatino
Shear-Assisted Fluidized Bed Powder-Coating, Piero Bareschino, Francesco Pepe, Piero Salatino
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
This study addresses a novel concept of dense-fluidized bed coating of objects where the effectiveness of coating is promoted by the intentional and controlled establishment of shear flow around the object. The fluidized powder is sheared by the controlled oscillatory motion of the object with respect to the fluidized bed. The proof-of-concept is given with experiments carried out using a commercial powder specifically manufactured for dry coating applications in fluidized bed. Systematic analysis of the effect of different levels of shear rate on particle mobility/adhesion and effectiveness of coverage was performed. A simple descriptive model has been developed to provide …
Heat Transfer To Immersed Cooling Tubes And Particles In A Fluidized Bed Reactor, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Mori, A. Goto, H.T. Bi J.R. Grace
Heat Transfer To Immersed Cooling Tubes And Particles In A Fluidized Bed Reactor, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Mori, A. Goto, H.T. Bi J.R. Grace
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A simple heat transfer model is utilized to determine the heat transfer coefficients for multiple tubes immersed in an industrial fluidized bed reactor supporting an exothermic reaction. From the temperatures at their outlets, superheating occurs in some blocks of tubes, but not in others. A four-zone heat transfer model is then used to evaluate the axial and lateral temperature differences due to the existence of a bottom un-cooled entrance zone and two cooled zones, corresponding to the regions where superheating does and does not occur.
Heat Recovery From Melted Blast Furnace Slag Using Fluidized Bed, Tadaaki Shimizu, Daisuke Haga, Go Mikami, Takayuki Takahashi, Kenji Horinouchi
Heat Recovery From Melted Blast Furnace Slag Using Fluidized Bed, Tadaaki Shimizu, Daisuke Haga, Go Mikami, Takayuki Takahashi, Kenji Horinouchi
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A novel fluidized bed system is proposed to recover heat from melted blast furnace slag. The melted slag is fed into a fluidized bed of crushed solid slag particles. The heat of slag solidification is transported to immersed heat transfer surface through fluidizing particles. The solid slag clumps, which consist of solidified slag and bed material, are removed from the bottom. A part of the slag clumps are crushed and recycled into the bed as bed material. In the present article, conceptual design of arrangement of heat transfer surface was carried out. Fundamental study of heat recovery from melted wax …
Modeling Of Mass Loss Of Char Particles During Combustion And Interaction With Inert Material, Piotr Pelka, Jacek Leszczynski
Modeling Of Mass Loss Of Char Particles During Combustion And Interaction With Inert Material, Piotr Pelka, Jacek Leszczynski
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The inspiration for this research was the numerical simulation of mass loss of char particles during its combustion in a CFB boiler. The mass loss was presented as the superposition of two separate processes i.e. combustion and surface erosion. The values obtained by the model and experimental data show a good level of conformity.
Hydrodynamics Of A Spout-Fluid Bed With An Enlarged Column For Fine Particles, Jian Xu, Lei Gong, Xiaojun Bao Dr., Weisheng Wei
Hydrodynamics Of A Spout-Fluid Bed With An Enlarged Column For Fine Particles, Jian Xu, Lei Gong, Xiaojun Bao Dr., Weisheng Wei
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
In order to improve the spoutability for fine particles, a new type of spout-fluid bed with an enlarged column section was proposed. Comparison of flow regime maps for the new design with a conventional spout-fluid bed showed that the range of stable spouting regime was extended when an enlarged column section was employed.
A Conical Spouted Bed Reactor For The Valorisation Of Waste Tires, Gartzen Lopez, Maider Amutio, Gorka Elordi, Maite Artetxe, Haritz Altzibar, Martin Olazar
A Conical Spouted Bed Reactor For The Valorisation Of Waste Tires, Gartzen Lopez, Maider Amutio, Gorka Elordi, Maite Artetxe, Haritz Altzibar, Martin Olazar
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A pilot plant provided with a conical spouted bed reactor has been used for the valorisation of waste tires by thermal pyrolysis in continuous mode. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on product distribution and properties has been studied in the temperature range from 425 to 600 ºC. This variable has proven to have an important effect on product distribution. Thus, pyrolysis oil yield was reduced from 64.3 wt% at 425 ºC to 55.9 wt% at 600 ºC. However, the quality of carbon black was improved operating at high temperatures (increasing BET surface area values). High yields of certain interesting chemicals …
Particle Segregation In Tapered Fluidized Beds, T. M. Gernon, Mark A. Gilbertson, R.S.J. Sparks
Particle Segregation In Tapered Fluidized Beds, T. M. Gernon, Mark A. Gilbertson, R.S.J. Sparks
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
In practical situations, a bed of particles often has a wide range of sizes or is a mixture of differently sized components, and this allows a number of different segregation structures to form depending on local flow conditions. These vary systematically in tapered beds. This paper is an experimental investigation of the interaction between size segregation and the effects on local flows in a tapered bed.
Numerical And Experimental Steady State Flow And Heat Transfer In A Continuous Spouted Bed, Cezar A. Rosa, José T. Freire, Hamid Arastoopour
Numerical And Experimental Steady State Flow And Heat Transfer In A Continuous Spouted Bed, Cezar A. Rosa, José T. Freire, Hamid Arastoopour
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Experimental measurements on heat transfer and flow properties and CFD simulations based on the two-fluid model (Eulerian-Eulerian approach) were performed in a draft tube continuous spouted bed system. The simulated results on the gas-particle flow patterns and the temperature distribution in the bed agreed well with our experimental data.
Numerical Study Of Bubbling Fluidized Beds: Influence Of Immersed Tubes, Extraction Methods And Averaging Periods, Matthias Schreiber, Teklay Weldeabzgi Asegehegn, Hans Joachim Krautz
Numerical Study Of Bubbling Fluidized Beds: Influence Of Immersed Tubes, Extraction Methods And Averaging Periods, Matthias Schreiber, Teklay Weldeabzgi Asegehegn, Hans Joachim Krautz
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
Numerical simulations using the Two Fluid Model were performed for 2D gas-solid fluidized beds with and without immersed horizontal tubes. The results were compared with experimental data available in the literature. Different techniques of extracting the time-averaged values of pressure drop and bed expansion and the influence of averaging time were investigated. Furthermore, the influence of tubes on the solids motion and distribution were studied.
Basic Study For Coal Moisture Control Integrating Pneumatic Classification Technique, Zhou-En Liu, Yin Wang, Yajun Tian, Yimin Xie, Wenfeng Ji, Guangwen Xu
Basic Study For Coal Moisture Control Integrating Pneumatic Classification Technique, Zhou-En Liu, Yin Wang, Yajun Tian, Yimin Xie, Wenfeng Ji, Guangwen Xu
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A technique of coal moisture control integrating pneumatic classification with flue gas as heating medium was put forward. With this technique, refined coal moisture control can be realized accompanying classification in one process, and considerable high-quality energy can be saved in coking and milling procedure. In this paper, coal classification and moisture control behaviors was investigated at different conditions. Based on experimental results, the basic parameters for the technique were worked out accordingly.
Numerical Study Of Bubble Hydrodynamics For Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds With And Without Horizontal Tubes, Teklay W. Asegehegn, Hans Joachim Krautz
Numerical Study Of Bubble Hydrodynamics For Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds With And Without Horizontal Tubes, Teklay W. Asegehegn, Hans Joachim Krautz
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The paper deals with numerical simulations using the Eulerian-Eulerian Two Fluid Model (TFM) of 2D gas-solid bubbling fluidized beds with and without immersed horizontal tubes. The bubble diameters and rise velocities obtained from the simulations presented good agreement when compared with experiments and correlations available in the literature. The presence of horizontal tubes inside the bed was found to be the main cause of bubble breakup, which eventually reduce the bubble diameter and rise velocity.
Biomass Gasification In Rotating Fluidized Bed, Mania Abdollahi, Christophe Guy, Jamal Chaouki
Biomass Gasification In Rotating Fluidized Bed, Mania Abdollahi, Christophe Guy, Jamal Chaouki
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A steady-state mathematical model is developed for a rotating fluidized bed gasifier. Integrating reactor hydrodynamics with devolatilization kinetics, char gasification and combustion of both char and gas species; the model is used to present the gas-solid phenomena in novel reactor and investigates the reactor application in gasification processes. Model outputs are compared with experimental and simulation results of existing fluidized bed gasifier. It is observed that for the same equivalence ratio, the gasification process in RFB-SG is improved as a result of improved heat and mass transfer and gas-solid contact.
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Fluidized Bed With Immersed Boundary Method, Kenya Kuwagi, H. Utsunomiya, Y. Shimoyama, H. Hirano, T. Takami
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Fluidized Bed With Immersed Boundary Method, Kenya Kuwagi, H. Utsunomiya, Y. Shimoyama, H. Hirano, T. Takami
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The applicability of the immersed boundary (IB) method, which is one of direct numerical simulations (DNS) for multiphase flow analyses, has been examined to simulate a fluidized bed. The volumetric-force type IB method developed by Kajishima et al. (2001) has been applied in the present work. While particle-fluid interaction force is calculated with the surface integral of fluid stress at the interface between particle and fluid in the standard IB method, the volume integral of interaction force is used in the volumetric-force type IB method. In order to validate the present simulation code, drag force and lift force firstly were …
Time-Averaged Modelling Of Cfbs – Analysis Of The Terms In The Momentum Equations, Sirpa Kallio, Maiju Seppälä, Veikko Taivassalo
Time-Averaged Modelling Of Cfbs – Analysis Of The Terms In The Momentum Equations, Sirpa Kallio, Maiju Seppälä, Veikko Taivassalo
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The features of the terms in the time-averaged momentum equation for the solid phase are examined for three CFB units ranging from a laboratory-scale unit to a small CFB boiler. The CFD simulations were based on the Eulerian granular model of the Fluent software. The time-averaged terms calculated during the time dependent simulations are analysed and conclusions on their relative importance are drawn. An analysis of the terms in the vertical solids momentum equation in the central region of a CFB is presented.
Cfd Simulation Of The Reacting Flow Process Of Coal Pyrolysis To Acetylene In Hydrogen Plasma Downer Reactors, Binhang Yan, Yi Cheng, Yong Jin, Yi Cheng
Cfd Simulation Of The Reacting Flow Process Of Coal Pyrolysis To Acetylene In Hydrogen Plasma Downer Reactors, Binhang Yan, Yi Cheng, Yong Jin, Yi Cheng
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
A comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to describe the reacting flow of coal pyrolysis in hydrogen plasma downer reactors. The model predictions showed good accordance with the experimental results of the 2-MW and 5-MW pilot-plant reactors. The operating conditions were optimized to improve the 5-MW reactor performance.
Cfd-Dem Simulation Of Syngas-To-Methane Process In A Fluidized-Bed Reactor, Changning Wu, Dayong Tian, Yi Cheng
Cfd-Dem Simulation Of Syngas-To-Methane Process In A Fluidized-Bed Reactor, Changning Wu, Dayong Tian, Yi Cheng
The 13th International Conference on Fluidization - New Paradigm in Fluidization Engineering
The CFD-DEM coupled approach was used to simulate the gas-solid reacting flows in a lab-scale fluidized-bed reactor for syngas-to-methane (STM) process. The simulation results captured the major features of the reactor performance including unwanted defluidization. The fluidized-bed reactor showed good performances, such as in preventing the catalyst particles from overheating and sintering.