Engineering Commons^™

Prediction Of Emg Activation Profiles From Gait Kinematics And Kinetics During Multiple Terrains, Erika V. Zabre-Gonzalez, Diego Amieva-Alvarado, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Continuous myoelectric prediction of intended limb dynamics has the ability to provide transparent control of a prosthesis by the user. However, the impact on these models of adding a human user into the control loop is less clear. Here, the ability of a User Response Model (URM) to continuously predict EMG activity from gait kinematics and kinetics collected during three mobility tasks (level-ground walking, stair ascent, and stair descent) was examined. Multiple-input, multiple-output NARX-based URMs were developed with two outputs (ankle plantarflexor and dorsiflexor) and variable inputs (ankle kinetics, and shank and/or ankle kinematics). Accuracy in predicting the tibialis anterior …

Real-Time Optical Monitoring Of Endotracheal Tube Displacement, Ramzan Ullah, Karl Doerfer, Pawjai Khampang, Faraneh Fathi, Wenzhou Hong, Joseph E. Kerschner, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Proper ventilation of a patient with an endotracheal tube (ETT) requires proper placement of the ETT. We present a sensitive, noninvasive, operator-free, and cost-effective optical sensor, called Opt-ETT, for the real-time assessment of ETT placement and alerting of the clinical care team should the ETT become displaced. The Opt-ETT uses a side-firing optical fiber, a near-infrared light-emitting diode, two photodetectors with an integrated amplifier, an Arduino board, and a computer loaded with a custom LabVIEW program to monitor the position of the endotracheal tube inside the windpipe. The Opt-ETT generates a visual and audible warning if the tube moves over …

Association Of Liver Tissue Optical Properties And Thermal Damage, Vivek K. Nagarajan, Jerrold M. Ward, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background and Objectives

Complete thermocoagulation of tumors is vital to minimize the risk of local tumor recurrence after a thermal ablation. Histological assessments are not real-time and require experienced pathologists to grade the thermal damage (histopathology) [Correction added on 21 January, 2020 after first online publication: After thermal damage in the preceding sentence, (histopathology) was added]. Real-time assessment of thermal tissue damage during an ablation is necessary to achieve optimal tumor ablation. In our previous studies, we found that continuous monitoring of the wavelength-averaged (435–630 nm) tissue absorption coefficient (µ_a) and the reduced scattering coefficient () during …

The Effect Of Discrete Visual Perturbations On Balance Control During Gait, Lara I. Riem, Brian D. Schmit, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Immersive virtual reality provides a safe and costeffective approach to administrating balance disruption during ambulation. Previous research has explored the effects of applying continuous perturbations in a virtual environment to challenge balance. This pilot study investigates the ability to disrupt balance with discrete visual perturbations during ambulation in healthy young adults. During the study participants walked on a treadmill within a virtual environment. As they walked the entire visual scene was intermittently shifted to the left or right 1 meter over 1 second. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in step length (𝑝 <; 0.05) and change in center of mass excursion (𝑝 <; 0.05) across participants (𝑁=13). Changes in gait lasted up to three steps after application, suggesting a consistent challenge to dynamic balance control as a result of the discrete visual perturbation. Further, participants did not demonstrate a reduction in response to the discrete visual perturbation with repeated exposure. The results indicate that discrete visual perturbations of a virtual scene can be used to challenge gait and modulate center of mass sway. The use of visual perturbations within a virtual environment to challenge dynamic balance could provide a safer and more affordable avenue for balance rehabilitation by reducing the need for systems that physically perturb balance.

The Neural Foundations Of Handedness: Insights From A Rare Case Of Deafferentation, S.A.L. Jayasinghe, F. R. Sarlegna, Robert A. Scheidt, R. L. Sainburg

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The role of proprioceptive feedback on motor lateralization remains unclear. We asked whether motor lateralization is dependent on proprioceptive feedback by examining a rare case of proprioceptive deafferentation (GL). Motor lateralization is thought to arise from asymmetries in neural organization, particularly at the cortical level. For example, we have previously provided evidence that the left hemisphere mediates optimal motor control that allows execution of smooth and efficient arm trajectories, while the right hemisphere mediates impedance control that can achieve stable and accurate final arm postures. The role of proprioception in both of these processes has previously been demonstrated empirically, bringing …

Task-Specific Versus Impairment-Based Training On Locomotor Performance In Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Crossover Study, Jennifer K. Lotter, Christopher E. Henderson, Abby Plawecki, Molly E. Holthus, Emily H. Lucas, Marzieh M. Ardestani, Brian Schmit, George Hornby

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background. Many research studies attempting to improve locomotor function following motor incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) focus on providing stepping practice. However, observational studies of physical therapy strategies suggest the amount of stepping practice during clinical rehabilitation is limited; rather, many interventions focus on mitigating impairments underlying walking dysfunction. Objective. The purpose of this blinded-assessor randomized trial was to evaluate the effects of task-specific versus impairment-based interventions on walking outcomes in individuals with iSCI. Methods. Using a crossover design, ambulatory participants with iSCI >1-year duration performed either task-specific (upright stepping) or impairment-based training for up to 20 sessions over ≤6 …

Cone Identification In Choroideremia: Repeatability, Reliability, And Automation Through Use Of A Convolutional Neural Network, Jessica I.W. Morgan, Min Chen, Andrew M. Huang, Yu You Jiang, Robert F. Cooper

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose: Adaptive optics imaging has enabled the visualization of photoreceptors both in health and disease. However, there remains a need for automated accurate cone photoreceptor identification in images of disease. Here, we apply an open-source convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically identify cones in images of choroideremia (CHM). We further compare the results to the repeatability and reliability of manual cone identifications in CHM.

Methods: We used split-detection adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to image the inner segment cone mosaic of 17 patients with CHM. Cones were manually identified twice by one experienced grader and once by two …

Rapid Assessment Of Breast Tumor Margins Using Deep Ultraviolet Fluorescence Scanning Microscopy, Tongtong Lu, Julie M. Jorns, Mollie Patton, Renee Fisher, Amanda Emmerich, Todd Doehring, Taly Gilat-Schmidt, Dong Hye Ye, Tina Yen, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Significance: Re-excision rates for women with invasive breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery (or lumpectomy) have decreased in the past decade but remain substantial. This is mainly due to the inability to assess the entire surface of an excised lumpectomy specimen efficiently and accurately during surgery.

Aim: The goal of this study was to develop a deep-ultraviolet scanning fluorescence microscope (DUV-FSM) that can be used to accurately and rapidly detect cancer cells on the surface of excised breast tissue.

Approach: A DUV-FSM was used to image the surfaces of 47 (31 malignant and 16 normal/benign) fresh breast tissue samples stained …

A Size‐Modified Poisson–Boltzmann Ion Channel Model In A Solvent Of Multiple Ionic Species: Application To Voltage‐Dependent Anion Channel, Dexuan Xie, Said H. Audi, Ranjan K. Dash

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

We present a new size‐modified Poisson–Boltzmann ion channel (SMPBIC) model and use it to calculate the electrostatic potential, ionic concentrations, and electrostatic solvation free energy for a voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC) on a biological membrane in a solution mixture of multiple ionic species. In particular, the new SMPBIC model adopts a membrane surface charge density and a natural Neumann boundary condition to reflect the charge effect of the membrane on the electrostatics of VDAC. To avoid the singularity difficulties caused by the atomic charges of VDAC, the new SMPBIC model is split into three submodels such that the solution of …

Deep Uv Fluorescence Scanning Microscopy For Breast Tumor Margin Detection, Tongtong Lu, Julie M. Jorns, Mollie Patton, Renee Fisher, Amanda Emmrich, Todd Doehring, Taly Gilat-Schmidt, Dong Hye Ye, Tina Yen, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Positive margin status after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is a predictor of higher rates of local recurrence. Intraoperative margin detection helps to complete tumor excision at the first operation. A margin tool that is capable of imaging all six margins of large lumpectomy specimens with both high resolution and fast speed (within 20 min) is yet to be developed. Deep UV light allows simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorophores and generating surface fluorescence images. We have developed a deep UV fluorescence scanning microscope (DUV-FSM) for slide-free, high-resolution and rapid examination of tumor …

Method For Spatial Overlap Estimation Of Electroencephalography And Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Responses, N. Heugel, E. Liebenthal, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background

Simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) measurements may represent activity from partially divergent neural sources, but this factor is seldom modeled in fMRI-EEG data integration.

New method

This paper proposes an approach to estimate the spatial overlap between sources of activity measured simultaneously with fMRI and EEG. Following the extraction of task-related activity, the key steps include, 1) distributed source reconstruction of the task-related ERP activity (ERP source model), 2) transformation of fMRI activity to the ERP spatial scale by forward modelling of the scalp potential field distribution and backward source reconstruction (fMRI source simulation) …

An Evaluation Of The Host Response To An Interspinous Process Device Based On A Series Of Spine Explants: Device For Intervertebral Assisted Motion (Diam®), Jeffrey M. Toth, Justin D. Bric

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the host response to an interspinous process device [Device for Intervertebral Assisted Motion (DIAM®)] based on a series of nine spine explants with a mean post-operative explant time of 35 months.

Methods:

Explanted periprosthetic tissues were processed for histology and stained with H&E, Wright-Giemsa stain, and Oil Red O. Brightfield and polarized light microscopy were used to evaluate the host response to the device and the resultant particulate debris. The host response was graded per ASTM F981-04. Quantitative histomorphometry was used to characterize particle size, shape, and area per ASTM F1877-05. …

Pharmacokinetics Of 99mTc-Hmpao In Isolated Perfused Rat Lungs, Anne V. Clough, Katherine Barry, Benjamin Michael Rizzo, Elizabeth R. Jacobs, Said H. Audi

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Lung uptake of technetium-labeled hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) increases in rat models of human acute lung injury, consistent with increases in lung tissue glutathione (GSH). Since ^99mTc-HMPAO uptake is the net result of multiple cellular and vascular processes, the objective was to develop an approach to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ^99mTc-HMPAO uptake in isolated perfused rat lungs. Lungs of anesthetized rats were excised and connected to a ventilation-perfusion system. ^99mTc-HMPAO (56 MBq) was injected into the pulmonary arterial cannula, a time sequence of images was acquired, and lung time-activity curves were constructed. Imaging was repeated with a range …

Role Of The Cortex In Visuomotor Control Of Arm Stability, Dylan B. Snyder, Scott A. Beardsley, Brian D. Schmit

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Whereas numerous motor control theories describe the control of arm trajectory during reach, the control of stabilization in a constant arm position (i.e., visuomotor control of arm posture) is less clear. Three potential mechanisms have been proposed for visuomotor control of arm posture: 1) increased impedance of the arm through co-contraction of antagonistic muscles, 2) corrective muscle activity via spinal/supraspinal reflex circuits, and/or 3) intermittent voluntary corrections to errors in position. We examined the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor control of arm posture and tested the hypothesis that cortical error networks contribute to arm stabilization. We collected electroencephalography …

A Dual-Modality Smartphone Microendoscope For Quantifying The Physiological And Morphological Properties Of Epithelial Tissues, Xiangqian Hong, Tongtong Lu, Liam Fruzyna, Bing Yu

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

We report a nonconcurrent dual-modality fiber-optic microendoscope (named SmartME) that integrates quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and high-resolution fluorescence imaging (FLI) into a smartphone platform. The FLI module has a spatial resolution of ~3.5 µm, which allows the determination of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) of epithelial tissues. The DRS has a spectral resolution of ~2 nm and can measure the total hemoglobin concentration (THC) and scattering properties of epithelial tissues with mean errors of 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively, which are comparable to the errors achieved with a benchtop spectrometer. Our preliminary in vivo studies from a single healthy human subject …

Vibration Propagation On The Skin Of The Arm, Valay A. Shah, Maura Casadio, Robert A. Scheidt, Leigh A. Mrotek

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Vibrotactile interfaces are an inexpensive and non-invasive way to provide performance feedback to body-machine interface users. Interfaces for the upper extremity have utilized a multi-channel approach using an array of vibration motors placed on the upper extremity. However, for successful perception of multi-channel vibrotactile feedback on the arm, we need to account for vibration propagation across the skin. If two stimuli are delivered within a small distance, mechanical propagation of vibration can lead to inaccurate perception of the distinct vibrotactile stimuli. This study sought to characterize vibration propagation across the hairy skin of the forearm. We characterized vibration propagation by …

Differential Cortical Activation During The Perception Of Moving Objects Along Different Trajectories, Finnegan J. Calabro, Scott A. Beardsley, Lucia M. Vaina

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Detection of 3D object-motion trajectories depends on the integration of two distinct visual cues: translational displacement and looming. Electrophysiological studies have identified distinct neuronal populations, whose activity depends on the precise motion cues present in the stimulus. This distinction, however, has been less clear in humans, and it is confounded by differences in the behavioral task being performed. We analyzed whole-brain fMRI, while subjects performed a common time-to-arrival task for objects moving along three trajectories: moving directly towards the observer (collision course), with trajectories parallel to the line of sight (passage course), and with trajectories perpendicular to the line of …

Exercise-Induced Alterations In Sympathetic-Somatomotor Coupling In Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury, Tanya Onushko, Gordhan B. Mahtani, Gabrielle Brazg, T. George Hornby, Brian D. Schmit

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The aim of this study was to understand how high- and low-intensity locomotor training (LT) affects sympathetic-somatomotor (SS) coupling in people with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Proper coupling between sympathetic and somatomotor systems allows controlled regulation of cardiovascular responses to exercise. In people with SCI, altered connectivity between descending pathways and spinal segments impairs sympathetic and somatomotor coordination, which may have deleterious effects during exercise and limit rehabilitation outcomes. We postulated that high-intensity LT, which repeatedly engages SS systems, would alter SS coupling. Thirteen individuals (50 ± 7.2 years) with motor incomplete spinal cord injuries (American Spinal Injury Association …

Supplemental Vibrotactile Feedback Of Real-Time Limb Position Enhances Precision Of Goal-Directed Reaching, Nicoletta Risi, Valay Shah, Leigh A. Mrotek, Maura Casadio, Robert A. Scheidt

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

We examined vibrotactile stimulation as a form of supplemental limb state feedback to enhance planning and ongoing control of goal-directed movements. Subjects wore a two-dimensional vibrotactile display on their nondominant arm while performing horizontal planar reaching with the dominant arm. The vibrotactile display provided feedback of hand position such that small hand displacements were more easily discriminable using vibrotactile feedback than with intrinsic proprioceptive feedback. When subjects relied solely on proprioception to capture visuospatial targets, performance was degraded by proprioceptive drift and an expansion of task space. By contrast, reach accuracy was enhanced immediately when subjects were provided vibrotactile feedback …

A Two Alternative Forced Choice Method For Assessing Vibrotactile Discrimination Thresholds In The Lower Limb, Riccardo Iandolo, Marta Caré, Valay Shah, Simona Schiavi, Giula Bommarito, Giacomo Boffa, Psiche Giannoni, Matilde Inglese, Leigh A. Mrotek, Robert A. Scheidt, Maura Casadio

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

The development of an easy to implement, quantitative measure to examine vibration perception would be useful for future application in clinical settings. Vibration sense in the lower limb of younger and older adults was examined using the method of constant stimuli (MCS) and the two-alternative forced choice paradigm. The focus of this experiment was to determine an appropriate stimulation site on the lower limb (tendon versus bone) to assess vibration threshold and to determine if the left and right legs have varying thresholds. Discrimination thresholds obtained at two stimulation sites in the left and right lower limbs showed differences in …

Cerebellar Source Localization Using Event-Related Potentials In A Simple Motor Task, Efrain Torres, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used to characterize the temporal patterns of electrical activity, primarily associated with neocortex. Traditionally, the sensitivity of EEG to cerebellar activity has been considered limited with the electrical potentials assumed to stem from cortical pyramidal cells. This study leverages recent work examining the structure, organization, and synchrony of purkinje neurons to promote local field potentials measured by EEG. In conjunction with high fidelity EEG recording and source imaging analysis we examined the feasibility of using current EEG systems to characterize cerebellar function in a series of simple motor tasks. Distributed source imaging analysis revealed consistent task-related …

Kinematic Foot Types In Youth With Pes Planovalgus Secondary To Cerebral Palsy, Juliet Amene, Joseph J. Krzak, Karen M. Kruger, Logan Killen, Haluk Altiok, Peter A. Smith, Gerald F. Harris

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background

Kinematic variability of the foot and ankle segments exists during ambulation among individuals with pes planovalgus (PPV) secondary to cerebral palsy (CP). Clinicians have previously recognized such variability through classification schemes to identify subgroups of individuals, but have been unable to identify kinematic foot types.

Research question

The purpose of this work was to identify kinematic foot types among children with PPV secondary to CP using 3-dimensional multi-segment foot and ankle kinematics during gait as inputs for principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means cluster analysis.

Methods

In a single assessment session, multi-segment foot and ankle kinematics using the …

A Fast, Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation Solver For Computed Tomography Dose Calculation (Acuros Ctd), Adam Wang, Alexander Maslowski, Todd Wareing, Josh Star-Lack, Taly Gilat-Schmidt

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

To improve dose reporting of CT scans, patient‐specific organ doses are highly desired. However, estimating the dose distribution in a fast and accurate manner remains challenging, despite advances in Monte Carlo methods. In this work, we present an alternative method that deterministically solves the linear Boltzmann transport equation (LBTE), which governs the behavior of x‐ray photon transport through an object.

Methods

Our deterministic solver for CT dose (Acuros CTD) is based on the same approach used to estimate scatter in projection images of a CT scan (Acuros CTS). A deterministic method is used to compute photon fluence within the …

Attitudes Toward Failure In Capstone Design Projects, Jay R. Goldberg

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

While working in industry during the 1980s and 1990s, project failures were to be avoided at all costs. For engineers in the medical device industry, these failures could be in the form of: 1) an idea for a new product or feature that eventually failed due to technical infeasibility, regulatory hurdles, lack of market interest, or difficulty in manufacturing; 2) a prototype that did not function as required; or 3) an animal or human clinical study that yielded poor results. They typically resulted in significant project delays, wasted time and money, and lost revenues, and often led to lower raises, …

Ct Automated Exposure Control Using A Generalized Detectability Index, P. Khobragade, Franco Rupcich, Jiahua Fan, Dominic J. Crotty, Naveen M. Kulkarni, Stacy D. O'Connor, W. Dennis Foley, Taly Gilat Schmidt

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

Identifying an appropriate tube current setting can be challenging when using iterative reconstruction due to the varying relationship between spatial resolution, contrast, noise, and dose across different algorithms. This study developed and investigated the application of a generalized detectability index (d'_gen) to determine the noise parameter to input to existing automated exposure control (AEC) systems to provide consistent image quality (IQ) across different reconstruction approaches.

Methods

This study proposes a task‐based automated exposure control (AEC) method using a generalized detectability index (d'_gen). The proposed method leverages existing AEC methods that are based on a prescribed …

Estimating The Spectrum In Computed Tomography Via Kullback–Leibler Divergence Constrained Optimization, Wooseok Ha, Emil Y. Sidky, Rina Foygel Barber, Taly Gilat Schmidt, Xiaochuan Pan

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose

We study the problem of spectrum estimation from transmission data of a known phantom. The goal is to reconstruct an x‐ray spectrum that can accurately model the x‐ray transmission curves and reflects a realistic shape of the typical energy spectra of the CT system.

Methods

Spectrum estimation is posed as an optimization problem with x‐ray spectrum as unknown variables, and a Kullback–Leibler (KL)‐divergence constraint is employed to incorporate prior knowledge of the spectrum and enhance numerical stability of the estimation process. The formulated constrained optimization problem is convex and can be solved efficiently by use of the exponentiated‐gradient (EG) …

Spatial And Temporal Influences On Discrimination Of Vibrotactile Stimuli On The Arm, Valay Shah, Maura Casadio, Robert A. Scheidt, Leigh A. Mrotek

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Body–machine interfaces (BMIs) provide a non-invasive way to control devices. Vibrotactile stimulation has been used by BMIs to provide performance feedback to the user, thereby reducing visual demands. To advance the goal of developing a compact, multivariate vibrotactile display for BMIs, we performed two psychophysical experiments to determine the acuity of vibrotactile perception across the arm. The first experiment assessed vibration intensity discrimination of sequentially presented stimuli within four dermatomes of the arm (C5, C7, C8, and T1) and on the ulnar head. The second experiment compared vibration intensity discrimination when pairs of vibrotactile stimuli were presented simultaneously vs. sequentially …

Computational Characterization Of The Cellular Origins Of Electroencephalography, Shane Hesprich, Scott A. Beardsley

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Despite the widespread use of Electroecephalography (EEG) as an imaging modality, neural generators of current dipoles measured by EEG at the scalp are not fully understood. Here, we use two morphologically accurate multicompartments neuron models (layer IV pyramidal cell and layer V spiny stellate cell) to characterize how spiking neurons generate current dipoles in response to synaptic input. The simulations indicate that the dipole generated by synaptic inputs required to drive a pyramidal cell to threshold is smaller than the dipole associated the action potential itself. These results suggest a greater role of spiking neural activity toward EEG signals measured …

Automated Quantification And Evaluation Of Motion Artifact On Coronary Ct Angiography Images, Hongfeng Ma, Eric Gros, Scott G. Baginski, Zachary R. Laste, Naveen M. Kulkarni, Darin Okerlund, Taly Gilat Schmidt

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Abstract

Purpose

This study developed and validated a Motion Artifact Quantification algorithm to automatically quantify the severity of motion artifacts on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images. The algorithm was then used to develop a Motion IQ Decision method to automatically identify whether a CCTA dataset is of sufficient diagnostic image quality or requires further correction.

Method

The developed Motion Artifact Quantification algorithm includes steps to identify the right coronary artery (RCA) regions of interest (ROIs), segment vessel and shading artifacts, and to calculate the motion artifact score (MAS) metric. The segmentation algorithms were verified against ground‐truth manual segmentations. The …

Assessment Of A Markerless Motion Analysis System For Manual Wheelchair Application, Jacob Rammer, Brooke A. Slavens, Joseph Krzak, Jack M. Winters, Susan A. Riedel, Gerald F. Harris

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Background

Wheelchair biomechanics research advances accessibility and clinical care for manual wheelchair users. Standardized outcome assessments are vital tools for tracking progress, but there is a strong need for more quantitative methods. A system offering kinematic, quantitative detection, with the ease of use of a standardized outcome assessment, would be optimal for repeated, longitudinal assessment of manual wheelchair users’ therapeutic progress, but has yet to be offered.

Results

This work evaluates a markerless motion analysis system for manual wheelchair mobility in clinical, community, and home settings. This system includes Microsoft® Kinect® 2.0 sensors, OpenSim musculoskeletal modeling, and an automated detection, …