Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Western Michigan University (165)
- Walden University (149)
- Edith Cowan University (118)
- Rochester Institute of Technology (103)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (86)
-
- Illinois State University (85)
- Aga Khan University (82)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (63)
- University of Texas at El Paso (58)
- Central Washington University (57)
- Eastern Illinois University (51)
- Seton Hall University (49)
- Georgia Southern University (48)
- University of South Florida (48)
- Western Kentucky University (47)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (41)
- Gardner-Webb University (39)
- California State University, San Bernardino (38)
- Liberty University (38)
- Trinity University (38)
- Purdue University (36)
- University of Dayton (36)
- Grand Valley State University (35)
- Murray State University (34)
- Rowan University (34)
- East Tennessee State University (33)
- Claremont Colleges (32)
- Portland State University (31)
- Nova Southeastern University (30)
- Kennesaw State University (28)
- Keyword
-
- Education (330)
- Professional development (100)
- Teacher education (83)
- High school (79)
- Secondary education (63)
-
- Literacy (53)
- Teaching (47)
- Science (45)
- Pedagogy (43)
- Technology (43)
- Curriculum (42)
- Teachers (41)
- Mathematics (39)
- Professional Development (36)
- Equity (34)
- Middle school (34)
- Collaboration (33)
- STEM (33)
- Secondary Education (33)
- Teacher Education (33)
- Teacher preparation (33)
- Writing (32)
- Leadership (30)
- Secondary (30)
- Self-efficacy (30)
- Pre-service teachers (27)
- Western Kentucky University (26)
- Evaluation (24)
- Inclusion (24)
- Motivation (24)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Dissertations (138)
- Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education (136)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (135)
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (108)
- Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities (100)
-
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (87)
- Theses and Dissertations (75)
- International Journal for Business Education (60)
- Institute for Educational Development, Karachi (56)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (50)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (49)
- All Master's Theses (45)
- Masters Theses (40)
- Understanding by Design: Complete Collection (38)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (37)
- Teacher Education Faculty Publications (35)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (30)
- Education Dissertations and Projects (29)
- Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Theses and Other Student Research (25)
- Selected Works Temporary Series (25)
- The Qualitative Report (25)
- National Youth Advocacy & Resilience Conference (24)
- Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Faculty Publications (23)
- Masters Theses & Specialist Projects (22)
- Publications and Research (22)
- Department of Middle Grades and Secondary Education Research & Publication Archives (18)
- Kentucky Teacher Education Journal: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Kentucky Council for Exceptional Children (18)
- Honors Projects (17)
- Departmental Papers (TE) (16)
- Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations (16)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 571 - 600 of 2859
Full-Text Articles in Teacher Education and Professional Development
One-Week Inquiry About Gravity Force With A Student Who Is Blind, Mustafa Şahin Bülbül Dr.
One-Week Inquiry About Gravity Force With A Student Who Is Blind, Mustafa Şahin Bülbül Dr.
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
This study was conducted with a student who is visually impaired and questioned the force of gravity. The different stages encountered in the process were specified as steps in the study and it was shared what kind of inquiry form was needed at each step. There are different activities such as waiting for a week and thought experiment in the inquiry activity. The basis of the activity is that three balls of different mass left on a sponge leave different traces on the sponge.
Exploring Using Game-Based Learning And Gamification In A Secondary Classroom To Increase Engagement, Mandee Lynn Thiell
Exploring Using Game-Based Learning And Gamification In A Secondary Classroom To Increase Engagement, Mandee Lynn Thiell
Masters Projects
Research has connected the importance of student engagement and student experience within the classroom but continue to use teacher directed traditional teaching methods. This project explores the use of gamification and game-based learning and how it promotes student engagement. The use of games and game-elements provide a relevant approach that focuses on student autonomy and experience, and ultimately use fun engaging ways to motivate students to learn. This project provides an entry level learning in-service opportunity for secondary educators to discover and create their own lessons that implement gamification and game-based learning in their classrooms in hopes to increase student …
Digital Historians: Engaging Students In Historical Thinking Through An Interactive Website, Casey O'Donnell-Chavis
Digital Historians: Engaging Students In Historical Thinking Through An Interactive Website, Casey O'Donnell-Chavis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which students engage in historical thinking through the use of an interactive website, and how the students understood and experienced its various features and how they incorporated technology in their final video project. In the spring of 2022, five students participated in a class workshop focused on historical thinking using their Chromebooks. Following a week of learning about the five elements of historical thinking, students were asked to create a multimedia final video project on a historical figure of their choice. Two students completed the assignment. Thematic coding analysis …
"Because I'M Black": A Qualitative Case Study Of Black Male Middle School Students Raised By Single Mothers, Whitney Hodge
"Because I'M Black": A Qualitative Case Study Of Black Male Middle School Students Raised By Single Mothers, Whitney Hodge
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones
Despite there being increased dialogue and attention focused upon the experience of Black males in K-12 education, there is a still a disparity between the academic and behavioral performance of Black males compared to that of their White counterparts, and it is clear that more can be done to support their success in the educational system (Cholewa et al., 2018; Morris & Perry, 2016). The purpose of this study is to examine the Black male middle school experience and take a closer look at how Black males view themselves, how they believe their teachers perceive them, what they have specifically …
Navigating Acculturative Stress: A Guide For Supporting Newcomer Students In California Esl Classrooms, Daniela Lopera Ruiz
Navigating Acculturative Stress: A Guide For Supporting Newcomer Students In California Esl Classrooms, Daniela Lopera Ruiz
Master's Projects and Capstones
Acculturation has been widely studied as a post-migration phenomenon that individuals face when coming in contact with their new recipient culture and environment. The different experiences, tasks, and requirements that newcomers must endure upon arrival may lead to their suffering prolonged periods of discomfort. This moderate, intermediate, or acute feeling of uneasiness is defined as acculturative stress. In it, the continued exposure to stressors such as adjusting to a new culture, rules, behavioral patterns, a second language, finding housing, and obtaining an education and employment can lead to trauma. This field project has been designed to provide educators and allies …
Book Review: Developing Digital Detectives: Essential Lessons For Discerning Fact From Fiction In The ‘Fake News’ Era, Ashley Cooksey
Book Review: Developing Digital Detectives: Essential Lessons For Discerning Fact From Fiction In The ‘Fake News’ Era, Ashley Cooksey
Journal of Media Literacy Education
No abstract provided.
Assessing Asian American And Pacific Islander (Aapi) Teachers’ Workplace Wellness, Fiona Tang, Karen Park, Susan Macdermott, Deja Anderson
Assessing Asian American And Pacific Islander (Aapi) Teachers’ Workplace Wellness, Fiona Tang, Karen Park, Susan Macdermott, Deja Anderson
Fall 2022 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium
Teachers have many instructional, behavioral and classroom management, and administrative responsibilities (Cormier et al., 2021; Hilger et al., 2021; Roeser et al., 2022). There is limited research on occupational therapy's role in teacher wellness. This study aimed to assess the challenges and barriers that Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) teachers face, the causes of burnout, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on AAPI teachers' wellness. This study used a mixed methods research design, including an online survey and semi-structured interviews, focused on the challenges, barriers, strengths, and needs that AAPI teachers face in public, middle, and high schools …
Stem And High School Students With Disabilities: A Qualitative Review Of The Research Literature, Scott Yamamoto Ph.D., Charlotte Y. Alverson Ph.D., Laura Mccoid-Goudy M.A.T., Hannah Castle B.A., Jacquelyn Burr M.Ed.
Stem And High School Students With Disabilities: A Qualitative Review Of The Research Literature, Scott Yamamoto Ph.D., Charlotte Y. Alverson Ph.D., Laura Mccoid-Goudy M.A.T., Hannah Castle B.A., Jacquelyn Burr M.Ed.
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
We conducted a qualitative review of the research literature on STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) related to high school students with disabilities (SWD). We selected and analyzed 53 articles to answer two questions: (1) How are high-school SWD prepared for careers in STEM? (2) How are educators prepared to support high-school SWD for opportunities in STEM? In answering the first question, four qualitative themes emerged: (a) barriers to STEM, (b) increasing STEM opportunities, (c) STEM readiness in college and career, and (d) STEM identity. In answering the second question, three qualitative themes emerged: (a) individualizing learning and supports for SWD, …
Pause And Possibility: Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives On Creative Writing Clubs, Stephanie Altier
Pause And Possibility: Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives On Creative Writing Clubs, Stephanie Altier
Honors Projects
Creative writing clubs can enrich the lives of writers and facilitators. These clubs provide many opportunities to enrich their members’ academic, social, and personal development (Clifton, 2022; Siskel & Jacobs, 2011; Lawton, 2021). This project uses a focus-group study of five pre-service Integrated Language Arts teachers to explore the teachers' perspectives on advising creative writing clubs. Their insight informs a web-based teacher resource, Creative Writing Club Hub. Major findings are that participants harbor low self-efficacy towards creative writing and that the most effective method for encouraging them to advise these clubs may be to create a creative writing community …
Influence Of Restorative Practices On The Middle-School Classroom, As Reported By Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study, Julia Y. Andrews
Influence Of Restorative Practices On The Middle-School Classroom, As Reported By Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study, Julia Y. Andrews
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine middle school teachers’ perceptions of the influence that restorative practices have on the middle school classroom environment. For the purpose of this study, seven middle school teachers were selected who have implemented restorative practices in their middle school classrooms to provide feedback. Findings suggest that overall restorative practices have a positive influence on the classroom. The findings from this study can be used with teachers, administrators, counselors, parents, and school and district support staff to help create a positive campus culture between students and adults in middle school classrooms. The …
To Be Young, Black, And In The Academy: A Collection Of Lessons, Yetunde Alabede, Jessica Reed, Blake Thompson
To Be Young, Black, And In The Academy: A Collection Of Lessons, Yetunde Alabede, Jessica Reed, Blake Thompson
Michigan Reading Journal
Literacy, a foundational tool that unlocks opportunities, can be viewed in both narrow and confining lenses. We, doctoral students at Michigan State University, center our own experiences in order to redefine such narratives of what literacy means, can mean, and should mean for students of color throughout the African Diaspora. We explore methods to disrupt, experiences to resist, and questions to challenge the ways that students and educators engage with various concepts of literacy. Though we come from various backgrounds, this manuscript seeks to push forward a dialogue that allows for the multiple literacies that Black children have, language and …
Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author)
Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author)
Distance Learning Faculty & Staff Books
Instructional designers, instructional systems designers, and other educational technologists are, by their nature, innovators. These professionals apply and extend the applied science of learning, systems, communication, and instructional design theory to help students learn. Technology in some capacity is used to make the connections between subject matter experts, teachers, instructors, and their learners. It is common for instructional designers to seek new tools, techniques, and innovations for the improvement of learning, access, quality, and student satisfaction. However, the adoption and diffusion of new educational technology and innovation is a complex process that depends on many variables. Understanding these processes and …
Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Sings Which Story?: Narrative Production And Race In The Curriculum Of Film Musicals, Joanna Batt, Michael Joseph
Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Sings Which Story?: Narrative Production And Race In The Curriculum Of Film Musicals, Joanna Batt, Michael Joseph
Northwest Journal of Teacher Education
Film musicals serve as a tool to infuse historical and cultural content into social studies curricula towards greater student engagement—for example, Lin Manuel-Miranda's Hamilton has become a celebrated classroom piece due to its ability to blend history with hip-hop and pop culture. Yet beyond language and content scans, teachers rarely examine or utilize musicals for how their narratives (mis)represent racial communities. This critical film analysis of three film musicals, using the theoretical framework of history production, reveals themes of historical morality, romantic relationship and race, and implicit/explicit racial messaging. Although troubling in their overall contribution to racial projects, film musicals …
Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics (Stem) Project-Based Learning (Pbl) Education: A New Mexico Case Study For Equity And Inclusion, Kimberly A. Scheerer
Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics (Stem) Project-Based Learning (Pbl) Education: A New Mexico Case Study For Equity And Inclusion, Kimberly A. Scheerer
Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs
This research addresses how student participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) project-based learning (PBL) education activities encourages underrepresented minority student achievement in STEM career field trajectories. Seven New Mexico high school counselors and 12 STEM organization personnel were interviewed during this study. Their responses represent the nuanced professional voices where New Mexico public education intersects with STEM student interest and cultural influence.
For students, STEM PBL can foster deep integration across educational disciplines and enhance STEM career trajectory interest and readiness. STEM education converged with PBL methodologies has the ability to leverage community support while broadening student networks. …
A Guided Chatbot Learning Experience In The Science Classroom, Jennifer Davis
A Guided Chatbot Learning Experience In The Science Classroom, Jennifer Davis
Department of Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education: Theses and Other Student Research
This dissertation describes a practitioner’s design-based development of a prototype chatbot to guide students in learning biological concepts of genetic mutations and protein synthesis. This chatbot’s architecture provides learning activities, feedback, and support throughout a series of short, connected lessons. The chatbot is designed to scaffold learners through a predict, observe, explain model of inquiry learning. It utilizes real-world phenomena to lead students through biology core ideas, science and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts. Results of prototype testing include survey results in support of the proof of concept among both students and teachers, as well as accuracy measurements of chatbot …
2021 Ijbe V2 Front Matter, Tamra Connor
2021 Ijbe V2 Front Matter, Tamra Connor
International Journal for Business Education
- Editorial Board
- Letter from International President
- SIEC-ISBE International
Investigating The Relational Element Of Trust In Teacher-Principal Relationships: An Autoethnographic Case Study, Angela Bradley
Investigating The Relational Element Of Trust In Teacher-Principal Relationships: An Autoethnographic Case Study, Angela Bradley
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This autoethnographic case study was designed to investigate the relational aspect of trust, a characteristic of servant leadership, in the teacher-principal relationship. This trusting bond is an often overlooked, foundational element of a school’s success. I examined the role that trust plays in enhancing a school’s culture and how trust is established and maintained among one principal and teachers under my supervision. In addition, as researcher, I sought to uncover specific indicators that trust was present on a school campus. Finally, I sought to examine trust’s effects on collaboration and organizational commitment.
Through weekly reflections, I sought to examine my …
The Role Of Maritime Education And Training At The Secondary Level In St. Vincent And The Grenadines, Gordon Kevin Charles
The Role Of Maritime Education And Training At The Secondary Level In St. Vincent And The Grenadines, Gordon Kevin Charles
World Maritime University Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Attitude Toward Physics Teaching Of Science Teachers: A Revised Scale And Analysis, Fikret Korur
Attitude Toward Physics Teaching Of Science Teachers: A Revised Scale And Analysis, Fikret Korur
Journal of Educational Research and Practice
The first aim of the study was to apply the revised version of the Dimensions of Attitudes toward Science Scale, namely Dimension of Attitudes toward Physics Teaching Scale (DAPT) with a sample consisting of 207 in-service science teachers in Turkey. The second was to determine the percentage distributions of in-service science teachers’ attitudes toward physics teaching in the confirmed seven sub-dimensions. The DAPT is a valid and reliable scale to measure Turkish science teachers’ attitudes toward physics teaching. Most of the teachers acknowledge the importance of physics subjects in science lessons and believe that they have self-efficacy in teaching physics …
Using Markup Languages For Accessible Scientific, Technical, And Scholarly Document Creation, Jason J.G. White
Using Markup Languages For Accessible Scientific, Technical, And Scholarly Document Creation, Jason J.G. White
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
In using software to write a scientific, technical, or other scholarly document, authors have essentially two options. They can either write it in a ‘what you see is what you get’ (WYSIWYG) editor such as a word processor, or write it in a text editor using a markup language such as HTML, LaTeX, Markdown, or AsciiDoc.
This paper gives an overview of the latter approach, focusing on both the non-visual accessibility of the writing process, and that of the documents produced. Currently popular markup languages and established tools associated with them are introduced. Support for mathematical notation is considered. In …
Overcoming Gifted Student Underachievement Through Teacher Best Practices, Samantha Simmons Webre
Overcoming Gifted Student Underachievement Through Teacher Best Practices, Samantha Simmons Webre
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The goal of this study is to collect the best practices being utilized by gifted teachers affecting change amongst their gifted underachieving students. Data collected will explore trends deemed significant among the successful best practices being utilized by academically gifted certified teachers.
The researcher will administer surveys, conduct interviews, and classroom observations to collect data from a sample of participants who are currently employed as academically gifted certified teachers. This study will focus on these academically gifted certified teacher’s definitions and recognition of underachievement, identified causes for underachievement, best practices employed to re-engage underachieving students, as well as perceptions of …
Producing College, Career, And Military Ready Graduates: A Study Of Efficiency In Texas Public School Districts, James J. Barton, Kaye Shelton, Kenneth Young
Producing College, Career, And Military Ready Graduates: A Study Of Efficiency In Texas Public School Districts, James J. Barton, Kaye Shelton, Kenneth Young
School Leadership Review
Public school districts in Texas and policymakers need studies of efficiency in the production of College, Career, and Military Ready graduates to maximize resources in the House Bill 3 funding formula and improve ratings in the Texas public school accountability system. A replication of efficiency studies by Carter (2012) and Thompson (2017), the purpose of this non-experimental quantitative study was to determine what discretionary and non-discretionary factors influence the efficiency of Texas public school districts’ production of College, Career, and Military Ready graduates. With financial and student performance data for 1054 school districts from the 2017-2018 school year, Data Envelopment …
What Has Changed For Top Mba Schools Within A Decade In Terms Of Mindfulness?, Dr. Damla Aktan, Asst. Prof. Nilgün Gürkaynak
What Has Changed For Top Mba Schools Within A Decade In Terms Of Mindfulness?, Dr. Damla Aktan, Asst. Prof. Nilgün Gürkaynak
International Journal for Business Education
The concepts of “mindful consumption” and “sustainability” became indispensable parts of both academia and business life. Based upon an initial research conducted in 2012, this research aims to understand and compare the change within a decade in MBA curricula in terms of mindfulness content inclusion as well as sustainability and ecological orientation. The results compare the evolution of the integration of concepts to curricula since 2012 through the official websites of the top 100 MBA schools of the Financial Times Global Ranking in both 2012 and 2022. The study aims to summarize how the concepts of sustainability, mindful consumption and …
Engaging Teacher Candidates In Teacher Inquiry: Questions And Responses, Hilarie B. Welsh
Engaging Teacher Candidates In Teacher Inquiry: Questions And Responses, Hilarie B. Welsh
Journal of Practitioner Research
This article reports on transitioning the focus of a general secondary methods course to incorporate teacher inquiry. The author describes the shifted nature of the course, which led to empowered teacher candidates who benefited from engaging in teacher inquiry cycles even after graduation. The author then uses a question and response format to address common questions that arise in conversations about incorporating teacher inquiry for the first time.
Charter School Leaders And Their Students’ Resilience, Katy Bridget Angelone
Charter School Leaders And Their Students’ Resilience, Katy Bridget Angelone
Educational Studies Dissertations
The purpose of this multiple composite case study was to develop descriptive accounts of the thoughts, beliefs, actions, and assessments of charter school leaders regarding their efforts towards students’ resilience-building. Survey results from 46 participants identified eight Massachusetts charter school leaders who prioritized resilience-building within their schools. Semi-structured interviews with eight participants inquired about their reasons and methods for resilience-building in their schools and the factors and conditions that inhibit and foster their efforts. The qualitative data analysis yielded five findings. Participants operated from two orientations: resilience empowers learners and cultivates self-directed learning; and resilience is needed to manage traumatic …
A Qualitative Study Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Teachers Of Color In Predominately White K–12 Environments, Torine S. Champion
A Qualitative Study Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Teachers Of Color In Predominately White K–12 Environments, Torine S. Champion
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the lived experiences of teachers of color and identify commonalities within the lived experiences of teachers of color employed in predominately White K–12 schools. This study utilized interpretive phenomenological analysis as viewed through the White racial frame lens. There were 15 participants that were included in this research study. Participants were teachers of color with at least 5 years of teaching experience in predominately White K–12 environments. Data collection procedures included confidential virtual, semistructured interviews that included specific information the researcher wanted to explore. Six themes were revealed: (a) cultural advocacy, …
Call For Culturally Inclusive Texts In The English Classroom: Books As Mirrors And Windows, Annie Yon
Call For Culturally Inclusive Texts In The English Classroom: Books As Mirrors And Windows, Annie Yon
New Jersey English Journal
The literary canon has long been revered in public education as representing the “‘depth and breadth of our national common experience,’ but the problem is that what was once defined as ‘common’—middle class, white, cisgender people—is no longer the reality in our country” (Anderson 1). The United States has a very diverse population, but there is a lack of diverse representation in books taught in the English classroom. In other words, American classics embedded in the curriculum hold merit, but they do not fully represent the stories of all ethnic and culturally diverse students with their own “American” experiences. Poor …
Kairos: A Time For Educational Transformation, Lisa M. Wennerth
Kairos: A Time For Educational Transformation, Lisa M. Wennerth
New Jersey English Journal
This paper explores a high school English teacher's experience of facing the current problems in today's traditional K-12 public school system and their quest to find answers in Critical Pedagogy, Inquiry Based Learning, student centered curricula, and ungrading practices.
English Language Arts (Ela) Strategies For Teaching Students How To Disagree Productively, Adam V. Piccoli
English Language Arts (Ela) Strategies For Teaching Students How To Disagree Productively, Adam V. Piccoli
New Jersey English Journal
This article utilizes research from educators, psychologists, and neuroscientists to derive strategies on how to disagree more productively. Explicit examples of applying these strategies in the English Language Arts classroom are provided. The areas of focus include Rogerian rhetoric, anger management, demonstrating empathy and using open-ended questions to persuade.
Implementing Tactile Learning To Aid Students Understanding Of The Bohr Model, Christin B. Monroe, Andrew B. Stein, Cindy Tolman
Implementing Tactile Learning To Aid Students Understanding Of The Bohr Model, Christin B. Monroe, Andrew B. Stein, Cindy Tolman
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
It is essential for introductory level chemistry students to understand atomic models and how atoms interact to form chemical bonds. The tactile model in this article utilizes marbles to represent subatomic particles, a cup to represent the nucleus and wooden rings to simulate the electron orbitals. These inexpensive items can be combined to construct models in which students can build foundational knowledge of atomic structure and how subatomic particles interact. Students were asked to provide feedback comparing the use of this tactile model to atomic computer simulations, videos and their textbook regarding the method they felt was most useful to …