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Instructional Media Design Commons™

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2020

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Articles 181 - 210 of 294

Full-Text Articles in Instructional Media Design

Mining Educational Implications Of Minecraft, Youngkyun Baek, Ellen Min, Seongchul Yun Jan 2020

Mining Educational Implications Of Minecraft, Youngkyun Baek, Ellen Min, Seongchul Yun

Educational Technology Faculty Publications and Presentations

This study aims to explore the educational potential of Minecraft which has been widely used since its first release in 2009. Articles about Minecraft were searched for in ProQuest. Data was gathered from twenty-six articles which were indicative of three categories: Integration into curriculum; Student engagement, interest and enthusiasm; and Knowledge and skills acquisition. By using Minecraft, students acquire knowledge and skills, and are also engaged, interested and enthusiastic when Minecraft is employed in science, math, social sciences, language arts and composition classes. Challenges with using Minecraft in the classroom include the lack of focused learning objectives, inflexible curriculum, and …


Comparing Collaborative And Cooperative Game Play For Academic And Gaming Achievements, Youngkyun Baek, Achraf Touati Jan 2020

Comparing Collaborative And Cooperative Game Play For Academic And Gaming Achievements, Youngkyun Baek, Achraf Touati

Educational Technology Faculty Publications and Presentations

This paper reports an empirical study that explores gender differences in both cooperative and collaborative social gaming in relation to achievements and attitudes. Another aim was to compare students’ game attitudes, feelings towards group work, and achievements in cooperative versus collaborative digital game-based learning environments. One hundred sixty-four, sixth grade students from five different classrooms at an elementary school in South Korea participated voluntarily in this study. A total of two boys and two girls were randomly assigned to each group resulting in twenty groups for each of the grouping conditions. Based on interaction effects, results suggest that male students …


Kinder – 1st Grade: Spring Activity Packet #1, Jessica Mitchell-Mccollough, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes-Koch Jan 2020

Kinder – 1st Grade: Spring Activity Packet #1, Jessica Mitchell-Mccollough, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes-Koch

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1-2 of English Proficiency (K-5)

These packets are self-contained. Everything a child will need to be successful with the activities is provided in the packet. Students will only need a writing utensil. Additional tools like crayons or scissors can be used, but do not have to be.

My Plan for the Week

Day 1 • Design and name your buddy • Seasons in Nebraska • Read and Write Spring Worksheet • Seasons vocabulary cards • Math: Count the caterpillars • Read Spring, Spring, What Do You See?

Day 2 •Check the weather and dress your buddy • Draw a picture of Spring • Animal vocabulary …


K–2nd Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #1 • Theme: Back To School, Dennise Torres, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

K–2nd Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #1 • Theme: Back To School, Dennise Torres, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

My Plan for the Week

Day 1 • Design and name your Buddy, Back to school words, All about me, Trace numbers 1-12, Count the pencils

Day 2 • Sentences with school words, Letter Aa, What goes inside?, Label the pictures, How many pencils?, Connect the dots

Day 3 • Memory game, Letter A book, Scavenger hunt - A, Let's add and color, Let's move

Day 4 • Letter Bb, Draw yourself at school, Dictionary, Matching numbers and words, How many books?

Day 5 • Scavenger hunt - Bb, Number line, Get up and dance


K–2nd Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: Seasons, Dennise Torres, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

K–2nd Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: Seasons, Dennise Torres, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Day 1 • Design and name your Buddy, Check the weather, Weekly words, What is a season?, Letter of the day - H, Longer and shorter

Day 2 • Check the weather, Letter of the day - I, Write the words, Answering questions, Math game

Day 3 • Check the weather, Letter of the day - J, Fall, Degrees

Day 4 • Check the weather, Letter of the day - K, How does weather affect animals?, Match pictures to words, Spiders and math

Day 5 • Check the weather, Sorting leaves, Letter of the day - L, Dictionary page


3rd–5th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Space And Time, Sarah E. Ansari, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

3rd–5th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Space And Time, Sarah E. Ansari, Lydiah Kananu Kiramba, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Day 1 • Choose a Buddy, Space, time, and weather, Matching game, Solar system, Time

Day 2 • Calendars, Months of the year, My favorite month, Days of the week, My daily schedule

Day 3 • The four seasons, Season: fall, Season: winter, Season: spring, Season: summer, Get up and move!

Day 4 • Weather, Weather and seasons, Observe light and shadows, get up and move!

Day 5 • Space, time, and weather, Word search, Crossword puzzle, My dictionary, My week

My Packet Journal

Reference Sheet

Answer Key


4th-5th Grade: English Level 3, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Nutrition, Part 2, Claudia T. Yunes, Nicole M. Ponti, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

4th-5th Grade: English Level 3, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Nutrition, Part 2, Claudia T. Yunes, Nicole M. Ponti, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 3 of English Proficiency (K-12)

These packets are self-contained. Everything a child will need to be successful with the activities is provided in the packet. Students will only need a writing utensil. Additional tools like crayons or scissors can be used, but do not have to be.

My Buddy, Choose a Buddy

Nutrition Vocabulary

Nutrition Memory Game

Nutrition Vocabulary Review

My Healthy Meal

Healthy Snacks

8 Tips: Kid-friendly Veggies and Fruits

My Healthy Funny Snack

Understand the Price Tag

Unit Price

Food Temperature

Is It Done Yet?

Be a Food Critic!

A Day in the Life of My Favorite Fruit

Finding Fruits and Vegetables

My …


2nd–3rd Grade: English Level 2, Learning Packet #4 • Theme: Seasons And Days, Rachael Ballweg, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

2nd–3rd Grade: English Level 2, Learning Packet #4 • Theme: Seasons And Days, Rachael Ballweg, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 2 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Day 1 • Choose a Buddy, Vocabulary practice Day 1, Vocabulary trace, Watch the Earth rotate, Watch the Earth revolve, Use a clock, Journal writing

Day 2 • Vocabulary practice Day 2, Workout time, Clocks to cut out, Earth mini book, What time is it?, Journal writing

Day 3 • Vocabulary practice Day 3, Workout time, Trip around the world, Important times in my day, Journal writing

Day 4 • Vocabulary practice Day 4, Play Go Fish, Workout time: yoga, Earth puzzle, Telling time, Journal writing

Day 5 • Vocabulary practice Day 5, Create a poem: globe poem, Earth poem, …


2nd–3rd Grade: English Level 2, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: North America, Rachael Ballweg, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

2nd–3rd Grade: English Level 2, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: North America, Rachael Ballweg, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 2 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Day 1 • Choose a Buddy, Vocabulary practice Day 1, Vocabulary trace, Countries of North America, Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Islands, Find the product, Journal writing

Day 2 • Vocabulary practice Day 2, Vocabulary match, Workout time, Learn about the State of Florida, Florida expert, Multiplication, Journal writing

Day 3 • Vocabulary practice Day 3, Workout time: toss and catch, Trip to Nebraska, Trip back home, Arrays and multiplication, Journal writing

Day 4 • Vocabulary practice Day 4, Vocabulary sentences, Play BINGO Texas is the best!, Multiplication arrays, Journal writing

Day 5 • Vocabulary practice Day 5, …


9th–12th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Neighborhood, Tricia Ramaekers, Mary Royers, Claudia T. Yunes, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

9th–12th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #5 • Theme: Neighborhood, Tricia Ramaekers, Mary Royers, Claudia T. Yunes, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Sight word phrases 1-minute race

Directions vocabulary

Following directions

Writing directions

Neighborhood vocabulary

Vocabulary memory game

Walking around my neighborhood

Neighborhood responsibilities

Spot the differences

Neighborhood sentences

What is a good neighbor?

Vocabulary dictionary

Creative writing

Essential question

My Packet Journal

Reference Sheet


9th–12th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #2 • Theme: Family, Mary Royers, Tricia Ramaekers, Claudia T. Yunes, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

9th–12th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #2 • Theme: Family, Mary Royers, Tricia Ramaekers, Claudia T. Yunes, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Reading daily practice

Roll your sight words

Family vocabulary

This is my family

My family tree

Physical characteristics vocabulary

Memory game

True or false?

Physical descriptions

Family member symbols

Altar to remember

Gendered vocabulary

My relationships

How old are you?

Family and food

Question words

Pastimes vocabulary

Likes and dislikes

Family pastimes

Comparisons

Pastime locations

Math numbers practice

Numbers in word form and expanded form

Let's move!

My Packet Journal

Reference Sheet


Level Up! Library Orientation With A Phone-Based Exploration Game, Beth Jane Toren Jan 2020

Level Up! Library Orientation With A Phone-Based Exploration Game, Beth Jane Toren

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

This self-paced, reasonably priced, and imaginatively blended activity provides an effective, customizable, and scalable alternative to in-person tours. The Green Door Labs EdVenture Builder is specifically targeted to libraries and museums and has an interface with game mechanics built in on menus, allowing users with no programming experience to independently create games. Students learn about the library in an engaging way and instructors can be provided with game scores to provide credit for the activity.

Individuals or teams new to the library play an exploration game on their mobile phone while exploring library physical and/or virtual locations, services, and resources. …


Building Creative Confidence During Covid-19: Adapting Design Thinking For Online Learning, Lisha Bornilla, Marianne Kayle Amurao Jan 2020

Building Creative Confidence During Covid-19: Adapting Design Thinking For Online Learning, Lisha Bornilla, Marianne Kayle Amurao

Quantitative Methods and Information Technology Faculty Publications

In this paper, we describe our experience in designing and delivering a course on Creativity and Innovation Management with a heavy emphasis on Design Thinking using Kolb’s Learning Cycle theory as a framework. The main challenge involved being able to preserve targeted outcomes based on Creative Confidence despite the constraints imposed by lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The metadisciplinary approach to re-implementing the course with technology through principles involving Puentedura’s SAMR model has yielded positive results based on creative confidence as the primary desired outcome.


7th–8th Grade: English Level 3, Learning Packet #1 • Theme: Disasters #1, Caryn G. Jones, Lauren Gatti, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

7th–8th Grade: English Level 3, Learning Packet #1 • Theme: Disasters #1, Caryn G. Jones, Lauren Gatti, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 3 of English Proficiency (K-12)


Disasters Happen, Grades 7-8

Building academic language

Welcome to disaster preparedness

Defining disaster

Location, location, location: Refreshing your geography mind, More maps and stuff

Where are the dangers?

Looking for signs and warnings: You could save a life!

A success story

What would you pay attention to?

Most deadly disasters

Analyze the data

What is it like? How does it feel?

Vocabulary

Warn your colleague example

My personal dictionary

My Packet Journal

Reference Sheet

Answer Keys


6th–8th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: School, Tricia Ramaekers, Mary Royers, Claudia T. Yunes, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes Jan 2020

6th–8th Grade: English Level 1, Learning Packet #3 • Theme: School, Tricia Ramaekers, Mary Royers, Claudia T. Yunes, Tricia Gray, Alexa Yunes

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1 of English Proficiency (K-12)

Reading daily practice

Roll your sight words

School vocabulary

Write and draw

Try the words in a sentence

Class vocabulary

Matching vocabulary

Class schedule

My schedule

School actions

Prepositions introduction

Vocabulary cards: prepositions

People at school

Job description

Drawing prepositions

How to open a lock

Lock combination

Make a safety plan

Your turn!

Similarities and differences

Facts and opinions about classrooms

Compare and contrast

Safety and school

Vocabulary dictionary

Essential question

Angles and polygons

Let's take a break!

My Packet Journal

Reference Sheet

Answer Keys


2nd-3rd Grades, Level 1-2: Spring Week 1, Tianna Bankhead, Molly Heeren, Brandon Heinz Jan 2020

2nd-3rd Grades, Level 1-2: Spring Week 1, Tianna Bankhead, Molly Heeren, Brandon Heinz

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1-2 of English Proficiency (K-5)

In this packet, we have included the following activities: - Create a Buddy. This is the first activity in the packet and is intended to help your student have someone to talk to about the work they are doing in the packet. We have included images of potential “buddies” that your student can choose from. We suggest they choose a buddy and add features and color to the buddy however they would like. They should also name their buddy. Throughout the packet activities, your student will be told to talk to their buddy or even to ask their buddy questions. …


Kinder – 1st Grade: Summer Packet #3 • Theme: Community, Tricia Gray, Jessica Mitchell-Mccollough, Alexa Yunes-Koch Jan 2020

Kinder – 1st Grade: Summer Packet #3 • Theme: Community, Tricia Gray, Jessica Mitchell-Mccollough, Alexa Yunes-Koch

ICMEE Learning Packets: Level 1-2 of English Proficiency (K-5)

These packets are self-contained. Everything a child will need to be successful with the activities is provided in the packet. Students will only need a writing utensil. Additional tools like crayons or scissors can be used, but do not have to be.

Day 1 • My Buddy • Check the Weather • What will you wear? • Let’s Write! Color the pictures and trace the words. • Read the story What is a Family? • Let’s Count! • Journal • Let’s Move! Play Tic Tac Toe!

Day 2 • Check the Weather • What will you wear? • Vocabulary Review …


Parent–Teacher Online Communication And Third- Through Fifth-Grade Student Academic Achievement, Sandra Joyce Mcknight Jan 2020

Parent–Teacher Online Communication And Third- Through Fifth-Grade Student Academic Achievement, Sandra Joyce Mcknight

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractTechnology-based tools for parent–teacher communication, such as online parent portals, are becoming the preferred method of exchanging information between home and school. However, little research has been conducted on parent–teacher communication using online parent portals. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between parents’ use of a parent–teacher online communication parent portal and students’ academic achievement. Bandura’s social cognitive theory of self-efficacy provided the theoretical framework for this study. Archival data from a Southeast U.S. public school district were used to examine the relationship between parents’ average quarterly use of a parent portal and …


Teach-To-One Blended Mathematics' Impact On Middle School Students' Mathematics Achievement, Navdeep Dhindsa Jan 2020

Teach-To-One Blended Mathematics' Impact On Middle School Students' Mathematics Achievement, Navdeep Dhindsa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Blended learning that integrates computer-assisted instruction with face-to-face instruction is gaining popularity in U.S. middle schools; therefore, the effectiveness of such blended learning models in improving middle school students' achievement in mathematics needs to be explored. Middle school students at a public Connecticut school have shown poor performance in mathematics on a state standardized test. The local district implemented a blended learning model, Teach to One: Math (TTO), in 1 of the middle schools to improve students' performance in mathematics. The theoretical framework for this study was Koehler and Mishra's theory of technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge. The key research …


Motivational Factors Of At-Risk Students In Blended High School Credit Recovery, Tyese L. Parnell Jan 2020

Motivational Factors Of At-Risk Students In Blended High School Credit Recovery, Tyese L. Parnell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although the number of high school students taking online courses for an initial course or credit recovery (CR) is growing, it is not clear why at-risk students are not successful in blended CR courses. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore teachers’ perceptions and students’ experiences related to at-risk students’ motivation in blended CR courses. Keller’s ARCS model of motivation for instructional design provided the framework for the study. Data were collected from interviews with 2 teachers, 5 students and from 2 school sites, face-to-face classroom observations, and online CR curricula. Data were analyzed through a …


The Relationship Between Digital Literacy Skills Instruction And Increased Skills Proficiency, Kelli Erwin Jan 2020

The Relationship Between Digital Literacy Skills Instruction And Increased Skills Proficiency, Kelli Erwin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Though today's students are considered digital natives, they lack the digital literacy skills needed to be competent and productive members of a digital society. The problem is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness of using content knowledge instruction and application experiences to develop students' digital literacy skills. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between content knowledge, application experiences, and knowledge and skill development for digital literacy skills. Using Marzano's art and science of teaching framework, the research questions were framed to explore the relationship between the content knowledge and application experience scores and mean growth …


Improving Motivation In Arabic Language Arts Classrooms Through Technology Integration, Rima Chamout Jan 2020

Improving Motivation In Arabic Language Arts Classrooms Through Technology Integration, Rima Chamout

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many Lebanese teachers struggle to make the Arabic language enjoyable for their students to learn, therefore many Lebanese children use either French or English in their daily lives. Students' dislike of Arabic affects the way they relate to their society, which causes problems of belonging and identity—an important issue in Lebanese society. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how technology can motivate teachers' creativity in their teaching practices and explore student perceptions of learning the Arabic language with the support of technology. Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory and Dörnyei's L2 motivational self-system were used to understand how …


Instructional Faculty Perspectives On Connectivist Practices In Professional Development Activities, Gary Wayne Hunter Looney Jan 2020

Instructional Faculty Perspectives On Connectivist Practices In Professional Development Activities, Gary Wayne Hunter Looney

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Collaboration among instructional faculty to improve technology use in their teaching is insufficiently studied. The research problem addresses this gap in the literature of faculty collaboration using information and communication technologies (ICT) via professional development courses. The purpose of this qualitative study was to elicit instructional faculty perspectives in a U.S. southeast regional community college about collaboration opportunities and ICT in professional development activities. This study utilized Siemens’ connectivism as the conceptual framework. The three research questions focused on opportunities for collaboration within professional development activities; perceived effectiveness of these activities that incorporated ICT with and without human interaction; and …


Aligning Workforce Training Center Curricula With Local Business Needs, Elizabeth P. Burns Jan 2020

Aligning Workforce Training Center Curricula With Local Business Needs, Elizabeth P. Burns

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many cities in the United States have experienced job loss due to a shift from industrial-based to information and service economies, as well as the outsourcing of labor jobs to overseas locations. In the absence of industrial jobs once occupied by low-skilled workers, the problem that compelled this study was a perceived gap between the skills required by the employers who now hire such workers and the actual skills those workers have. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the espoused skills required by employers in a rural region of the southeastern United States to inform the …


Teacher Characteristics And Blended Learning Adoption In Stem-Focused Charter Schools, Omer Faruk Polat Jan 2020

Teacher Characteristics And Blended Learning Adoption In Stem-Focused Charter Schools, Omer Faruk Polat

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

As an innovative teaching strategy, blended learning provides an environment where students are able to receive individualized instruction based on their needs. Even though the number of schools that adopt blended models of instruction has been increasing nationwide, the number of studies that explore the relationship between teacher characteristics and blended learning use is limited. This quantitative survey study explored the relationship between selected characteristics of teachers and the levels of blended learning adoption in charter schools with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) focus. The concerns-based adoption model (CBAM) was used as a theoretical lens as it provided tools …


Instructional Design Techniques Used To Develop Virtual Reality-Based Safety Training In An Industrial Environment, Mia Da'nene Joe Jan 2020

Instructional Design Techniques Used To Develop Virtual Reality-Based Safety Training In An Industrial Environment, Mia Da'nene Joe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Instructional designers face the challenge of developing strong immersive virtual environments for education. However, there is very little research regarding the study of both the competence and practice of instructional design in the immersive virtual reality environment. The purpose of this qualitative Delphi study was to identify best practices that could be used by instructional designers when designing virtual reality-based safety training in order to improve safety competence and practice in the industrial environment. The conceptual framework for this study was based on the 3 primary groups of learning theory: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Guiding questions were specific to the …


Effect Of Chemoscan Creation On High School Students' Attitudes Toward Science, Deborah Mcpherson Ezell Jan 2020

Effect Of Chemoscan Creation On High School Students' Attitudes Toward Science, Deborah Mcpherson Ezell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Whether the activity of creating digital art influences high school students' attitudes toward science is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if the creation of artistic digital chemoscans by high school students influences their attitudes toward science. In this study, ninth grade high school students' attitudes toward science were examined after participating in the creation of chemoscans in their science classroom. The theory of affective domain helped explain the process that leads to a person's behavior toward a certain phenomenon in the educational setting. The research questions concerned the use of chemoscan creation in the physical science …


Strategies For Teaching Reading Comprehension To Children Of Migrant Workers, Dianne Pennington Jan 2020

Strategies For Teaching Reading Comprehension To Children Of Migrant Workers, Dianne Pennington

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A high percentage of migrant students are not meeting state content standards in readability and legibility within a small independent school district located in California's Central Valley. Prior research indicates that if a student is not proficient in reading skills by the 5th grade, academic success will not be attained effecting the student, parents, educators, and economics of the community. The purpose of this exploratory qualitative case study was to explore the teaching strategies that were used to help migrant students increase their reading comprehension skills. This study has its theoretical basis in the learning theories of Dewey, Slavin, and …


Teacher Twitter Participation For Reflection On Pedagogical Practices, Jeanette Delgado Jan 2020

Teacher Twitter Participation For Reflection On Pedagogical Practices, Jeanette Delgado

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Classroom teachers' professional isolation can affect their attitude and performance each day. Research has shown that Twitter is a place where teachers connect, collaborate, and engage. However, few studies have explored teacher participation on Twitter in relation to teacher reflection. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how teacher professional participation on Twitter influences teacher reflection on pedagogical practices. The conceptual framework used in the study was a depth of reflection model and Fischer's richer ecologies of participation model. The research questions addressed what professional activities 9 K-12 teachers participated in, and how they used Twitter to …


Understanding Student Experiences Using Smartphones As Learning Tools, Kayle Gaviola Jan 2020

Understanding Student Experiences Using Smartphones As Learning Tools, Kayle Gaviola

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While mobile technology is ubiquitous in higher education, facilitating student engagement and learning through educational technology remains minimally understood. The problem this study addressed is the gap in research about how online graduate students utilized smartphone technology for learning and what factors led to their adoption of this technology. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how mobile learning is being performed through smartphones by education graduate students in the online environment. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) was used as the conceptual framework for this study. The research question asked how online …