Health and Physical Education Commons^™

Impact Of An 8-Week Personalized Exercise Program On Health-Related Fitness Parameters, Michelle Castro, Jasmeen Fajardo-Lopez, Major Martin, Raejone Lucas, Brock Niceler Md, Yunsuk Koh

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: A routine exercise program has been recommended across all demographic groups to improve cardiovascular health, muscle function, cognitive function, and mental health. Purpose: This study examined how personalized exercise affects health-related fitness parameters. Method: A total of 17 patients (age=42.88±12.89 years, male=1, and females=16), attending the fitness program at a regional hospital, were recruited. A health-related fitness battery test, including cardiorespiratory endurance, resting heart rate and blood pressure, motor fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, body composition, and balance, was administered at the pre- (week 0), mid- (week 4), and post-study (week 8) periods. Results: Body fat (%) significantly decreased by …

Association Between Habitual Sleep Duration Variability And Cardiovascular Reactivity To Mental Stress, Anjana Chepur, Jeremy A. Bigalke, Jason R. Carter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Nightly variability in sleep duration is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, yet the physiological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Few investigations have focused on whether variability in habitual sleep duration influences autonomic and cardiovascular responses to acute stress. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether habitual variability in nightly sleep duration predicts autonomic and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychosocial stress, as measured by blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) changes during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). We hypothesized that individuals with greater sleep duration variability would exhibit exaggerated autonomic and cardiovascular …

The Role Of Mkp-5 In Mitochondrial Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity, Dziedzorm Wormenor, Kisuk Min

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various cancers. Unfortunately, the clinical application of DOX is limited by its cardiotoxic effects, which can result in heart failure in cancer patients. PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate whether MAP kinase phosphatase-5 (MKP-5) deficiency promotes mitochondrial protection against doxorubicin-Induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). METHODS: To determine the role of MKP-5 in DIC, DOX was administered intraperitoneally to wild-type (Mkp-5+/+) and MKP-5-deficient (Mkp-5-/-) mice. Following DOX administration, the survival rate was assessed, and transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac muscle were analysed through qRT-PCR or immunoblotting. RESULTS …

Intracranial Hemodynamic Response After 4 Weeks Of Aerobic Training Using Nasal Breathing, Marcela Guadiana, Cristina Grana Gedrange, Mia I. Perez, Yunsuk Koh, Jose M. Moris

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The transient hypercapnic state prompted by nasal-only breathing (NB) during exercise is a compelling stimulus for enhancing cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, whether NB can serve as a chronic training modality that elicits lasting, beneficial cerebrovascular adaptations remains unclear. PURPOSE: This study assessed whether a 4-week aerobic training program incorporating NB would yield superior cerebrovascular hemodynamics during a graded exercise test (GXT) compared with training under standard, unrestricted combined breathing (CB). METHODS: Twenty-two healthy males were randomly allocated to either an NB or CB training group, performing GXTs pre- (V1) and post-intervention (V2). The training protocol constituted four weeks of …

Exercise-Induced Metabolic Demand Modifies Nirs-Based Assessments Of Reactive Hyperemia, Elizabeth G. Knoll, Wonjae Lee, Joshua L. Keller

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Combining near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a vascular occlusion test (VOT) is commonly used to assess the determinants of reactive hyperemia. However, the influence of exercise-induced metabolic demand on NIRS-derived outcomes remains unclear. Because reactive hyperemia is governed by redundant endothelial, myogenic, and metabolic factors, incorporating non-fatiguing exercise may provide an experimental approach to differentially emphasize their relative contributions. PURPOSE: Therefore, our purpose was to examine the effects of submaximal exercise on NIRS+VOT indices of skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2). METHOD: Twelve healthy adults ranging from 18 to 35 years old (6 males and 6 females; 25 ± 6 years; 72.7 …

What The Dose?: Assessing The Effect Of Different Doses Of Arugula Extract Capsules On Blood Pressure And Endothelial Function, Autumn E. Andrews, Leroy K. Bolden, Andrew R. Gallucci, Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez, Mary C. Pickler, Olivia C. Russell, Katherine M. Lee, Savannah V. Rauschendorfer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The effects of consuming nitrate-rich crops and supplements such as beetroot juice and spinach on endothelial function and blood pressure (BP) via nitric oxide (NO) production have been well established in previous literature. However, limited literature exists on arugula supplementation (e.g., arugula extract) as a source of NO and its effect on vascular function.  PURPOSE: The present study assessed the effect of high and low doses of arugula extract (AE) on blood pressure, vascular measures, and nitrate/nitrite concentrations. METHODS: Eight apparently healthy participants completed a single-blind crossover design study. All participants were randomized for three conditions (3000mg, 6000mg, …

Under Pressure: Arugula Extract’S Effect On Cardiovascular Measures In Hypertensive Individuals, Leroy K. Bolden, Andrew R. Gallucci, Autumn E. Andrews, Mary C. Pickler, Blake E. Wright, Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez, Savannah V. Rauschendorfer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major contributing factors associated with the progression and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, HTN is expected to significantly increase by the year 2050. Nitrate supplements such as beetroot juice (BRJ) have been utilized as a dietary therapeutic to mitigate the progression of HTN and CVD; however, arugula extract, which has a higher nitrate content, has yet to be assessed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of arugula extract on cardiovascular health measures in hypertensive individuals.  METHODS: 12 participants (M = 11; F = 1) with stage …

Acute Effects Of Backpack Load Carriage On Vascular Stiffness And Pinch Strength, Madison Mower, Sean C. Newcomer, Osmar Pinto Neto, Deborah L. Feairheller, Deanna J. Schmidt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Backpack load carriage has been shown to affect upper limb microvascular blood flow, nerve conduction and fine motor skills. But to the best of our knowledge Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA) measurements have yet to be reported pre- and post-carriage. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of backpack carriage on vascular stiffness and hand function which may inform injury prevention strategies for individuals in physically demanding occupations requiring backpack carriage. METHODS: Thirteen healthy participants (5 F, 8 M; mean ± SD of 27.1 ± 7.4 yrs, 80.1 ± 19.8 kg) recruited as a …

Gender Moderation Of Academic Performance And Blood Pressure Relationships Among College Students, Kayley E. Brennan, Elise Bayer, Lindsay Carter, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Academic stress and performance may influence cardiovascular health in college students, but the relationship remains unclear. Previous research examining grade point average (GPA) and blood pressure has yielded inconsistent findings, potentially due to unexamined, gender differences. PURPOSE: To investigate whether gender moderates the relationship between academic performance and blood pressure in college students. METHODS: College students (n=106, 60.4% male, age range 18-24 years) provided GPA data and underwent blood pressure assessment, including brachial systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) measurements. Independent t-tests compared, gender differences. Hierarchical moderated regression tested GPA x gender interactions, with gender-stratified correlations calculated separately. RESULTS: Females demonstrated …

High-Dose Sodium Supplementation On Cardiovascular Responses While Cycling In The Heat, Ryan Ott, Abram Caruso, Sterling Hatch, Melanie Mcquinn, Melani Kelly, Andrew Creer, Shane Draper

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sodium intake plays a major role in maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance and cardiovascular function during exercise. PURPOSE: To evaluate how a high-dose sodium supplement impacts heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: Twenty recreationally active participants (15 males, 5 females; age = 23.4 ± 2.8) completed a 2-h bout of cycling in an environmental chamber (37.3℃, 59.1 ± 4.4% relative humidity) on two occasions separated by > 7 days. Participants were randomly provided a large-dose sodium supplement (810mg/532 mL of water) before one trial. Participants were instructed to consume 266mL 1-h pre-trial and consumed the …

Effect Of Walking With Blood Flow Restriction On Post-Exercise Hypotension In Individuals With High Bmi, Iltark Yoon, Kathryn Connors, Sarah Krager, Kaylee Hauck, Marcos Gutierrez, Jong-Kyung Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Purpose: this study is to assess whether walking with blood flow restriction (BFR) induced post exercise hypotension (PEH), and the reduction in blood pressure (BP) was due to peripheral vasodilation in individuals with individuals with high BMI. Methods: Ten male participants were recruited in this study. The participants was randomly assigned to walk for 10 minutes at 6.4 k/m, 0% grade with or without BFR. Following exercise, BP was measured at 10 min interval for 60 minutes in a seated position. Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were …

Gender Differences In Weight Cycling And Cardiovascular Health, Lindsay A. Carter, Kayley Brennan, Lillian M. Tang, Ella Browder, Elise C. Bayer, Brooke Chapman, Elizabeth Liu, Paige Albrecht, Zachary Zeigler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Weight cycling, the repeated pattern of weight loss and regain, is common among college students and may negatively impact cardiovascular health. Previous research suggests potential sex differences in physiological responses to weight fluctuations, but limited studies have examined whether gender moderates the relationship between weight cycling behaviors and cardiovascular outcomes. PURPOSE: To examine whether gender significantly moderates the relationship between weight cycling behavior and cardiovascular health outcomes in college students. METHODS: College students (n=284, 58% male, age=20.8±3.2 years) completed weight cycling assessments including the Weight Cycling Index (WCI) and number of 10+ pound weight cycles. Cardiovascular measures included …

Effect Of Acute Grape Seed Extract Supplementation On The Heart Rate Recovery Kinetics In Individuals With High Bmi, Kathryn Connors, Sara Krager, Iltark Yoon, Kaylee Hauck, Jong-Kyung Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Studies have suggested that post-exercise heart rate recovery (PHRR) is a useful tool in evaluating dysfunction of autonomic nervous system. Individuals with hign BMI are characterized by heightened sympathetic out, inducing delayed HRR. Although grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation has been shown to increase nitric oxide production and decrease overactive sympathetic activity, there is limited evidence on its potential beneficial effects on PHRR. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GSE supplementation on PHRR following a maximal exercise tesing using a cycle. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned via a double-blind, cross-over design to either receive …

Time-Of-Day And Sex-Dependent Effects Of Exercise On Cardiometabolic Health In Mice With Social Jetlag, Graham R. Mcginnis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Physiology has adapted to function on a 24 hour time scale, referred to as the circadian rhythm. Operating outside of this time scale leads to circadian rhythm disruption, which invariably leads to pathological outcomes. Social jetlag (SJL), a common form of circadian rhythm disruption, occurs when an individual’s sleep/wake schedule differs throughout the week (i.e. – staying up late on the weekends), and has been associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Exercise is a potential intervention to prevent SJL-induced impairments, but the time of day at which exercise is most effective is unknown.

PURPOSE: Determine if early or late phase …

Acute Sleep Reduction Impairs Heart Rate Variability And Heart Rate Recovery Following Aerobic Exercise In Healthy Adults, Jocelyn Kaveney, Gracie Dupuis, Eric Lessard, Braden Wilson, Grahm Mcginnis, Ryan Perkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: According to the CDC, ~35% of American adults are receiving an inadequate amount of sleep (/night). PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute sleep reduction on heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) following aerobic exercise. METHODS: Healthy, active adults (n=11; 26.4±5.4 yr; 45% female) were screened to ensure eligibility (i.e., meeting the CDC’s sleep recommendations of 7-9hr/night, apparently healthy, recreationally active, and non-smoking), characterize body composition via DXA and measure maximal cardiovascular capacity (VO2max). Utilizing a within subjects, repeated measures design, participants completed an initial 7d period of habitual sleep (CON) followed …

Interleukin-6 As A Mediator Of Circadian And Sex Differences In Exercise-Induced Stat3 And Autophagy Signaling, Srushti Wagh, Ariana Khzarjyan, Joshua Corpuz, Elias M. Malek, Charli Aguilar, Michael Dial, Paula Martinez, Graham Mcginnis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Circadian rhythms are highly conserved across tissues and play an important role in regulating how the heart responds to physiological and pathological stress. Exercise is known to be cardioprotective, yet the impact of exercise timing on molecular signaling is still being explored. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an exercise-induced cytokine which has been shown to be important to cardioprotection and metabolism. It is currently unknown how exercise timing modulates the IL-6 signaling pathway in the heart.

PURPOSE: To investigate how time-of-day and IL-6 influence exercise-induced activation of STAT3 and its downstream signaling pathways in male and female mouse hearts.

METHODS: Wild-type and …

Analyzing Heart Rate Differences And Positional Factors On A Division Ii Men’S Soccer Team, J Zembower, Dr. B Larouere, Dr. J Burns

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

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Cardiovascular Responses To Single- Vs. Multi-Chambered Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs, S Zupnik, N Rolnick, V De Queiros, M Moghaddam, E Peikon, S Brown, S Watson, C Ruffhead, T Werner Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

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Cerebral Vascular Response During A Hypercapnic Challenge With And Without Simultaneous Activation Of The Sympathetic Nervous System, Sajjad Moradi, James E. Brown, John Kolade, Hannah E. Nagib, R Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cerebral vascular function/health is crucial for the maintenance of neurocognitive function and prevention of various neurocognitive and cerebral vascular conditions/diseases. Cerebral vascular function is commonly assessed by evaluating the vasodilatory response to a hypercapnic stimuli. A larger vasodilatory response is associated with more positive outcomes, while a blunted response is associated with an increased risk of cerebral vascular and neurocognitive diseases in the future. However, it remains unclear whether simultaneous activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can attenuate cerebral vasodilation during a hypercapnic challenge. PURPOSE: Therefore, this study tested the hypothesis that cerebral vascular vasodilatory responsiveness to a …

Corrected Echo Intensity Is Not Related To Fatigability Or Indices Of Aerobic Fitness In Healthy Young Adults: A Pilot Study, Kase J. Pennartz, Michael R. Perlet, Marek Kerr, Joshua L. Keller

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Muscle quality (MQ), measured via echo intensity, is regularly used to characterize muscle function and disease. Although it has been related to measures of cardiovascular performance, muscle strength, power, and function in elderly populations, these relations are not consistently observed in younger adult populations. Specifically, the relations of MQ and various functional outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, fatigability, and aerobic fitness) remain unclear, particularly given the interplay between age-related changes in fatiguability and performance. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relation of MQ among muscle strength, fatigability, and indices of aerobic fitness in young healthy …

Effects Of Inter-Set Inspiratory Muscle Activation On Post High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Autonomic Regulation, Baroreflex Sensitivity, And Blood Pressure, Hsin-Fu Lin, Kuo-Sheng Chiu, Chang-Lun Shu, Lian-Yu Lin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Inspiratory muscle exercise and slow breathing have been demonstrated to improve blood pressure control, possibly via an improved sympatho/vagal balance mechanism. Purpose: To test the hypothesis that inter-set inspiratory muscle exercise would attenuate the increase of sympatho/vagal activity ratio and the reduction of baroreflex sensitivity after high-intensity resistance exercise. Methods: A total of 14 recreational active males (n=8, aged= 24±1yrs, BMI=22±1 kg/m²) and females (n=6, aged=24±1yrs, BMI=22±2 kg/m²) were recruited and underwent maximum muscle strength (1RM), maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax) determination after familiarization. Participants were asked to engage in 4 acute bouts of high-intensity …

Exercise Pressor Reflex And Acute Vascular Response To Isometric Exercise With Or Without Blood Flow Restriction, Lin-Sheng Chen, Kazumasa Manabe, Yanbing Zhou, Jide Adebiyi, Tianyu Wang, Takanobu Okamoto, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Low-intensity exercise combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) is effective in improving muscle strength and hypertrophy. However, exaggerated exercise pressor reflex due to restricted venous outflow and metabolite accumulation triggering metaboreflex has been raised as a concern during BFR training. Additionally, the impact of BFR training on arterial vascular function remains highly controversial. PURPOSE: To evaluate hemodynamic responses to isometric exercise with and without BFR using the post-exercise ischemia (PEI) protocol and examine the acute changes in vascular function before and after BFR isometric exercise. METHODS: Nine apparently healthy young adults (5 females, 28±4 years) completed three sets …

Rapid Onset Pressor Response In Young Healthy Hispanic Adults, Ashlesha Dalve, Ruby A. Nyarko, Justo Perez, Jasdeep Kaur

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Hispanic population is the fastest growing ethnic group in the U.S. and experiences a high prevalence of hypertension, a key risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Alterations in the regulation of blood pressure at the onset of exercise are evident in adults with hypertension and those with family history of hypertension. However, it is currently unknown whether such maladaptive pressor responses manifest during acute exercise in young Hispanic adults free from overt cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE: In this study, we examined the blood pressure response at the onset of static handgrip exercise in 19 Hispanic/Latino (H/La; 7 women) and 18 non-Hispanic White …

Angiotensin Ii Induced Hypertension Induces Dna Damage Associated Gene Expression In Visceral Adipose, Nathan Cuellar, Sogol Zahedi, David J. Buckley, Daniel W. Trott

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Advanced age remains the most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Aging is also the major risk factor for hypertension and is associated with chronic inflammation and senescent cell accumulation. Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, is characterized by cell cycle arrest and the secretion of inflammatory mediators known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells have been demonstrated to accumulate in the adipose tissue of old mice. Although cellular senescence plays a role in age-related vascular dysfunction, it is unknown whether hypertension can induce cellular senescence independent of age. PURPOSE: This study …

Effect Of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition On Exercise Hyperemia In Older Adults, Harrison A. Peyrovi, Steven A. Romero, Johnathan D. Tune, Ysabella Ruiz-Pick, Asim Kichloo, Gregory M. Dick, Brenda L. Gilliland

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle blood flow is attenuated in older adults performing dynamic exercise which is due, in part, to impaired local vasodilatory mechanisms. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve vasodilator function at rest. However, the extent to which this improvement extends to exercise is unknown. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that compared with placebo, short-term administration of an SGLT2 inhibitor will increase skeletal muscle blood flow in older adults performing unilateral plantar flexion exercise via increased vascular conductance. METHODS: We utilized a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Four older adults (3 women; age …

Perceived Stress Modulates Blood Pressure Reactivity To Stress In College Students, Manuel Sune, Natalie Younan, Caio Sousa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Stress is an unavoidable part of everyday life that can have numerous effects on our bodies. In addition, the individual psychological perception of stress could represent a higher stress or stress reactivity in the physiological level, becoming the onset of many stress-related diseases. Persistently high levels of stress are common in college students and it's important to manage these levels to prevent the risk of health problems in the future. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceived stress on cardiovascular reactivity to stress in college students. METHODS: Fourteen college students (f=5) participated in the …

The Effects Of Physical Activity On Cardiovascular Reactivity To Stress In College Students, Natalie Younan, Manuel Sune, Caio V. Sousa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Stress is part of everyday life. Chronic stress can be a contributor to many physiological and psychological health problems. Chronic stress is also related to hyperreactivity to acute stress. PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether students with low, moderate, and high levels of physical activity (PA) have distinct cardiovascular responses to the cold pressor test (CPT). METHODS: College students (n=14; f=5) were given the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their physical activity levels. After the assessment, participants were set up to the FINAPRES with an arm cuff and finger …

The Effects Of A Single Mindfulness Meditation Session On Perceived Stress And Heart Rate Variability In Female, First-Generation College Students, Toan D. Le, Christopher Mendoza, Saemi Lee, Micheal S. Joseph, George H. Crocker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Academic performance, financial burdens and familial pressures are reasons perceived stress is prevalent in university students, especially in first-generation college students (FGCS). In addition, female students often experience more stress than their male counterparts and are more likely to ask for help. Mindfulness Meditation (MM), the nonjudgmental awareness of one’s emotions, thoughts, and external stimuli in the present moment, has been shown to decrease pain sensitivity in long-term meditators and improve cognition and reduce stress acutely. The research on the benefits of a single session of MM or the effects of MM in female FGCS are lacking. PURPOSE: This study …

The Effects Of Low And Moderate Caffeine Doses On Cardiorespiratory Responses During Graded Exercise, Spencer Hadfield, Andrew Creer, Alec Okelberry, Daniel Odongo, Dalan Stanford, Hayden Turley, Sydney Norwood, Nicolas Clark

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Caffeine is a commonly used ergogenic aid known to influence cardiopulmonary exercise test outcomes. However, more research is needed to explore the effects of different dosages and the timing of measurements after intake. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the influence of low and moderate doses of caffeine on cardiorespiratory outcomes during a graded exercise test. Specifically, the study examined the impact of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg caffeine ingestion, measured 30 minutes after intake, on variables such as VO2, ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (RF), heart rate (HR), and power output (PO) at various exercise intensities: rest, …

Collegiate Football Player Achilles Tendon Blood Flow Tends To Increase Throughout Time In D1 College Football, Gabe Kay Davidson, Lee J Hinkle, Bryson T. T. Schaugaard, Malorie Wilwand, Brett B. Mortensen, Aaron W. Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Achilles tendon health is crucial for athletic performance, particularly in high-impact sports such as football. Investigating the physiological changes in blood flow that the tendon undergoes as a result of a single training session may provide insight into tendon health and understanding the balance between injury prevention and performance optimization. PURPOSE: The intent of this study is to characterize the blood flow within the Achilles tendon of D1 collegiate football players after exercise. We hypothesize time as a player in a certain D1 college football program influences the amount of blood flow in a player’s Achilles tendons. METHODS: …